中國人民解放軍總醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科 陸菊明
多種因素導致的胰島素抵抗和胰島細胞功能進行性減退是2型糖尿病的主要發(fā)病機制,其中胰島細胞功能逐步衰竭在2型糖尿病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中起著主導作用,因此,對2型糖尿病的治療需要針對同時存在的多種病理生理缺陷。腸促胰素通過改善胰島A和B細胞的敏感性,在葡萄糖穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)中起重要作用。
兩種主要的腸促胰素——胰高血糖素樣肽1(GLP-1)和葡萄糖依賴性促胰島素多肽(GIP),在體內(nèi)半衰期極短,迅速被二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)降解而失活。DPP-4抑制劑通過抑制DPP-4的活性,增加循環(huán)中活性GLP-1和GIP的水平,呈葡萄糖依賴性調(diào)節(jié)胰島B、A細胞分泌胰島素和胰高血糖素,同時抑制肝糖產(chǎn)生,并增加細胞對葡萄糖的攝取,進而有效降低血糖。
在我國已經(jīng)有3種DPP-4抑制劑被SFDA批準上市,分別為西格列汀、維格列汀和沙格列汀,本文僅介紹這3種藥物的使用情況。
西格列汀在2006年被批準用于2型糖尿病的治療,是第一個獲批用于臨床的DPP-4抑制劑。單劑量口服100mg后,西格列汀吸收迅速,口服后達峰時間1~4h,半衰期12.4h,生物利用度87%。西格列汀100mg對DPP-4活性的抑制作用可達96%,24h仍高于80%[1,2]。約79%的西格列汀以原型由腎臟排出體外,輕度腎功能不全的患者(肌酐清除率≥50ml/min)不需調(diào)整劑量,中度和重度腎功能不全者(肌酐清除率﹤50ml/min和30ml/min),西格列汀的每日劑量分別需減少至50mg和25mg[3]。
維格列汀是一種底物樣DPP-4抑制劑,以共價鍵與DPP-4結(jié)合,吸收迅速??诜?~2h達到最大血藥濃度,半衰期2h,生物利用度85%[4]。文獻報道維格列汀100mg口服后對DPP-4活性的抑制作用為95%[5]。維格列汀主要以無活性代謝產(chǎn)物形式經(jīng)尿液排出(85%),少部分經(jīng)糞便排出(15%)[6]。
沙格列汀同樣以共價鍵的形式與DPP-4結(jié)合,5mg口服后達到最大血漿藥物濃度的時間為2h,半衰期為2.5h。沙格列汀主要經(jīng)肝臟細胞色素P450同工酶CYP3A4/5代謝,與CYP3A4/5強抑制劑同時用藥時可能需要調(diào)整沙格列汀的劑量[7]。
飲食和運動方案控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者,給予DPP-4抑制劑單藥口服治療,其療效已經(jīng)得到了充分證實。
在一項為期24周的隨機對照試驗(RCT)中,741例飲食和運動控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c8.0%)隨機接受西格列汀100mg、200mg或安慰劑治療24周,西格列汀100mg和200mg組HbA1c分別下降0.79%和0.94%。與安慰劑相比,標準餐負荷后2h血糖水平(2h-PPG)降低47mg/dl[8]。在亞洲人群中,530例飲食和運動控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c8.7%)隨機接受西格列汀100mg或安慰劑治療18周,與安慰劑相比,西格列汀組HbA1c下降1.0%,空腹血糖(FPG)和2h-PPG分別下降1.7mmol/L和3.1mmol/L[9]。1050例未經(jīng)藥物治療的2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c7.2%)隨機分配到西格列汀100mg qd或二甲雙胍1000mg bid治療24周,西格列汀100mg組HbA1c下降0.43%,非劣效于二甲雙胍1000mg bid組(HbA1c下降0.57%)[10]。
一項為期24周的RCT結(jié)果顯示,維格列汀50mg qd、50mg bid、100mg qd用于354例未經(jīng)藥物治療的2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c8.4%),可使HbA1c分別下降0.5%,0.7%和0.9%[11]。在另一項為期52周的RCT研究中,780例2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c8.7%)隨機接受維格列汀每日100mg或二甲雙胍加量至每日2000mg治療,52周后HbA1c分別下降1.0%(維格列汀100mg組)和1.4%(二甲雙胍2000mg組),但兩組間非劣效性檢驗未達到[12]。
