Baohua SONG, Zhenguo FAN, Weimin SHEN, Mincai QIAN, Haizhi CHEN, Hong DAI, Shikai WANG*

· Research Article ·

Relationship between blood levels and clinical efficacy of two different formulations of venlafaxine in female patients with depression

Baohua SONG, Zhenguo FAN, Weimin SHEN, Mincai QIAN, Haizhi CHEN, Hong DAI, Shikai WANG*

Background:Different formulations of the same medication can have distinct dissociation profiles and release rates resulting in different onset times and durations of action; these differences may in fluence the clinical efficacy and adverse reactions of the medication.Objective:Assess the relationship between the plasma concentrations and the clinical efficacy and adverse reaction pro file of two formulations of venlafaxine (VL) in female patients with major depression.Methods:Sixty female patients hospitalized for depression were randomly assigned to use EFFEXOR XR?, the extendedrelease formulation of venlafaxine (hereafter, the XR group), or Bolexin?, the immediate-release formulation of venlafaxine(hereafter, the IR Group), for six weeks. The mean (SD) total daily dose in the XR group was 168 (32) mg/d administered in one oral dose in the morning and that in the IR group was 160 (67) mg/day administered in three oral doses over the day. At the end of the first, second, fourth and sixth week of treatment the plasma concentrations of VL and its active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV), were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and the clinical efficacy and adverse reactions were accessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and the Treatment Emergent Symptoms Scale (TESS). A reduction in the baseline HAMD score of 50% or greater was deemed remission.Results:No serious adverse reactions were observed. There were no significant differences in the mean HAMD scores between the two groups at any of the time points evaluated. Mean HAMD scores after six weeks of treatment were significantly lower in both treatment groups; the overall remission rate was 65.6% in the XR group and 69.2% in the IR group (χ2=0.77,p=0.380). Changes in the HAMD scores from baseline were only weakly correlated with changes in the plasma concentrations of ODV (rs=-0.10,p=0.470) and VL (rs=-0.11,p=0.403).Conclusion:Both the extended-release and immediate-release formulations of VL were efficacious and well tolerated in female patients with depression. Plasma concentrations of VL and ODV are not closely related to clinical efficacy so they are not suitable as markers for the clinical effectiveness of treatment with venlafaxine.

Depression; Venlafaxine; O-desmethylvenlafaxine; High-performance liquid chromatography

1 Introduction

Studies in China and elsewhere[1-5]have demonstrated the effectiveness of venlafaxine (VL) —the first approved serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor—in the treatment of depression. In clinical practice VL is now widely used as a first-line antidepressant agent. However, only a few studies have assessed the relationship of the plasma concentration of VL to its clinical efficacy[6-8], and those studies have had mixed results. Further work in this area of therapeutic drug monitoring is needed to achieve the goal of individualized drug regimens that maximize efficacy and minimize adverse reactions.

The main metabolite of VL in its two currently available formulations (extended-release and immediate-release) is O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV),which has a pharmacological activity of 0.20-3.33 times that of its parent drug[9]. Currently the most widely used method of determining plasma concentrations of VL is high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),but few studies have simultaneously assessed plasma levels of VL and ODV[10,11]. The pharmacokinetic activity of VL appears to be similar in men and women[12],but hormonal fluctuation in females could potentiallyinfluence the relationship of clinical symptoms and plasma levels of the medication. To help clarify these issues the current study compares the clinical efficacy and side effect pro file of the two formulations of VL in hospitalized females with depression and determines the correlation between clinical effectiveness and the plasma concentrations of VL and ODV.

2 Subjects and Methods

2. 1 Subjects

As shown in Figure 1, potential subjects in the study were females who met diagnostic criteria for a depressive episode (as listed in the third edition of the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders and the 10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases), were hospitalized on the psychiatric ward of our hospital from September 2006 to May 2008,and who had a score of 18 or higher on the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) at the time of admission. Potential subjects were excluded if they were not willing to participate; if the depressive symptoms were secondary to using a psychoactive substance; if there was another co-morbid mental disorder or substance abuse; if the individual was currently taking antidepressant medication; if the individual was suicidal, pregnant or lactating; or if there was a serious physical or neurological illness or significant abnormalities on physical exam, routine blood tests, electrocardiogram, or liver and renal function tests.

