王 琦,張瑩瑩,徐榮天
(1.遼寧省血栓病中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)療中心,遼寧 沈陽 110101;2.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院,遼寧 沈陽 110001)
外展神經(jīng)因其精細(xì)復(fù)雜的解剖結(jié)構(gòu),在二維MR影像上很難被顯示。外展神經(jīng)起源于第四腦室底的神經(jīng)核團(tuán),從腦干前方近中線處的腦橋延髓溝穿出,然后向前側(cè)方上升沿斜坡通過橋池,越過顳骨巖尖部,至鞍背外側(cè),穿過硬腦膜進(jìn)入Dorello氏管,最后穿過海綿竇經(jīng)眶上裂進(jìn)入眶內(nèi)[1-2]。近年來,隨著MR水成像技術(shù)的發(fā)展,三維FSE序列和三維CISS序列的應(yīng)用使得正常外展神經(jīng)腦池段顯像成為可能。然而,與三維FASE序列相比,三維CISS序列更容易出現(xiàn)因成像時(shí)間長和患者不自主運(yùn)動(dòng)所造成的腦脊液流動(dòng)和磁敏感偽影[3-9]。本研究中,在不應(yīng)用對(duì)比劑的情況下,我們采用三維FASE成像序列在三分鐘內(nèi)獲得外展神經(jīng)影像。
本研究中,15名健康志愿者,男9名,女6名。年齡18~63歲,平均46歲。實(shí)驗(yàn)前15名志愿者均簽署知情同意書。
所有志愿者采用1.5Tesla MR(Visart,Toshiba,Tokyo,Japan)進(jìn)行掃描,掃描序列3D FASE的參數(shù)如下:TR:6000ms,TE:240ms,ETL:208,F(xiàn)OV:160mm ×160mm, 矩 陣 :384×384,層厚:1.0mm。掃描范圍從延髓上部到延髓頂部,掃描基線平行于聽眶線。該方法體素大小為0.42mm×0.42mm×1.0mm,掃描時(shí)間2分47秒。
在原始掃描數(shù)據(jù)中,采用連續(xù)層面追蹤外展神經(jīng),即可觀察從橋延溝到Dorello氏管的外展神經(jīng)腦池段。在Toshiba ALATOVIEW磁共振工作站,沿外展神經(jīng)的特殊走行方向,采用MPR技術(shù)對(duì)原始影像資料進(jìn)行圖像重建。其中斜冠狀位重建平面可以顯示雙側(cè)外展神經(jīng)腦池段全程;而斜矢狀位重建平面可以顯示與軸位平面垂直的單側(cè)外展神經(jīng)腦池段。在斜冠狀位重建圖像上,觀測外展神經(jīng)腦池段中心部分的直徑。
用外展神經(jīng)管作為標(biāo)志,80%的病例在矢狀位和冠狀位重建圖像上外展神經(jīng)被識(shí)別和顯示(圖1,2)。其中2例雙側(cè)外展神經(jīng)沒有顯示,2例單側(cè)外展神經(jīng)未被顯示。在三維快速成像序列圖像上外展神經(jīng)腦池部直徑范圍在1.18~1.55mm,平均直徑為1.35mm(表1)。
圖1 斜冠狀位重建圖像可以顯示雙側(cè)外展神經(jīng)腦池段 (箭頭)和Dorello氏管(箭)的冠狀解剖結(jié)構(gòu)。圖2 斜矢狀位重建圖像可以顯示與軸位平面垂直的單側(cè)外展神經(jīng)腦池段(箭頭)和Dorello氏管(箭)的矢狀解剖結(jié)構(gòu)。Figure 1.Oblique coronal reconstructed image.The oblique coronal reconstructed image could display the coronal view of the cisternal segment of the bilateral abducent nerve(arrowheads)and Dorello’s canal(arrows).Figure 2.Oblique sagittal reconstructed image.The oblique sagittal reconstructed image could display the sagittal view of the cisternal segment of the unilateral abducent nerve(arrowheads)and Dorello’s canal(arrow)in the direction vertical to the axial plane.