Rosenstock等[13]評估了未經(jīng)藥物治療的2型糖尿病患者接受不同劑量沙格列汀單藥治療12周的療效,338例患者(基線HbA1c7.9%)隨機接受沙格列汀2.5mg、5mg、10mg、20mg或40mg單藥治療,12周后與安慰劑組相比,HbA1c下降0.45%~0.63%。401例未經(jīng)藥物治療的2型糖尿病患者分別接受沙格列汀2.5mg qd、5mg qd、10mg qd或安慰劑治療,24周后接受沙格列汀單藥治療組HbA1c分別下降0.43%、0.46%和0.54%[14]。
1.DPP-4抑制劑與二甲雙胍聯(lián)用
Charbonnel等[15]評估了701例應用穩(wěn)定劑量二甲雙胍(≥1500mg/d)血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c8.0%)加用西格列汀100mg qd治療24周的療效,結(jié)果與安慰劑組相比,西格列汀組HbA1c下降0.65%,F(xiàn)PG下降1.4mmol/L。1172例二甲雙胍單藥控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c7.5%)隨機分別加用西格列汀100mg qd或格列吡嗪最大日劑量20mg,治療52周后兩組HbA1c分別下降0.67%,西格列汀聯(lián)合二甲雙胍治療的療效非劣效于格列吡嗪聯(lián)合二甲雙胍,兩治療組HbA1c達標率<7%,和FPG下降(0.56mmol/L vs 0.42mmol/L)相似,而西格列汀組低血糖明顯少于格列吡嗪組(5% vs 32%)。西格列汀組體重減輕1.5kg,而格列吡嗪組體重增加1.1kg[16]。在另一項研究中,二甲雙胍穩(wěn)定劑量控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者隨機加用西格列汀100mg/d或格列美脲加量至6mg/d治療30周,兩治療組HbA1c下降相似(0.47% vs 0.54%),但西格列汀組低血糖更少(7% vs 22%)且體重減輕0.8kg[17]。一項為期18周的研究顯示,二甲雙胍穩(wěn)定劑量治療的基礎(chǔ)上分別加用西格列汀100mg或羅格列酮8mg治療,可使HbA1c分別下降0.51%(西格列汀組)和0.57%(羅格列酮組),兩組HbA1c達標率相似(55% vs 63%)。羅格列酮組體重增加1.5kg,而西格列汀組體重減輕0.4kg[18]。在近期的一項研究中,395例二甲雙胍穩(wěn)定劑量控制不佳的中國2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c8.5%)加用西格列汀100mg qd治療,24周后可使HbA1c進一步下降0.9%,F(xiàn)PG和2h-PPG分別下降
1.2mmol/L和1.9mmol/L[19]。
二甲雙胍單藥(≥1500mg/d)控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c8.4%)加用維格列汀50mg qd、50mg bid治療24周,與加用安慰劑相比可使HbA1c分別下降0.7%和1.1%,F(xiàn)PG分別下降0.8mmol/L和1.7mmol/L[20]。576例二甲雙胍單藥控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c8.4%),加用維格列汀50mg bid或吡格列酮 30mg qd治療24周,HbA1c下降相似(0.9% vs 1.0%)[21]。在一項為期2年的RCT中,3118例二甲雙胍單藥控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c7.3%)分別加用維格列汀50mg bid或格列美脲 6mg qd治療,兩治療組HbA1c均下降0.1%,而維格列汀組低血糖少于格列美脲組(2.3% vs 18.2%)。維格列汀組體重減輕0.3kg,而格列美脲組增加1.2kg[22]。
在二甲雙胍穩(wěn)定劑量(1500~1700mg/d)控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者中,對比加用沙格列汀5mg/d或二甲雙胍加量至2500mg/d的療效。治療24周之后,加用沙格列汀組HbA1c下降0.47%,二甲雙胍加量組HbA1c下降0.38%,兩組FPG均下降1.1mmol/L[23]。在另一項RCT中,858名二甲雙胍單藥控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者隨機加用沙格列汀5mg/d或格列吡嗪5~20mg/d治療,52周后兩組HbA1c下降相似(0.74% vs 0.80%),但沙格列汀組低血糖少于格列吡嗪組(3.0% vs 36.3%)。沙格列汀組體重減輕1.1kg,而格列吡嗪組體重增加1.1kg[24]。