Figure 1. Flowchart for the study

Sixty enrolled subjects were randomly assigned to treatment with extended-release venlafaxine (XR group,n=33) or immediate-release venlafaxine (IR group,n=27). One subject from the XR Group and one from the IR Group withdrew from the study because they converted into a manic episode during the treatment.The data for these two subjects were deemed invalid and not included in the statistical analysis of the results.The mean (SD) and range of the age and duration of illness for the 32 subjects in the XR group were 37.4(11.4) years (18-60 years) and 6.4 (9.6) years (17 days-28 years), respectively; the corresponding values in the 26 patients in the IR groups were 35.1 (13.1) years(17-60 years) and 5.9 (10.2) years (15 days-34 years),respectively. The differences in age and duration of illness between the groups were not statistically significant.

This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Third People’s Hospital of Huzhou. Written informed consent was obtained from each included subject or her guardian.

2. 2 Methods

2. 2. 1 Dosing regimen

Subjects in the XR Group were administrated one daily oral dose of extended-release venlafaxine capsules (EFEXOR XR? manufactured by Wyeth-Ayerst International Inc, Drug Import Registration Certificate No. X20000237 for 75mg capsules and X20000256 for 150mg capsules). Subjects in IR Group were administrated three daily oral doses of immediaterelease VL capsules (Bolexin? manufactured by Chengdu Great Southwest Pharmaceutical Inc., Lot No. 060905).All patients were started at 75mg/d and this dosage was increased to 150 mg/d after 3-5 days based on the response of the individual patient. This dosage was then maintained for six weeks. No concomitant antidepressant agent or antipsychotic medication was used but low-dose benzodiazepines could be administered if the subject had severe insomnia.

2. 2. 2 Assessment of efficacy and adverse reactions

The HAMD was assessed at baseline and at the end of the first, second, fourth and sixth weeks of treatment by the ten treating psychiatrists participating in the study. These psychiatrists had good inter-rater reliability:interclass correlation coefficient for total HAMD score=0.90. Remission of symptoms was de fined as a reduction in the baseline HAMD score of 50% or greater. Adverse reactions were evaluated at the end of the first, second, fourth and sixth weeks of treatment using the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS).Routine blood tests were conducted weekly and blood tests of liver and kidney functioning were conducted biweekly over the six weeks of treatment.

2. 2. 3 Determination of plasma levels of VL and ODV

At 6 AM in the morning (at least 12 hours after the last dose) on the last day of the first, second, fourth and sixth weeks of treatment five ml of cubital venous blood was collected. The blood was centrifuged and the serum was stored at -20℃. Serum concentrations of VL and ODV were determined with the Agilent 1100 HPLC system which includes the HPLC, in-line degasser, autosampler, column oven and a UV detector. This HPLC method has a high sensitivity for VL (with a quantitative limit of detection of 6.0 μg·L-1and a limit of detection of 2.4 ng) and has been shown to be quite stable[13]. Data acquisition and processing were conducted using the Agilent Chem Station[14].

2. 3 Statistical methods

The SPSS Version 11.5 software package was used to analyze the data. The HAMD scores and VL and ODL concentrations at the different time-points were compared between the two groups with repeated measures analysis of variance. Serum values of VL and ODL are not normally distributed so the analysis of variance used a normal transformation of the ranks of the original values[15]. The relationship of VL and ODV plasma concentrations to clinical efficacy was evaluated by correlating the mean efficacy in weeks 1, 2, 4 and 6(the mean % change in the HAMD score from baseline)with the mean plasma concentration at those four time points using spearman ranked correlation coefficients.

3 Results

With the exception of the two subjects who dropped out due to conversion to mania, all other subjects completed the full six weeks of treatment.

