南鵬娟, 陳 晶, 孫曉莉
(1. 陜西師范大學(xué) 化學(xué)與材料學(xué)院 陜西 西安 710062; 2. 第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué) 化學(xué)系,陜西 西安 710062)
鋨催化的不對稱雙羥化(AD)反應(yīng)及不對稱氨羥化(AA)反應(yīng)是2001年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎獲得者Sharpless教授于1988年和1996年首次報道的兩類重要的催化不對稱反應(yīng)[1,2]。AD和AA反應(yīng)分別是合成手性連二醇和手性β-氨基醇的最重要的方法之一[3]。目前該反應(yīng)已成功地應(yīng)用于紫杉醇C13側(cè)鏈、大環(huán)抗癌藥物、氨芐青霉素、昆蟲激素、維生素D活性代謝物等的合成[4~6]。影響這兩種反應(yīng)工業(yè)化的一個關(guān)鍵因素是手性配體,這也是近年來各國科學(xué)家研究的一個熱點。經(jīng)多年研究和篩選,在AD和AA反應(yīng)中最優(yōu)秀的手性配體仍然是Sharpless先后報道的金雞納生物堿衍生物[7~13]。這些被稱為第二代的手性配體具有催化活性高,立體選擇性好等優(yōu)點,如何高效的得到這一類配體又成為另一個研究熱點。
在對AD和AA反應(yīng)研究的過程中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新的縛酸劑CaH2,在較溫和的條件下(90 ℃),以DMF作溶劑,金雞納生物堿ArOH(1a~1d, Chart 1)通過3,6-二氯噠嗪(2)或1,4-二氯-2,3-二氮雜萘(3)橋連,高產(chǎn)率地合成了13個金雞納生物堿衍生物(4a~5g, Scheme 1),其結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)NMR確證。
XRC-1型顯微熔點儀(溫度計未經(jīng)校正);PE 343型自動旋光儀;Varian INOVA-400型核磁共振波譜儀(CDCl3為溶劑,TMS為內(nèi)標)。
奎寧(1c, No.011220),德國進口分裝;NaH和CaH2, Merck-Schuchardt;其余試劑均為分析純或化學(xué)純。
(1)4的合成通法
在三頸瓶中加入3,6-二氯噠嗪(2) 2.98 g(20 mmol),1a~1d40 mmol, CaH28.4 g(200 mmol), DMF 60 mL, N2保護,攪拌下于90 ℃~100 ℃反應(yīng)12 h(TLC跟蹤)。加入乙酸乙酯150 mL和水50 mL,攪拌均勻后靜置分層,水層用乙酸乙酯(2×150 mL)萃取,合并有機層,用水(3×80 mL)洗滌,無水MgSO4干燥,減壓濃縮后用乙酸乙酯重結(jié)晶得白色固體4a~4d。
1c或1d20 mmol, CaH24.2 g(100 mmol),其余反應(yīng)條件同上制得白色固體4e或4f。
(2)5a~5d的合成
在三口瓶中加入1,4-二氯-2,3-二氮雜萘(3) 2.95 g(15 mmol),1a~1d30 mmol, CaH26.3 g(150 mmol), DMF 45 mL, N2保護,攪拌下于90 ℃~100 ℃反應(yīng)1 h(TLC跟蹤)。加入乙酸乙酯100 mL和水50 mL,攪拌均勻后靜置分層,水層用乙酸乙酯(3×150 mL)萃取,合并有機層,用無水MgSO4干燥,減壓濃縮至約3 mL,靜置析晶,抽濾,濾餅用少許無水乙醚洗滌、干燥得白色晶體5a~5d。
1b,1c或1d15 mmol, CaH23.15 g(75 mmol),其余反應(yīng)條件同上制得白色晶體5g,5e或5f。
表 1 4a~5g的實驗結(jié)果Table 1 The experimental results of 4a~5g
*4b:c1.0, MeOH,其余c1.0, CH2Cl2
4a~5g的實驗結(jié)果見表1,表征數(shù)據(jù)[14]與Scheme 1預(yù)期吻合。
5c:1H NMRδ: 8.65(d,J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 8.31~8.33(m, 2H), 7.95~7.98(m, 4H), 7.58(s, 2H), 7.44(d,J=4.2 Hz, 2H), 7.38(m, 2H), 7.03(s, 2H), 5.78~5.86(m, 2H), 4.99(m, 4H), 3.93(s, 6H), 3.50(m, 2H), 3.03~3.13(m, 4H), 2.60(m, 4H), 2.26(s, 2H), 1.40~1.89(m, 10H);13C NMRδ: 157.70, 156.90, 147.38, 144.75, 141.95, 132.37, 131.60, 127.20, 122.80, 122.60, 122.47, 121.96, 118.49, 114.39, 101.90, 77.22, 60.14, 56.73, 55.73, 42.68, 39.90, 27.72, 23.85, 15.29; FAB-MSm/z: 775.1{[M+H]+}。