2.DPP-4抑制劑與磺脲類藥物聯(lián)用
Hermansen等[25]評估了格列美脲(>4mg/d)單藥控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者分別加用西格列汀100mg qd或安慰劑治療24周的療效,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)與安慰機組相比,格列美脲加用西格列汀可使HbA1c進一步下降0.57%,但低血糖發(fā)生率有所增加(7.5% vs 2.8%)。
在515例格列美脲單藥(4mg/d)治療控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者中,分別加用維格列汀50mg qd、100mg qd或安慰劑治療24周,維格列汀兩個劑量組HbA1c與加用安慰劑組相比分別降低0.6%和0.7%。低血糖發(fā)生率分別為3.6%(維格列汀100mg組)、1.2%(維格列汀50mg組)和0.6%(安慰劑組)[26]。
在一項為期24周的研究中,格列本脲單藥(7.5mg/d)治療控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者分別加用沙格列汀2.5mg/d或5mg/d,治療24周后,與格列本脲加量至10mg/d相比,沙格列汀聯(lián)用組HbA1c分別下降0.54%(2.5mg/d組)和0.64%(5mg/d組),且低血糖在沙格列汀聯(lián)用組的發(fā)生率與格列本脲加量組相當[27]。在隨后進行的52周延長試驗中,相比于格列本脲加量組,HbA1c在各沙格列汀聯(lián)用組分別下降0.59%和0.67%[28]。
3.DPP-4抑制劑與噻唑烷二酮類藥物聯(lián)用
Rosenstock等[29]評估了353例接受穩(wěn)定劑量吡格列酮單藥(30mg/d或45mg/d)治療控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者隨機加用西格列汀100mg qd或安慰劑治療的療效,治療24周后加用西格列汀組HbA1c相比于安慰劑組下降0.7%,F(xiàn)PG下降1.0mmol/L,兩治療組低血糖(1.1% vs 0%)和水腫(5.1% vs 3.9%)的發(fā)生率相似。134例日本2型糖尿病患者接受吡格列酮單藥15~45mg/d治療的基礎(chǔ)上隨機加用西格列汀50mg/d(可增量至100mg/d)或安慰劑治療的療效,與加用安慰劑組相比,加用西格列汀組治療12周時HbA1c下降0.8%[30]。另一項為期12個月的研究對比了吡格列酮單藥(30mg/d)的基礎(chǔ)上分別加用西格列汀100mg/d或二甲雙胍850mg/d的療效,結(jié)果顯示兩治療組HbA1c均下降1.4%[31]。
463例吡格列酮單藥治療(45mg/d)控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c8.7%)分別加用維格列汀50mg qd或bid治療24周,使HbA1c相對于較安慰劑組分別下降0.8%和1.0%。加用維格列汀兩個劑量組外周水腫的發(fā)生率均高于安慰劑組(8.2%、7.0% vs 2.5%)[32]。
565例吡格列酮(30mg/d或45mg/d)或羅格列酮(4mg/d或8mg/d)單藥治療控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者隨機加用沙格列?。?.5mg或5mg qd)或安慰劑治療24周,結(jié)果顯示與安慰劑組相比,加用沙格列汀分別可使HbA1c下降0.36%(2.5mg組)和0.63%(5mg組),但加用沙格列汀5mg劑量組外周水腫的發(fā)生率(8.1%)高于沙格列汀2.5mg組(3.1%)和安慰劑組(4.3%)[33]。在隨后進行的52周延長試驗中,相比于安慰劑組,HbA1c在沙格列汀各劑量組分別下降0.39%和0.89%[34]。
4.DPP-4抑制劑與胰島素聯(lián)用
接受胰島素治療控制不佳的641例2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c8.7%)隨機加用西格列汀100mg qd或安慰劑治療,24周后加用西格列汀組HbA1c與安慰劑組相比下降0.6%,但低血糖發(fā)生率在西格列汀組有所增加(16% vs 8%)[35]。另一項研究在140例胰島素治療控制不佳的韓國2型糖尿病患者中評估了加用西格列汀100mg qd與胰島素加量治療的療效,24周后加用西格列汀組觀察到更顯著的HbA1c下降(0.6% vs 0.2%),且西格列汀聯(lián)用組低血糖(8.2% vs 17.5%)及嚴重低血糖(1.6% vs 4.8%)的發(fā)生率均低于胰島素加量組[36]。