3. 1 Efficacy comparison

As shown in Table 1 after six weeks of treatment the mean HAMD total scores were significantly lower in both treatment groups. Table 2 shows that the efficacy(% change in HAMD score from baseline) for both groups was good. At the end of the six weeks 65.6% of patients in the XR group had met criteria for remission(＞50% drop in baseline HAMD score) and 69.2% in the IR group met criteria for remission (χ2=0.77, p=0.380).However, the repeated measures ANOVA identified no differences between the groups in either absolute HAMD scores or in the efficacy measures.

3. 2 Blood concentration of VL and ODV

The median (range) serum levels of VL and ODV over the six weeks of the study in the XR group were 95(14-624) μg·L-1and 172 (34-336) μg·L-1, respectively; the corresponding values in the IR group were 75 (15-498)μg·L-1and 166 (23-385) μg·L-1, respectively. As shown in Table 2 the plasma levels of both VL and ODV in the two groups varied significantly over time, but there was no significant difference between the two groups at any of the time periods.

3. 3 Correlation between drug concentration and clinical efficacy

The correlation of change in HAMD scores with the plasma levels of VL (combining week 1 to week 6 values for both groups) was weak and non-significant (rs=0. 11,p=0.403), and the correlation of the change in HAMD scores with plasma levels of OVD was also weak and non-significant (rs=-0. 10, p=0.470). This correlation was also weak and non-significant for the two formulations of venlafaxine: in the XR group the correlation of clinical efficacy with VL plasma levels was rs=-0.02 (p=0.933)and with OVD plasma levels was rs=-0.11, p=0.550;the corresponding values in the IR group were rs=-0.22(p=0.273) and rs=-0. 08 (p=0.706), respectively.

3. 4 Comparison of adverse reactions

As stated above, two patients (one in each group)converted to mania during the treatment period and were, thus, removed from the study. None of the remaining patients experienced severe adversereactions that required removal from the study. The most common adverse reactions in both groups were nausea and anorexia (8 cases in the XR group and 6 in the IR group), which primarily occurred in the early stages of the treatment. Less common adverse effects were dizziness (4 cases in the XR group and 3 cases in the IR group), headache (3 cases in the XR group and 2 cases in the IR group), and insomnia (2 cases in the XR group and 2 case in the IR group). These side effects were mild and well tolerated. One subject in the IR group had abnormal liver function tests that resolved with symptomatic treatment. No other abnormalities were identified in the routine blood tests or in the electrocardiographic examinations. The number and severity of adverse effects was not significantly different between the two groups.

Table 1. Mean (SD) total HAMD score at different time points in depressed women treated with extended-release (XR)and immediate-release (IR) formulations of venlafaxine

Table 2. Mean (SD) percent reduction in baseline HAMD score at different time points in depressed womentreated with extended-release (XR) and immediate-release (IR) formulations of venlafaxine

Table 3. Comparison of blood concentrations of venlafaxine (VL) and O-desmethylvenlafxine (ODV) in female depressed patients taking extended-release (XR) and immediate-release (IR) formulations of venlafaxine

Eight subjects from the XR group received adjunctive treatment for insomnia ( five with alprazolam and three with nitrazepam) and eight subjects from the IR group received adjunctive treatment for insomnia (six with alprazolam and two with nitrazepam). The dosages of these adjunctive drugs were not significantly different between the two groups.

4 Discussion

4. 1 Main findings

Confirming previous reports[3-5]we found that the extended-release and immediate-release formulations of venlafaxine were safe, tolerable and similarly effective in the treatment of depression.

Previous studies[16]found that VL and its main active metabolite ODV both show linear pharmacokinetic characteristics in the dosage range of 75mg to 450 mg per day. The peak plasma level is lower and occurs later (at 5.5 hours) in the XR formulation than in the IR formulation (peak at 2-3 hours), so the plasma concentration curve is flatter for the XT formulation of the medication. Other studies[17]report high variability among patients for steady-state plasma concentrations of VL and ODV, with coefficients of variation of 77% and 33%, respectively; in the current study the coefficient of variation for VL was 45% and that for ODV was 28%.Given the large individual differences in plasma levels, it is widely believed that there is no relationship between the efficacy of treatment of depression with venlafaxine and the plasma concentrations of VL and ODV[1,2]so there is serious doubt about the utility of monitoring VL and OVD levels. Our study also found no significant relationship between clinical efficacy and the plasma levels of VL and ODV, contradicting the findings of a previous study in China[13].

