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點(diǎn)地梅提取物saxifragifolin B體外抗實(shí)體瘤活性研究*

2011-11-20 03:35李朋軍沈偉哉葉文才張冬梅
中國(guó)病理生理雜志 2011年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:細(xì)胞株提取物實(shí)體

李朋軍, 沈偉哉, 葉文才, 張冬梅, 孫 艷

(暨南大學(xué)1醫(yī)學(xué)院,2藥學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 510632;3廣東藥學(xué)院生命科學(xué)與生物制藥學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 510006)

點(diǎn)地梅提取物saxifragifolin B體外抗實(shí)體瘤活性研究*

李朋軍1, 沈偉哉1, 葉文才2, 張冬梅2, 孫 艷3△

(暨南大學(xué)1醫(yī)學(xué)院,2藥學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 510632;3廣東藥學(xué)院生命科學(xué)與生物制藥學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 510006)

目的: 初步探討點(diǎn)地梅提取物saxifragifolin B體外抗實(shí)體瘤活性及其作用機(jī)制。方法Saxifragifolin B作用于體外培養(yǎng)的人肝癌細(xì)胞BEL-7402、肺癌細(xì)胞A549和胃癌細(xì)胞SGC7901。光鏡下觀察腫瘤細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)變化;AO/EB雙染法觀察細(xì)胞死亡;MTT法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖水平,計(jì)算IC50;流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡和壞死。結(jié)果Saxifragifolin B誘導(dǎo)3種實(shí)體瘤細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)凋亡樣和壞死樣改變。Saxifragifolin B以濃度依賴的方式抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng),作用24 h IC50分別為13.13 μmol/L、9.61 μmol/L和11.64 μmol/L。Saxifragifolin B可以誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡和壞死。結(jié)論點(diǎn)地梅提取物saxifragifolin B具有抗多種實(shí)體瘤的活性,其作用機(jī)制可能與誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡和促進(jìn)細(xì)胞壞死有關(guān)。

點(diǎn)地梅; Saxifragifolin B; BEL-7402細(xì)胞; A549細(xì)胞; SGC7901細(xì)胞

天然產(chǎn)物廣泛存在于自然界,資源豐富而且類型多樣,因此是目前發(fā)展抗腫瘤藥物最重要的策略之一[1]。我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)中藥是天然產(chǎn)物的重要來(lái)源。中藥中提取的多種天然產(chǎn)物顯示了良好的抗腫瘤活性[2,3]。近來(lái),有研究報(bào)道從報(bào)春花科(Primulaceae)點(diǎn)地梅屬植物點(diǎn)地梅[Androsaceumbellata(Lour.)Merr.]中首次分離得到7種化合物[4],并發(fā)現(xiàn)三萜皂苷saxifragifolin B可以誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞株HepG2凋亡[5]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過研究saxifragifolin B對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞BEL-7402、肺癌細(xì)胞A549和胃癌細(xì)胞SGC7901形態(tài)及增殖的影響,初步探討點(diǎn)地梅提取物saxifragifolin B對(duì)其它實(shí)體瘤細(xì)胞株的抑制作用及機(jī)制,為深入闡明saxifragifolin B抗腫瘤作用機(jī)制及其臨床應(yīng)用奠定基礎(chǔ)。

材 料 和 方 法

1藥物

Saxifragifolin B,白色無(wú)結(jié)晶粉末,經(jīng)鑒定為3-O{β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→4)-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(1→2)]-α-L-阿拉伯糖}-16α-羥基-13β,28-環(huán)氧-齊墩果烷-30-醛,saxifragifolin B結(jié)構(gòu)見圖1,暨南大學(xué)藥學(xué)院葉文才教授惠贈(zèng)。用二甲亞砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)溶解saxifragifolin B,制備濃度為20 mmol/L的儲(chǔ)存液,-20 ℃保存。

Figure 1.Chemical structure of saxifragifolin B.