在Fonseca等人的研究中,接受胰島素治療控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c8.4%)加用維格列汀50mg bid治療24周可使 HbA1c較安慰劑組下降0.3%,維格列汀組與安慰劑組低血糖的發(fā)生率分別為2%和3%[37]。近期的另一項研究也得到了類似的結(jié)果,接受胰島素治療的基礎(chǔ)上加用維格列汀50mg bid,治療24周HbA1c較基線下降0.8%,且低血糖發(fā)生率與安慰劑組相似(8.4% vs 7.2%)[38]。
455例胰島素治療控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者分別加用沙格列汀5mg qd或安慰劑治療24周,沙格列汀組HbA1c較安慰劑組下降0.41%,低血糖發(fā)生率與安慰劑組相似(5.3% vs 3.3%)[39]。
5.DPP-4抑制劑的三藥聯(lián)合治療
在二甲雙胍與格列美脲聯(lián)用控制不佳的基礎(chǔ)上,添加西格列汀100mg qd或安慰劑治療24周,與安慰劑組相比加用西格列汀組HbA1c下降0.89%,但低血糖發(fā)生率有所升高(16.4% vs 0.9%)[25]。另一項為期54周的研究評估了西格列汀與二甲雙胍、羅格列酮三藥聯(lián)用的療效,結(jié)果顯示加用西格列汀組HbA1c相比于加用安慰劑組下降0.8%,同時低血糖發(fā)生率與安慰劑組相似[40]。37名二甲雙胍與磺脲類藥物聯(lián)用的2型糖尿病患者(基線HbA1c9.3%),添加維格列汀100mg/d治療6~15個月,HbA1c較基線下降1.6%[41]。
6.DPP-4抑制劑起始聯(lián)合治療
除了在其他降糖藥物的基礎(chǔ)之上加用DPP-4抑制劑之外,此類藥物用于2型糖尿病的起始聯(lián)合治療,其療效也已經(jīng)得到了證實。
在一項為期24周的研究中,西格列汀100mg/d與二甲雙胍1000mg/d起始聯(lián)合治療可使HbA1c較基線(HbA1c8.8%)下降1.4%,而西格列汀100mg/d與二甲雙胍2000mg/d起始聯(lián)合則可以降低HbA1c達1.9%[42]。在隨后進行的延長試驗中(30周+50周),與基線相比HbA1c在兩個聯(lián)合治療組分別下降1.4%和1.7%[43]??梢?,西格列汀與二甲雙胍起始聯(lián)合可持續(xù)有效降低血糖。在Yoon等人的研究中,西格列汀100mg qd與吡格列酮30mg qd起始聯(lián)合治療24周,HbA1c較基線(HbA1c9.5%)降低2.4%,HOMA-β較基線升高31%,HOMA-IR較基線降低2.7,有效改善血糖的同時也可顯著改善B細胞功能[44]。在隨后進行的30周延長試驗中,吡格列酮日劑量增加至45mg,與西格列汀100mg qd聯(lián)用,HbA1c較基線下降2.4%[45]。
Bosi等觀察了初診的2型糖尿病患者分別接受維格列汀50mg bid與二甲雙胍500mg或1000mg bid起始聯(lián)合治療的療效,結(jié)果顯示治療24周后,維格列汀聯(lián)合二甲雙胍可使HbA1c降低1.6%(50mg/500mg組)和1.8%(50mg/1000mg組)[46]。
未經(jīng)藥物治療的2型糖尿病患者,隨機接受沙格列汀5mg或10mg與二甲雙胍加量至2000mg/d聯(lián)合治療,24周后兩個劑量組HbA1c較基線均下降2.5%[47]。在隨后進行的52周延長試驗中,兩個聯(lián)合劑量組HbA1c較基線均下降2.3%[48]。
綜上所述, 無論是飲食和運動方案控制不佳的基礎(chǔ)上單藥治療,或是與二甲雙胍、磺脲類藥物、噻唑烷二酮類藥物或胰島素聯(lián)合應用,DPP-4抑制劑均能持續(xù)有效地降低HbA1c、FPG和PPG,不增加體重和低血糖風險,且不良反應少見。盡管在上述研究中HbA1c的下降值有所不同,但在分析中發(fā)現(xiàn),在矯正基線HbA1c值后,多種DPP-4抑制劑的降糖效應是相近的。目前,DPP-4抑制劑已經(jīng)得到了包括《中國2型糖尿病防治指南》、美國糖尿病協(xié)會(ADA)和美國臨床內(nèi)分泌醫(yī)師協(xié)會(AACE)糖尿病《指南》在內(nèi)的多個國家糖尿病治療《指南》的推薦。作為一種新型口服降糖藥,DPP-4抑制劑有望成為治療2型糖尿病的重要選擇。
[1] Bergman AJ, Stevens C, Zhou Y, et al.Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of multiple oral doses of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor:a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy male volunteers[J].Clinical therapeutics, 2006, 28:55-72.