4. 2 Limitations

This study has four main limitations. The study was limited to hospitalized depressed patients who were female, so it is unclear if these results would be relevant for less severely ill individuals (who do not need hospitalization) or for males. The follow-up period of six weeks was longer than most studies, but this was still not long enough to assess the relationship of serum levels to efficacy during maintenance treatment of depression. The failure to find differences in rates of adverse reactions between the groups may have been related to the relatively small number of subjects in the study (i.e., Type II errors). Individuals who assessed the clinical outcome (i.e., HAMD) knew which formulation of venlafaxine the patient was using so this lack of blinded assessment may have resulted in some biases.

4. 3 Implications

This study from China confirms findings from other countries that find serum levels of VL and ODV too variable to be suitable for use as markers of the therapeutic efficacy of venlafaxine. Replication studies with larger samples, with other types of depressed patients, with longer follow-up periods, and with alternative methods of assessing plasma levels of venlafaxine and its key metabolites[18-21]are needed to con firm this growing consensus.

Conflict of Interest

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Funding

This study was supported by the Third People’s Hospital of Huzhou, it did not received funds from any pharmaceutical company.

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不同劑型文拉法辛治療女性抑郁癥患者的血藥濃度與臨床療效的關(guān)系

宋寶華 范振國 沈衛(wèi)民 錢敏才 陳海支 戴 紅 王世鍇

浙江省湖州市第三人民醫(yī)院精神科313000

王世鍇，電子信箱：tiantian9825@yeah.net

背景不同劑型的藥物在體內(nèi)的解離和釋放速度存在差異，因此其起效和作用時間也有所不同，并可能會進(jìn)一步影響其療效和不良反應(yīng)。

目的探討不同劑型的文拉法辛治療女性抑郁癥患者的血藥濃度與藥物臨床療效和不良反應(yīng)間的關(guān)系。

方法將60例女性抑郁癥住院患者以單純隨機(jī)的方式分別編入文拉法辛緩釋劑組（怡諾思組）及文拉法辛速釋劑組（博樂欣組），進(jìn)行為期6周的對照研究。怡諾思組患者每日晨起一次頓服藥物，日平均劑量（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差）為168（32）mg；博樂欣組患者每日分3次服用藥物，日平均劑量（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差）為160（67）mg。在研究第1、2、4、6周末以高效液相色譜法測定文拉法辛及其活性代謝產(chǎn)物氧去甲基文拉法辛濃度，以漢密爾頓抑郁量表（Hamilton Depression Rating Scale，HAMD）和治療時出現(xiàn)的癥狀量表（Treatment Emergent Symptoms Scale，TESS）評定臨床療效和藥物不良反應(yīng)，HAMD評分減分率≥50%為有效。

結(jié)果兩組均未見有嚴(yán)重的藥物不良反應(yīng)。在各研究時點兩組HAMD評分組間差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。治療6周后兩組HAMD評分均明顯下降；緩釋劑組的有效率為65.6%，速釋劑組的有效率為69.2%（χ2=0.77，p=0.380）。治療前后HAMD評分的改變與氧去甲基文拉法辛（rs=-0.10，p=0.470）及文拉法辛（rs=-0.11，p=0.403）血藥濃度呈較弱的負(fù)相關(guān)。

結(jié)論兩種劑型的文拉法辛對女性抑郁癥患者均顯示了良好的臨床療效和耐受性，但文拉法辛與氧去甲基文拉法辛血藥濃度未與臨床療效密切相關(guān)，所以此兩項指標(biāo)不適合用來判定文拉法辛的臨床療效。

抑郁癥 文拉法辛 氧去甲基文拉法辛 高效液相色譜法

10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2011.06.003

Department of Psychiatry, Third People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou 313000, China

*Correspondence: tiantian9825@yeah.net

(received: 2011-05-31; accepted: 2011-11-02)