孔祥龍 綜述 劉建宇 審校
脊髓損傷較為常見,神經(jīng)損傷后的修復(fù)再生要經(jīng)過(guò)十分復(fù)雜的生理生化過(guò)程,機(jī)制尚未明確。很多研究顯示,哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信號(hào)通路,在各種中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)傷中起著重要作用。Sekiguchi等[1]研究證明,在小鼠脊髓損傷模型中,應(yīng)用雷帕霉素抑制mTOR信號(hào)通路,能夠減輕神經(jīng)組織損傷,促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能恢復(fù)。mTOR信號(hào)通路在細(xì)胞代謝、增殖與存活中非常重要,并具有神經(jīng)保護(hù)和促進(jìn)神經(jīng)再生的功能。通過(guò)抑制mTOR,從而在脊髓損傷和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)退變性疾病中產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)保護(hù)、神經(jīng)再生效應(yīng)的作用,進(jìn)而為脊髓損傷的臨床治療提供新的參考。
mTOR是一種絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,屬于磷脂酰肌醇激酶相關(guān)激酶(PIKK)超家族。在細(xì)胞內(nèi)存在著mTORC1和mTORC2兩種功能復(fù)合體,而雷帕霉素能夠特異性的抑制mTORC1蛋白激酶的活性。mTOR信號(hào)通路的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)主要經(jīng)PI3K/Akt/mTOR和ERK/mTOR兩條通路,能夠調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞代謝、增殖、存活與死亡,并與轉(zhuǎn)錄、翻譯、核糖體合成、囊泡的運(yùn)輸、自噬作用以及細(xì)胞支架的構(gòu)成密切相關(guān)[2]。
mTOR信號(hào)通路在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)傷性疾病和神經(jīng)退變性疾病,如阿爾茨海默病、帕金森等病中具有重要作用[3-6]。Sekiguchi等[1]研究證明,在脊髓損傷中應(yīng)用雷帕霉素能夠明顯下調(diào)p70s6K蛋白的磷酸化作用,增加LC3和Beclin1的表達(dá)水平,抑制mTOR信號(hào)通路。Carloni等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),由創(chuàng)傷和缺血缺氧引起的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷,通過(guò)抑制mTOR能夠減輕神經(jīng)組織損害。有研究顯示,mTOR能夠在脊髓損傷后調(diào)節(jié)軸突再生,并限制星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞在損傷部位增殖[8-10]。然而,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷后調(diào)節(jié)mTOR信號(hào)通路產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)保護(hù)效應(yīng)的具體分子機(jī)制仍未明確闡述,有待進(jìn)一步研究。
脊髓損傷以后會(huì)發(fā)生多種多樣的病理生理變化,從一開始的外源性創(chuàng)傷,發(fā)展到最后的出血性壞死[11]。最初的24h是第一階段(急性期),到第3天是第二階段亞急性期。第二階段是神經(jīng)炎癥損傷期,包括細(xì)胞壞死、感染、巨噬細(xì)胞和小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活、軸突再生以及脫髓鞘作用。然后是慢性期,軸突再生和髓鞘再生主要發(fā)生在脊髓損傷后1周[12],損傷部位周邊的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生出現(xiàn)在脊髓損傷后2周[13]。因此,mTOR信號(hào)通路在脊髓損傷后的不同時(shí)期發(fā)揮的作用也各不相同,有必要深入探討。
Sekiguchi等[1]研究顯示在急性期通過(guò)抑制mTOR能夠減少神經(jīng)細(xì)胞死亡,降低促炎癥反應(yīng)標(biāo)志物的表達(dá)水平,減低NO合酶和小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的活性[14];也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在亞急性期和慢性期,通過(guò)抑制mTOR,能夠抑制新蛋白質(zhì)合成和減低星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增殖活性,從而促進(jìn)軸突再生和髓鞘形成,調(diào)節(jié)少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化[15-17]。