2細(xì)胞株

人肝癌細(xì)胞株BEL-7402、人肺腺癌細(xì)胞株A549和人胃癌細(xì)胞株SGC7901由暨南大學(xué)生化教研室提供。

3主要試劑

RPMI-1640購(gòu)自Gibco,胎牛血清購(gòu)自杭州四季青公司,丫啶橙(acridine orange,AO)、溴化乙啶(ethidium bromide,EB)購(gòu)自Fluka,MTT購(gòu)自Sigma,AnnexinⅤ-FITC 凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)自Biovision。

4方法

4.1AO/EB雙熒光染色 收集對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的腫瘤細(xì)胞。完全培養(yǎng)基(含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640)調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度,按1×106cells/well接種24孔板,saxifragifolin B處理6h后,PBS洗2遍,滴加2 μL熒光標(biāo)記物(AO/EB各含100mg/L),避光染色,PBS洗2遍,滴加90%甘油,熒光顯微鏡下觀察拍照。設(shè)置陰性對(duì)照組(加入1‰DMSO)。

4.2MTT法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖 收集對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的細(xì)胞。完全培養(yǎng)基調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度,按7×103cells/well接種96孔板。設(shè)置空白對(duì)照組、陰性對(duì)照組和6個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組,每組設(shè)置4個(gè)復(fù)孔。細(xì)胞接種24 h后加入saxifragifolin B,使其終濃度為4 μmol/L、6 μmol/L、8 mol/L、10 μmol/L、12 μmol/L、14 μmol/L??瞻讓?duì)照組加入等體積完全培養(yǎng)基。陰性對(duì)照組加入1‰DMSO。分別于藥物作用24 h、48 h、72 h后,加MTT(10 g/L)繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h。棄上清,每孔加入150 μL DMSO溶解,待完全溶解后振蕩均勻,酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定490 nm處A值。計(jì)算半數(shù)抑制濃度(50% inhibition concentration,IC50,μmol/L)。培養(yǎng)人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞株HUVECs,按以上MTT方法檢測(cè)saxifragifolin B作用24 h對(duì)正常細(xì)胞的毒性作用,計(jì)算半數(shù)致死濃度CC50(50% cytotoxicity concentration)。

4.3流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡和壞死 按試劑盒說明書操作。收集對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的腫瘤細(xì)胞。完全培養(yǎng)基調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度,按5×105cells/well接種6孔板。細(xì)胞接種24 h后加入saxifragifolin B。設(shè)置陰性對(duì)照組。藥物作用24 h后收集細(xì)胞,PBS洗2次。500 μL binding buffer重懸細(xì)胞,加5 μL Annexin V-FITC 和5 μL PI,室溫避光染色5 min后流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)。

5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

結(jié) 果

1SaxifragifolinB對(duì)3種實(shí)體瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的影響

Saxifragifolin B 作用24 h,3種實(shí)體瘤細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)明顯的形態(tài)學(xué)變化。對(duì)照組BEL-7402、A549、SGC7901細(xì)胞體外培養(yǎng)24 h分別呈多邊形、梭形、錐形或三角形,見圖2A、C、E。細(xì)胞折光性好,生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)良好,可見較多分裂細(xì)胞。而實(shí)驗(yàn)組的3種腫瘤細(xì)胞形態(tài)表現(xiàn)相似,細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯減少。部分細(xì)胞變圓,體積增大,無(wú)折光性,周圍可見較多細(xì)胞碎片;部分細(xì)胞體積縮小,形成小泡,見圖2B、D、F。用AO/EB雙染觀察saxifragifolin B作用后腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡情況,結(jié)果顯示藥物作用6h即出現(xiàn)明顯的細(xì)胞死亡:部分腫瘤細(xì)胞體積增大,染色質(zhì)呈均勻的橙紅色、部分細(xì)胞核擴(kuò)張或黃綠色熒光減少消失(壞死細(xì)胞);部分細(xì)胞核則呈現(xiàn)致密濃染的黃綠色熒光(凋亡細(xì)胞),見圖3B、C。對(duì)照組細(xì)胞核完整、呈均勻綠色淡染,見圖3A。

2SaxifragifolinB抑制3種實(shí)體瘤細(xì)胞增殖

不同濃度藥物作用不同時(shí)間,結(jié)果顯示saxifragifolin B對(duì)3種實(shí)體瘤細(xì)胞的增殖均具有抑制作用。Saxifragifolin B抑制同種腫瘤細(xì)胞的作用強(qiáng)度在24 h、48 h和72 h時(shí)相差不大,說明saxifragifolin B的抗腫瘤作用不隨時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)而增強(qiáng);但在一定濃度范圍內(nèi),抑制作用隨著濃度增加而增強(qiáng),見圖4-6。正常細(xì)胞毒性試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,saxifragifolin B對(duì)正常細(xì)胞的CC50為(21.79±1.05)μmol/L。而saxifragifolin B抑制實(shí)體瘤的IC50水平在10 μmol/L左右,見表1。

Figure 2.Effect of saxifragifolin B on the growth of BEL-7402,A549 and SGC7901 cells(×200).A: control group of BEL-7402 cells for 24 h; D: BEL-7402 cells were treated with 10 μmol/L saxifragifolin B for 24 h; B: control group of A549 cells for 24 h; E: A549 cells were treated with 10 μmol/L saxifragifolin B for 24 h; C: control group of SGC7901 cells for 24 h; F: SGC7901 cells were treated with 10 μmol/L saxifragifolin B for 24 h.