4a~5g均為已知化合物,其合成方法相似。目前文獻[7~13]已報道的合成方法有兩種:(1)以2或3為橋聯(lián)基,分別與1a~1d在K2CO3和KOH存在下于甲苯中回流分水13 h制備。這種方法要用到毒性很強的甲苯作溶劑,而且反應(yīng)溫度高,反應(yīng)時間長,產(chǎn)品需經(jīng)柱層析純化。(2)用NaH代替K2CO3和NaOH,以DMF代替甲苯作溶劑,這種方法的優(yōu)點是反應(yīng)條件溫和,產(chǎn)率有所提高。但是作縛酸劑的NaH活性太強,而且NaH外層包有一層酯,反應(yīng)之前必須用無水乙醚進行預(yù)處理,這樣在操作過程中NaH很容易在空氣中被氧化而著火,且乙醚在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中也是很麻煩的溶劑,所以整個實驗操作既繁瑣又危險。
CaH2作縛酸劑活性適中,不需要像NaH那樣作預(yù)處理,投料很方便,反應(yīng)時間短,條件溫和,粗產(chǎn)物用乙酸乙酯重結(jié)晶即可提純。避免了復(fù)雜的柱層析。整個操作簡單安全,適合工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。其中4a,4b,5a和5b已經(jīng)是工業(yè)化商品,其合成采用方法(1)。本文報道的合成路線(已經(jīng)申請了一項國家專利)明顯優(yōu)于文獻方法。
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[14]4a:1H NMRδ: 8.66(d, 2H), 8.00(d, 2H), 7.40(d, 2H), 7.32(m, 4H), 7.23(d, 2H), 7.00(s, 2H), 6.75(s, 2H), 5.78(m, 2H), 4.95(m, 4H), 3.90(s, 6H), 3.37(m, 2H), 3.01(m, 4H), 2.60(m, 4H), 2.21(m, 2H), 1.50~1.81(m, 10H).4b:1H NMRδ: 8.65(d, 2H), 8.33(m, 2H), 7.98(d, 2H), 7.38(m, 4H), 7.27(s, 2H), 7.01(d, 2H), 3.92(s, 6H), 3.46(m, 2H), 3.11(m, 2H), 3.02(d, 1H), 2.99(d, 1H), 2.53(m, 2H), 2.31(d, 2H), 2.01(s, 1H), 1.79(d, 6H), 1.70(m, 2H), 1.40~1.28(m, 7H), 0.83(t, 6H).4c:1H NMRδ: 8.68(d, 2H), 8.00(d, 2H), 7.45(s, 2H), 7.38(m, 4H), 7.27(s, 2H), 7.00(s, 2H), 6.79(s, 2H), 5.80(m, 2H), 4.97(m, 4H), 3.92(s, 6H), 3.39(m, 2H), 3.08(m, 4H), 2.60(m, 4H), 2.26(m, 2H), 1.50~1.81(m, 10H);13C NMRδ: 160.74, 157.80, 147.27, 144.56, 144.18, 141.56, 131.47, 127.14, 121.99, 121.43, 114.54, 101.75, 77.26, 59.74, 56.42, 55.77, 42.56, 39.60, 27.57, 23.59, 16.96.4d:1H NMRδ: 8.67(d, 2H), 7.97(d, 2H), 7.42(s, 2H), 7.35(m, 4H), 7.26(d, 2H), 6.68(s, 2H), 6.73(s, 2H), 5.76(m, 2H), 4.90(m, 4H), 3.87(s, 6H), 3.30(m, 2H), 3.01(m, 4H), 2.43(m, 4H), 2.21(m, 2H), 1.45~1.73(m, 10H).4e:1H NMRδ: 8.66(d, 1H), 7.90(d, 1H), 7.42(s, 2H), 7.35(m, 2H), 7.27(s, 1H), 7.00(s, 1H), 6.75(s, 1H), 5.78(m,1H), 4.95(m, 2H), 3.90(s, 3H), 3.37(m, 1H), 3.01(m, 2H), 2.60(m, 2H), 2.21(m, 1H), 1.50~1.81(m, 4H).4g:1H NMRδ: 8.66(d, 1H), 7.90(d, 1H), 7.42(s, 2H), 7.35(m, 2H), 7.27(s, 1H), 7.29(d, 1H),4.00(s, 3H), 3.52~3.53(m, 