[2] Alba M, Sheng D, Guan Y, et al.Sitagliptin 100mg daily effect on DPP-4 inhibition and compound-specific glycemic improvement[J].Current medical research and opinion, 2009, 25:2507-2514.
[3] Bergman AJ, Cote J, Yi B, et al.Effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor[J].Diabetes care, 2007, 30:1862-1864.
[4] He YL, Sadler BM, Sabo R, et al.The absolute oral bioavailability and population-based pharmacokinetic modelling of a novel dipeptidylpeptidase-IV inhibitor, vildagliptin, in healthy volunteers[J].Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2007, 46:787-802.
[5] He YL, Serra D, Wang Y, et al.Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2007, 46:577-588.
[6] He H, Tran P, Yin H, et al.Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of [14C]vildagliptin, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, in humans[J].Drug metabolism and disposition:the biological fate of chemicals, 2009, 37:536-544.
[7] Bristol-Myers Squibb.Onglyza (saxagliptin) tablets:US prescribing information.Available at:http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_ onglyza.pdf.Accessed 2009.
[8] Aschner P, Kipnes MS, Lunceford JK, et al.Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes care, 2006, 29:2632-2637.
[9] Mohan V, Yang W, Son HY, et al.Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes in China, India, and Korea[J].Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2009, 83:106-116.
[10] Aschner P, Katzeff HL, Guo H, et al.Efficacy and safety of monotherapy of sitagliptin compared with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2010, 12:252-261.
[11] Pi-Sunyer FX, Schweizer A, Mills D, et al.Efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin monotherapy in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2007, 76:132-138.
[12] Schweizer A, Couturier A, Foley JE, et al.Comparison between vildagliptin and metformin to sustain reductions in HbA(1c) over 1 year in drug-naive patients with Type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetic medicine:a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2007, 24:955-961.
[13] Rosenstock J, Sankoh S, List JF.Glucose-lowering activity of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor saxagliptin in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2008, 10:376-386.
[14] Rosenstock J, Aguilar-Salinas C, Klein E, et al.Effect of saxagliptin monotherapy in treatment-naive patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Current medical research and opinion, 2009, 25:2401-2411.
[15] Charbonnel B, Karasik A, Liu J, et al.Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone[J].Diabetes care, 2006, 29:2638-2643.
[16] Nauck MA, Meininger G, Sheng D, et al.Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone:a randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2007, 9:194-205.
[17] Arechavaleta R, Seck T, Chen Y, et al.Efficacy and safety of treatment with sitagliptin or glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy:a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2011, 13:160-168.
[18] Scott R, Loeys T, Davies MJ, et al.Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin when added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2008, 10:959-969.
[19] Yang W, Guan Y, Shentu Y, et al.The addition of sitagliptin to ongoing metformin therapy significantly improves glycemic control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes[J].J Diabetes, 2012, 4:227-237.
[20] Bosi E, Camisasca RP, Collober C, et al.Effects of vildagliptin on glucose control over 24 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin[J].Diabetes care, 2007, 30:890-895.
[21] Bolli G, Dotta F, Rochotte E, et al.Efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin vs pioglitazone when added to metformin:a 24-week, randomized, double-blind study[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2008, 10:82-90.
[22] Matthews DR, Dejager S, Ahren B, et al.Vildagliptin add-on to metformin produces similar efficacy and reduced hypoglycaemic risk compared with glimepiride, with no weight gain:results from a 2-year study[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2010, 12:780-789.
[23] Hermans MP, Delibasi T, Farmer I, et al.Effects of saxagliptin added to sub-maximal doses of metformin compared with uptitration of metformin in type 2 diabetes:the PROMPT study[J].Current medical research and opinion, 2012, 28:1635-1645.
[24] Goke B, Gallwitz B, Eriksson J, et al.Saxagliptin is non-inferior to glipizide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin alone:a 52-week randomised controlled trial[J].International journal of clinical practice, 2010, 64:1619-1631.
[25] Hermansen K, Kipnes M, Luo E, et al.Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on glimepiride alone or on glimepiride and metformin[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2007, 9:733-745.
[26] Garber AJ, Foley JE, Banerji MA, et al.Effects of vildagliptin on glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with a sulphonylurea[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2008, 10:1047-1056.
[27] Chacra AR, Tan GH, Apanovitch A, et al.Saxagliptin added to a submaximal dose of sulphonylurea improves glycaemic control compared with uptitration of sulphonylurea in patients with type 2 diabetes:a randomised controlled trial[J].International journal of clinical practice, 2009, 63:1395-1406.