Figure 3.Saxifragifolin B induced apoptosis and necrosis in BEL-7402 cells(×400).Cells were stained with both AO and EB.Triangle:necrosis.Arrow: apoptosis.A: control group cells for 6 h;B: BEL-7402 cells were treated with 10 μmol/L saxifragifolin B for 6 h;C: BEL-7402 cells were treated with 12 μmol/L saxifragifolin B for 6 h.

Figure 4.Saxifragifolin B inhibited the proliferation of BEL-7402 cells.±s.n=4.

Figure 5.Saxifragifolin B inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells±s.n=4.

Figure 6.Saxifragifolin B inhibited the proliferation of SGC7901 cells±s.n=4.

3SaxifragifolinB誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡和壞死

Annexin V/PI雙染檢測(cè)腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡情況,結(jié)果顯示8 μmol/L作用24 h既誘導(dǎo)部分腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生早期凋亡(Annexin V-FITC+),又促進(jìn)部分腫瘤細(xì)胞壞死(PI+),見圖7。Saxifragifolin B處理組腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡和壞死水平分別與對(duì)照組相比存在顯著差異(Plt;0.01),見圖8、9。上述結(jié)果說明saxifragifolin B可以顯著誘導(dǎo)3種實(shí)體瘤細(xì)胞凋亡和壞死。

表1 Saxifragifolin B對(duì)3種實(shí)體瘤細(xì)胞的增殖抑制作用

Figure 7.Saxifragifolin B induced apoptosis and necrosis in SGC7901 cells.SGC7901 cells were stained by Annexin V-FITC(FL1) and PI(FL3).Levels of apoptosis and necrosis were analysis by flow cytometry.A: control group cells for 24 h; B: SGC7901 cells were treated with 4 μmol/L saxifragifolin B for 24 h; C: SGC7901 cells were treated with 8 μmol/L saxifragifolin B for 24 h.

Figure 8.Apoptosis induced by saxifragifolin B in three kinds of solid tumors±s.n=3.Three kinds of solid tumors were treated with 8μmol/L saxifragifolin B for 24 h.Apoptotic rate was analyzed by flow cytometry.**Plt;0.01 vs control.

Figure 9.Necrosis induced by saxifragifolin B on three kinds of solid tumors±s.n=3.Three kinds of solid tumors were treated with 8 μmol/L saxifragifolin B for 24 h.Necrotic rate was analyzed by flow cytometry.**Plt;0.01 vs control.

討 論

點(diǎn)地梅是報(bào)春花科點(diǎn)地梅屬多年生植物,其全草均可入藥,《中藥大辭典》載:“性味苦寒,功效利水,主治熱性水腫”,民間用全草治療扁桃腺炎、咽喉炎、口腔炎,故有喉嚨草之稱[6]。李承花[4]利用硅膠柱層析、Sephadex LH20柱層析以及反相柱層析等方法分離純化點(diǎn)地梅全草得到7種化合物,通過理化性質(zhì)和波譜技術(shù)鑒定分別為山柰酚(kaempferol)、蘆丁(rutin)、槲皮素(quercetin)、primulanin、saxifragifolin B和saxifragifolin D和胡蘿苷(daucosterol)。Park等[7]也通過甲醇提取,正丁醇萃取,柱層析等方法獲得4種三萜皂苷:saxifragifolin C、saxifragifolin A、saxifragifolin B和saxifragifolin D。點(diǎn)地梅正丁醇粗提物具有抗腫瘤活性[8]。其中,saxifragifolin B可以誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞株HepG2凋亡[4],而4種三萜皂苷saxifragifolin C、saxifragifolin A、saxifragifolin B和saxifragifolin D對(duì)多藥耐藥腫瘤細(xì)胞株和非多藥耐藥腫瘤細(xì)胞株均有較敏感的抑制作用[7]。

