David L.DUBBER

Unrecognized bipolar disorder in patients with a diagnosis of unipolar depression

David L.DUBBER

The diagnosis of bipolar rather than unipolar depression is currently a clinical diagnosis w hich cannot be validated by specific biological measures,such as laboratory tests.Certainly the characteristics of bipolar depression frequently differ from unipolar major depression in that patients with bipolar depression generally have an earlier age of onset and more frequent episodes than individuals with unipolar major depression［1］. Some,but not all,studies support an increase in suicidal behaviors among bipolar as com pared with unipolar major depression［2］,and"atypical features"such as hypersomnia and hyperphagia also may be found more frequently among individuals with bipolar depression.Furthermore family histories of subjects with bipolar disorders more frequently reveal relatives with bipolar disorder.In contrast,relatives of patients with unipolar depression’s family history generally reflects major depression butnotbipolar disorder［3］.One clinical clue to a diagnosis of bipolar disorder is having more than one major depressive episode per year.W e found only a few individuals with such histories who do not have bipolar disorder［4］.

The study by Chen and colleagues in this issue of the Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry finds that the distinguishing characteristics of bipolar depression versus unipolar major depression found elsewhere are also present in Chinese patients.The rate of misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder versus major depression in this sample is consistent with the rates of misdiagnosis found in studies from other cultures.Chen and coworkers used an interesting combined methodology of self-administered rating scales and a diagnostic interview（the M IBI）to document the presumed correct diagnosis.It is of interest that some of the subjects clinically diagnosed as having major depression met criteria of current hypomania during the research assessment and, thus,were diagnosed as bipolar.

A correct diagnosis of bipolar disorder will likely lead to more appropriate treatment,as the treatment for bipolar depression is at variance with the treatment of major depression.Antidepressant treatment of individuals with bipolar depression may result in switches into mania or hypomania and more frequent depressive episodes whereas antidepressant monotherapy for individuals with major depression is likely to alleviate the depression.Furthermore,treatment for bipolar depression with certain atypical antipsychotics, lithium or lamotrigine may be of benefit whereas these treatments are less likely to be successful when used as monotherapy for individuals with major depression.

Most clinicians do not use structured assessments to make a diagnosis but instead rely on clinical interview ing skills they have learned through their residency and enhanced over time with clinical experience. However,rating scales and structured interview s such as the M IBI or the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV（SCID）are likely to be better in ascertaining bipolar conditions and in detecting histories of mania and hypomania than clinical interview s alone.Very experienced clinicians using sem i-structured interview techniques may more accurately distinguish unipolar depression from bipolar depression than non-clinicians using the M IBIor the SCID［5］.How ever,most clinicians do not have this degree of expertise so it would be helpful for clinicians to adopt rating scales and structured interview techniques for their clinical practice,especially in the differential diagnosis of major depressive episodes［6-8］.This is perhaps the most important finding of the study by Chen and colleagues:the diagnosis of bipolar depression was considerably enhanced by the use of screening rating scales and structured interviewing techniques.

Psychiatry would benefit greatly by the development of laboratory tests which would validate our clinical diagnoses.However,such laboratory tests seem to be far in the future and for the time being w e as clinicians need to rely on clinical interview ing skills.

1. Dunner D l,Dw yer T,Fieve RR.Depressive symptoms in patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder.Compr Psychiatry,1976,17: 447-451.

2. Stallone F,Dunner DL,Ahearn J,Fieve RR.Statistical predictions of suicide in depressives.Compr Psychiatry,1980,21:381-387.

3. Dunner DL.A review of the diagnostic status of"Bipolar II"for the DSM-IV work group on mood disorders.Depression,1993,1:2-10.

4. Tay LK,Dunner DL.A report on three patients with"rapid cycling"unipolar depression.Com pr Psychiatry,1992,33:253-255.

5. Dunner DL,Tay LK.Diagnostic reliability of the history of hypomania in bipolar IIpatients and patients with major depression.Compr Psychiatry,1993,34:303-307.

6. Dunner DL.Diagnostic assessment.Psychiatr Clin Borth Am,1993,16:431-441.

7. Ghaem i SB,Bauer M,Cassidy F,Malhi GS,M itchell P,Phelps I,etal.Diagnostic guidelines for bipolar disordere:a summary of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Diagnostic Guidelines Task Force Report.Bipolar Disord,2008,110:117-128.