1H), 2.74~2.95(m, 4H), 2.06(m, 1H), 1.77(s, 1H), 1.48~1.66(m, 6H), 0.91(t, 3H).5a:1H NMRδ: 8.65(d, 2H), 8.33(m, 2H), 7.98(d, 2H), 7.96(m, 2H), 7.56(d, 2H), 7.44(d, 2H), 7.36(d, 1H), 7.35(d,1H), 7.01(d, 2H), 3.90(s, 6H), 3.39(q, 2H), 2.82~2.60(m, 8H), 2.34(s, 1H), 2.20(s, 1H), 1.94(t, 2H), 1.68(s, 2H), 1.59~1.51(m, 4H), 1.46~1.39(m, 6H), 0.79(t, 6H);13C NMRδ: 157.58, 156.50, 147.38, 145.05, 144.75, 132.11, 131.56, 127.38, 122.80, 122.43, 121.78, 118.56, 102.09, 76.35, 60.27, 55.57, 50.89, 49.97, 37.46, 27.34, 26.29, 25.30, 23.20, 11.19.5b:1H NMRδ: 8.65(d, 2H), 8.33(m, 2H), 7.98(d, 2H), 7.94(m, 2H), 7.58(d, 2H), 7.43(d, 2H), 7.36(d, 1H), 7.35(d ,1H), 7.01(d, 2H), 3.92(s, 6H), 3.46(m, 2H), 3.11(m, 2H), 3.02(d, 1H), 2.99(d, 1H), 2.53(m, 2H), 2.31(d, 2H), 2.01(s, 1H), 1.79(d, 6H), 1.70(m, 2H), 1.40~1.28(m, 7H), 0.83(t, 6H);13C NMRδ: 157.62, 156.39, 147.35, 144.75, 144.73, 132.24, 131.51, 127.21, 122.79, 122.48, 121.97, 118.42, 101.99, 76.35, 60.01, 58.57, 55.64, 42.80, 37.46, 28.60, 27.68, 25.36, 23.54, 12.09.5d:1H NMRδ: 8.63(d, 2H), 8.36(m, 2H), 7.97(m, 4H), 7.53(d, 2H), 7.42~7.25(m, 4H), 7.03(m, 2H), 5.93(m, 2H), 4.99(m, 4H), 3.90(s, 6H), 3.41(d, 2H), 2.94(m, 8H), 2.23~2.05(m, 4H), 1.20~1.80(m, 10H);13C NMRδ: 157.66, 156.36, 147.32, 144.82, 140.29, 132.08, 131.53, 127.24, 122.98, 122.62, 122.42, 121.82, 118.25, 114.62, 102.02, 76.95, 60.08, 55.63, 49.82, 49.447, 39.63, 27.76, 26.46, 23.19; FAB-MSm/z: 775.6{[M+H]+}.5e:1H NMRδ: 8.67(d, 1H), 8.40(d, 1H), 8.20(d, 1H), 7.98~8.03(m, 2H), 7.63(s, 1H), 7.47(d, 1H), 7.28~7.38(m, 2H), 5.83~5.92(m, 1H), 5.00~5.06(m, 2H), 4.01(s, 3H), 3.61(t, 1H), 3.30(s, 1H), 3.09~3.16(m, 1H), 2.68~2.75(m, 2H), 2.33(s, 1H), 1.84~2.00(m, 4H), 1.61(s, 2H).5f:1H NMRδ: 8.64(d, 1H), 8.38(d, 1H), 8.21(d, 1H), 7.98~8.03(m, 2H), 7.62(s, 1H), 7.46(d, 1H), 7.28~7.39(m, 2H), 7.01(d, 1H), 3.90(s, 3H), 3.40(q, 1H), 2.82~2.62(m, 4H), 2.22(s, 1H), 1.94(t, 1H), 1.68(s, 1H), 1.59~1.1.51(m, 2H), 1.46~1.39(m, 3H), 0.79(t, 3H).5g:1H NMRδ: 8.67(d, 1H), 8.38~8.40(m, 1H), 8.15~8.17(m, 1H), 7.98(m, 2H), 7.96(d, 1H), 7.65(d, 1H), 7.48(d, 1H), 7.35(d, 1H), 7.29(d, 1H), 4.00(s, 3H), 3.52~3.53(m, 1H), 2.74~2.95(m, 4H), 2.06(m, 1H), 1.77(s, 1H), 1.48~1.66(m, 6H), 0.91(t, 3H).