本研究探討了點(diǎn)地梅提取物saxifagifolin B對(duì)其它實(shí)體瘤的作用,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)saxifragifolin B對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞BEL-7402、肺癌細(xì)胞A549和胃癌細(xì)胞SGC7901均有抑制作用,且與Saxifagifolin B致正常內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的毒性作用相比較強(qiáng)(見結(jié)果2)。但與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[5]不同的是,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)saxifragifolin B抑制實(shí)體瘤的作用具有濃度依賴性,但沒有時(shí)間依賴性,6 h即可見明顯的細(xì)胞死亡。形態(tài)學(xué)觀察顯示:saxifragifolin B作用后3種實(shí)體瘤的形態(tài)學(xué)表現(xiàn)相似。部分腫瘤細(xì)胞呈壞死樣改變;而部分細(xì)胞呈凋亡樣改變。進(jìn)一步采用流式檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),saxifragifolin B既能誘導(dǎo)3種實(shí)體瘤發(fā)生早期凋亡,又能直接導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞壞死。提示saxifragifolin B抑制腫瘤的作用沒有明顯的選擇性,其作用機(jī)制可能同時(shí)存在誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡和促進(jìn)壞死。

以往研究?jī)H報(bào)道了saxifragifolin B誘導(dǎo)凋亡的作用[5,7],并發(fā)現(xiàn)caspase-8/caspase-3、線粒體細(xì)胞色素C/caspase-9途徑參與了凋亡發(fā)生。然而越來(lái)越多的報(bào)道顯示,促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)生被動(dòng)性細(xì)胞死亡也是抗腫瘤藥物重要的作用機(jī)制之一。其中,以細(xì)胞腫脹、胞漿空泡形成、無(wú)染色質(zhì)濃縮的核擴(kuò)張為特點(diǎn)的細(xì)胞脹亡(oncosis)備受關(guān)注[9]。Du等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)青蒿琥酯(artesunate)有選擇性抗胰腺癌細(xì)胞Panc-1、 BxPC-3 和 CFPAC-1活性,電鏡觀察藥物作用后腫瘤細(xì)胞呈脹亡的典型表現(xiàn)。這種細(xì)胞死亡與caspase分子無(wú)關(guān),但可被活性氧(ROS) 清除劑N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetyl-cysteine,NAC)抑制。本研究初步的形態(tài)學(xué)觀察和流式檢測(cè)顯示,saxifragifolin B可誘導(dǎo)腫瘤發(fā)生具有脹亡特點(diǎn)的形態(tài)學(xué)表現(xiàn)(如細(xì)胞變大、核擴(kuò)張)及細(xì)胞被動(dòng)性壞死,但saxifragifolin B是否通過脹亡途徑誘導(dǎo)腫瘤死亡還需進(jìn)一步的實(shí)驗(yàn)確定。

本研究證實(shí)saxifragifolin B具有潛在廣譜抗實(shí)體瘤活性,而其抗腫瘤作用機(jī)制的深入闡明將有助于發(fā)展saxifragifolin B的臨床應(yīng)用。

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ActivityofsaxifragifolinBfromAndrosaceumbellataagainstsolidtumorsinvitro

LI Peng-jun1,SHEN Wei-zai1,YE Wen-cai2,ZHANG Dong-mei2,SUN Yan3

(1SchoolofMedicine,2CollegeofPharmacy,JinanUniversity,Guangzhou510632,China;3LifeScienceandBiopharmaceuticalCollege,GuangdongPharmaceuticalUniversity,Guangzhou510006,China.E-mail:sxmshw77@163.com)

AIM: To investigate the activity of saxifragifolin B fromAndrosaceumbellataagainst solid tumors.METHODSHuman hepatoma cell line BEL-7402,human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line A549 and human gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 were treated with saxifragifolin Binvitro.Morphological changes of the tumor cells were observed under microscope.Cell deaths were determined by AO/EB double staining.Cell proliferation was assayed by MTT method.The IC50values were graphically determined.Apoptosis and necrosis were measured by flow cytometry.RESULTSSaxifragifolin B induced apoptosis and necrosis in all 3 tested solid tumor cells.Saxifragifolin B inhibited proliferation of tumor cells in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50values of 13.13 μmol/L,9.61 μmol/L and 11.64 μmol/L at 24 h,respectively.Saxifragifolin B induced both apoptosis and necrosis in the tumor cells.CONCLUSIONSaxifragifolin B fromAndrosaceumbellatahas the activity against a variety of solid tumors with the possible mechanisms of inducing both apoptosis and necrosis.

Androsaceumbellata; Saxifragifolin B; BEL-7402 cells; A549 cells; SGC7901 cells

1000-4718(2011)05-0838-05

R931.71

A

10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2011.05.002

2011-01-05

2011-03-08

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No.81000923);廣東省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)技術(shù)研究基金資助項(xiàng)目(No.B2009117);廣東高校優(yōu)秀青年創(chuàng)新人才培育資助項(xiàng)目(No.2009400)

△通訊作者Tel:020-31897359; E-mail: sxmshw77@163.com

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