[28] Chacra AR, Tan GH, Ravichandran S, et al.Safety and efficacy of saxagliptin in combination with submaximal sulphonylurea versus uptitrated sulphonylurea over 76 weeks[J].Diabetes &vascular disease research :official journal of the International Society of Diabetes and Vascular Disease, 2011, 8:150-159.
[29] Rosenstock J, Brazg R, Andryuk PJ, et al.Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing pioglitazone therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes:a 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallelgroup study[J].Clinical therapeutics, 2006, 28:1556-1568.
[30] Kashiwagi A, Kadowaki T, Nonaka K, et al.Sitagliptin added to treatment with ongoing pioglitazone for us to 52 weeks improves glycemic control in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes[J].J Diabetes Invest, 2011, 2:381-390.
[31] Derosa G, Maffioli P, Salvadeo SA, et al.Effects of sitagliptin or metformin added to pioglitazone monotherapy in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus patients[J].Metabolism:clinical and experimental, 2010, 59:887-895.
[32] Garber AJ, Schweizer A, Baron MA, et al.Vildagliptin in combination with pioglitazone improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes failing thiazolidinedione monotherapy:a randomized, placebo-controlled study[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2007, 9:166-174.
[33] Hollander P, Li J, Allen E, et al.Saxagliptin added to a thiazolidinedione improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate control on thiazolidinedione alone[J].The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2009, 94:4810-4819.
[34] Hollander PL, Li J, Frederich R, et al.Safety and efficacy of saxagliptin added to thiazolidinedione over 76 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].Diabetes &vascular disease research:official journal of the International Society of Diabetes and Vascular Disease, 2011, 8:125-135.
[35] Vilsboll T, Rosenstock J, Yki-Jarvinen H, et al.Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin when added to insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2010, 12:167-177.
[36] Hong ES, Khang AR, Yoon JW, et al.Comparison between sitagliptin as add-on therapy to insulin and insulin dose-increase therapy in uncontrolled Korean type 2 diabetes:CSI study[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2012, 14:795-802.
[37] Fonseca V, Schweizer A, Albrecht D, et al.Addition of vildagliptin to insulin improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetologia, 2007, 50:1148-1155.
[38] Kothny W, Foley J, Kozlovski P, et al.Improved glycaemic control with vildagliptin added to insulin, with or without metformin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2012, doi:10.1111/dom.12020.
[39] Barnett AH, Charbonnel B, Donovan M, et al.Effect of saxagliptin as add-on therapy in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes on insulin alone or insulin combined with metformin[J].Current medical research and opinion, 2012, 28:513-523.
[40] Dobs AS, Goldstein BJ, Aschner P, et al.Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin and rosiglitazone combination therapy in a randomized, placebo-controlled, 54-week trial in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].J Diabetes, 2012.doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2012.00223.x.
[41] Vilar L, Gusmao A, Albuquerque JL, et al.Effectiveness of adding vildagliptin to the treatment of diabetic patients nonresponsive to the combination of metformin and a sulphonylurea[J].Arquivos brasileiros de endocrinologia e metabologia, 2011, 55:260-265.
[42] Goldstein BJ, Feinglos MN, Lunceford JK, et al.Effect of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, and metformin on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes care, 2007, 30:1979-1987.
[43] Williams-Herman D, Johnson J, Teng R, et al.Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin and metformin as initial combination therapy and as monotherapy over 2 years in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2010, 12:442-451.
[44] Yoon KH, Shockey GR, Teng R, et al.Effect of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, and pioglitazone on glycemic control and measures of beta-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].International journal of clinical practice, 2011, 65:154-164.
[45] Yoon KH, Steinberg H, Teng R, et al.Efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes:a 54-week study[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2012, 14:745-752.
[46] Bosi E, Dotta F, Jia Y, et al.Vildagliptin plus metformin combination therapy provides superior glycaemic control to individual monotherapy in treatment-naive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2009, 11:506-515.
[47] Jadzinsky M, Pfutzner A, Paz-Pacheco E, et al.Saxagliptin given in combination with metformin as initial therapy improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with either monotherapy:a randomized controlled trial[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2009, 11:611-622.
[48] Pfutzner A, Paz-Pacheco E, Allen E, et al.Initial combination therapy with saxagliptin and metformin provides sustained glycaemic control and is well tolerated for up to 76 weeks[J].Diabetes, obesity &metabolism, 2011, 13:567-576.