（David L.DUNNER,MD,FACPsych.Director,Center for Anxiety and Depression,Mercer lsland,WA,USA；Professor Emeritus,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences；University of W ashington,Seattle,USA. E-mail：dldunner@com cast.net）

環(huán)太平洋精神病學(xué)家學(xué)會(huì)“精神醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力”研討與培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目招生通知

我國(guó)目前精神疾病負(fù)擔(dān)逐年上升，預(yù)計(jì)到2020年將占全部疾病負(fù)擔(dān)的1/5，位列第一。為了加強(qiáng)國(guó)內(nèi)外交流與合作，提升精神醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力，環(huán)太平洋精神病學(xué)家學(xué)會(huì)（Pacific-Rim College of Psychiatrists,PRCP）將與中國(guó)醫(yī)院協(xié)會(huì)精神病醫(yī)院管理分會(huì)、上海市醫(yī)院協(xié)會(huì)精神衛(wèi)生中心管理委員會(huì)、上海市精神衛(wèi)生中心聯(lián)合舉辦“精神醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力”研討與培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目，旨在培養(yǎng)醫(yī)教研三方面結(jié)合的具有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力的復(fù)合型精神醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)人才，創(chuàng)建一個(gè)與國(guó)內(nèi)外專家直接交流的平臺(tái)，同時(shí)亦建立學(xué)術(shù)的聯(lián)系，拓展和加深更多合作的機(jī)會(huì)。

參加對(duì)象：本次培訓(xùn)主要針對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)，建議精神病專科醫(yī)院醫(yī)療、科研、教學(xué)管理人員、高年資精神科醫(yī)生、科主任等相關(guān)專業(yè)人員參加。

項(xiàng)目形式：授課和工作坊

特邀專家：將邀請(qǐng)十幾位國(guó)內(nèi)外精神病學(xué)領(lǐng)域知名專家來(lái)參加本次研討及培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目，主要專家如下。

瑞典大學(xué)Borman Sartorius教授，前世界衛(wèi)生組織精神衛(wèi)生處主任、世界精神醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)主席；新加坡國(guó)立大學(xué)Kua Ee Heok教授、環(huán)太平洋精神病學(xué)家學(xué)會(huì)主席、亞太精神病學(xué)雜志主編、新加坡老年學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)主席；上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬精神衛(wèi)生中心肖澤萍教授、環(huán)太平洋精神病學(xué)家學(xué)會(huì)副主席、中國(guó)醫(yī)院協(xié)會(huì)精神病醫(yī)院管理分會(huì)主任委員，上海心理衛(wèi)生學(xué)會(huì)理事長(zhǎng)；美國(guó)路易維爾大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)Allan Tasman教授；墨爾本大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)Edmond Chiu教授；美國(guó)亞利桑那州立大學(xué)Paul Leung教授；新西蘭奧克蘭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)系Graham Mellsop教授；英國(guó)哥倫比亞大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)系Hiram Mok教授；新加坡國(guó)立大學(xué)Tan Chay Hoon教授；北京醫(yī)科大學(xué)精神衛(wèi)生研究所于欣教授。

時(shí)間：2011年10月14日-15日；地點(diǎn)：詳見(jiàn)第二輪通知；費(fèi)用：980元/人，統(tǒng)一安排食宿，費(fèi)用自理。

報(bào)名方式：學(xué)員以自愿報(bào)名、單位同意為宜。截止日期：2011年8月4日。為保證培訓(xùn)質(zhì)量，將嚴(yán)格控制名額，報(bào)名從速。

地址：上海市宛平南路600號(hào)，郵政編碼200030，上海市精神衛(wèi)生中心科研科（收）

電話：021-34289888轉(zhuǎn)3010/3239；傳真：021-64387986

或E-mail至shivayaya2011@gmail.com,聯(lián)系人：鄔佳艷。

環(huán)太平洋精神醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)

中國(guó)醫(yī)院協(xié)會(huì)精神病醫(yī)院管理分會(huì)

上海市醫(yī)院協(xié)會(huì)精神衛(wèi)生中心管理委員會(huì)

上海市精神衛(wèi)生中心

2011年4月8日

10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2011.02.006