Pan等[18]指出,抑制mTOR所產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)保護(hù)效應(yīng)的細(xì)胞分子機(jī)制,可能是由于激活細(xì)胞自噬作用,阻斷了細(xì)胞凋亡而產(chǎn)生的。首先,細(xì)胞自噬作用能夠提高線粒體的清除率,從而減少細(xì)胞色素C的釋放,并降低下游區(qū)半胱天冬酶活性,進(jìn)而阻斷細(xì)胞凋亡。在心肌缺血-再灌注模型和新生兒缺血缺氧腦損傷模型中,抑制mTOR能夠激活細(xì)胞自噬作用,阻斷細(xì)胞凋亡,產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞保護(hù)效應(yīng)。同時(shí),David等[19]指出,脊髓損傷后將引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),外周的巨噬細(xì)胞逐漸聚集到損傷部位和小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞一起被激活,釋放各種促炎癥反應(yīng)細(xì)胞因子,如IL-1β和TNFα,加重第二階段損傷。而抑制mTOR,能夠減低巨噬細(xì)胞和小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的活性,從而減輕神經(jīng)炎癥[14]。
脊髓損傷后會(huì)導(dǎo)致局部血管結(jié)構(gòu)的破裂,引發(fā)第二階段神經(jīng)炎癥損傷。既往的研究顯示,在脊髓損傷后,應(yīng)用血管生成因子,如VEGF等,能夠刺激創(chuàng)傷后血管新生,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)再生和功能恢復(fù)。而mTOR信號(hào)通路能夠調(diào)節(jié)正常組織或癌癥組織中血管生成因子,如血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子、NO、血管生成素類等的表達(dá),從而調(diào)節(jié)血管生成[20]。Guba等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)抑制mTOR能夠減少血管生成,減低血管生成因子的分泌。因此,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)mTOR信號(hào)通路刺激血管形成,將成為脊髓損傷后促進(jìn)神經(jīng)再生的一種很有前景的治療方法。
Jaerve等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脊髓損傷后,運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的恢復(fù)是隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而減低的。這是由于隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)神經(jīng)元再生的能力會(huì)降低,細(xì)胞發(fā)生衰老,而且運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元的數(shù)量也會(huì)減少。其中β淀粉樣蛋白與衰老神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)再生過(guò)程密切相關(guān),脊髓損傷發(fā)生后β淀粉樣蛋白表達(dá)增加,同時(shí)發(fā)生的氧化反應(yīng)會(huì)引起DNA損害,加速細(xì)胞衰老。有研究證明,在阿爾茨海默病模型中,應(yīng)用雷帕霉素抑制mTOR能夠提高神經(jīng)細(xì)胞自噬作用標(biāo)記物的表達(dá)水平,降低β淀粉樣蛋白的表達(dá)[23],增加抗氧化防御,減輕DNA損害,并減緩組織老化過(guò)程[24-25]。因此,抑制mTOR信號(hào)通路能夠延緩細(xì)胞衰老,減緩中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)組織的老化,從而延緩神經(jīng)再生能力隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)而減低。近年來(lái)許多研究顯示,mTOR信號(hào)通路與各種年齡相關(guān)性疾病,如脂肪沉滯性動(dòng)脈硬化癥、代謝綜合癥、骨質(zhì)疏松癥、神經(jīng)退行性病變等有關(guān)[26]。Garelick等[27]的研究表明,應(yīng)用雷帕霉素能夠減輕中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)退行性疾病的病理改變。由此可見,雷帕霉素抑制mTOR即使對(duì)于老年脊髓損傷患者仍是一種非常有效的治療方式。
mTOR抑制劑具有免疫抑制效應(yīng)和抗腫瘤效應(yīng)[28],目前被廣泛應(yīng)用于器官移植術(shù)后,如腎移植、肝移植、腸移植等,預(yù)防移植物與宿主之間產(chǎn)生的排斥反應(yīng);同時(shí),也被作為治療腎癌、胰腺癌、淋巴癌、星形細(xì)胞瘤、肉瘤、肺癌和乳腺癌的抗癌劑[29-30]。mTOR抑制劑的種類很多,如雷帕霉素和其類似物(坦西莫司、依維莫司、地磷莫司等),都被廣泛地應(yīng)用于臨床[31];與VEGF及細(xì)胞毒類藥物等聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,可提高抗癌治療效果,減少耐藥性的產(chǎn)生[32]。由于mTOR與神經(jīng)退行性疾病關(guān)系密切,其抑制劑也被應(yīng)用于治療阿爾茨海默病等,但尚處于研究中[33]。然而,將mTOR抑制劑應(yīng)用于臨床治療中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷至今還沒有。已經(jīng)有很多研究證明,在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷模型中,應(yīng)用mTOR抑制劑能夠明顯減輕神經(jīng)組織損害。因此,在脊髓損傷患者中應(yīng)用mTOR抑制劑,很可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生很好的治療效果,具體的臨床試驗(yàn)研究還有待進(jìn)一步開展。而在急性脊髓損傷患者的治療中,mTOR信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)再生的具體機(jī)制還需要進(jìn)一步的研究加以闡釋。
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