表1 三維FASE序列對(duì)外展神經(jīng)腦池段的顯示
用于評(píng)估外展神經(jīng)腦池段和內(nèi)耳結(jié)構(gòu)的MR序列的標(biāo)準(zhǔn):高信噪比、高的腦脊液與神經(jīng)或骨骼組織對(duì)比、高空間分辨率、能任意方向重建,掃描時(shí)間短[7]。本研究應(yīng)用3D FASE序列,它是采用半傅立葉轉(zhuǎn)換單次激發(fā)(一個(gè)長回波鏈)快速自旋回波序列掃描,利用K空間數(shù)據(jù)的相位對(duì)稱性,在不降低圖像空間分辨率的同時(shí),相應(yīng)縮短掃描時(shí)間,以致可以在短時(shí)間內(nèi)就能夠獲得較高分辨的容積數(shù)據(jù)。3D FASE序列采用較長 TR(6000ms)、較長 TE(240ms)進(jìn)行掃描,以形成重 T2加權(quán)圖像,這樣腦池內(nèi)除腦脊液外其它任何解剖結(jié)構(gòu)均顯示為低信號(hào),然后按照外展神經(jīng)的特殊走形方向用MPR技術(shù)進(jìn)行圖像重建[7,10]。這樣在腦池成像圖像中,可以在高信號(hào)的腦脊液背景中識(shí)別低信號(hào)的外展神經(jīng)腦池段的解剖形態(tài)(圖1,2)。
我們在連續(xù)層面追蹤外展神經(jīng),依照它的解剖形態(tài)、起止點(diǎn)及走形方向識(shí)別它,最終以Dorello氏管作為確認(rèn)標(biāo)志。Dorello氏管位于顳骨巖部尖端,由蛛網(wǎng)膜或硬腦膜形成的鞘包被外展神經(jīng)進(jìn)入Dorello氏管,因此在Dorello氏管內(nèi)可見由腦脊液圍繞的外展神經(jīng),這種特殊解剖結(jié)構(gòu)使得Dorello氏管在 3D FASE 序列圖像成為外展神經(jīng)的確認(rèn)標(biāo)志(圖 1,2)[3-4,11]。本研究中,用Dorello氏管作為標(biāo)志,能夠識(shí)別80%的外展神經(jīng)(24/30),而運(yùn)用三維CISS序列和三維FSE序列分別選擇層厚1.0mm和0.8mm[4-5],同樣80%的病例可顯示出外展神經(jīng),但是選擇層厚0.66mm時(shí)[3],因空間分辨率不同,三維CISS序列成像顯示率較高。在三維FASE序列圖像上,外展神經(jīng)腦池段的平均直徑是1.35mm,小于解剖直徑(2.2mm)[12],分析可能是因?yàn)椴糠秩莘e效應(yīng)模糊了外展神經(jīng)的邊界[13],以及掃描平面和外展神經(jīng)間角度的影響。六根未能確認(rèn)的外展神經(jīng)是因?yàn)椋孩賰衫驹刚叩碾p側(cè)Dorello氏管不能確認(rèn);②在另2例志愿者的連續(xù)層面不能追蹤到單側(cè)外展神經(jīng)腦池段的全程。據(jù)報(bào)道,在某些病例中,外展神經(jīng)表現(xiàn)為兩干(28.57%~40%)或三干(10.71%),各神經(jīng)干進(jìn)入Dorello氏管時(shí)通常通過一個(gè)硬膜孔,偶爾通過兩個(gè)硬膜孔[2,11-12,14-15],因此由于這種多干的神經(jīng)太細(xì),并且所通過的硬膜孔太狹小,所以不能容納腦脊液,使得Dorello氏管在三維FASE序列圖像上不能顯影。
為了顯示外展神經(jīng)腦池段的全程,我們采用兩種特殊的平面重建圖像,即斜矢狀位、斜冠狀位重建分別顯示外展神經(jīng)腦池段的解剖形態(tài)和Dorello氏管的結(jié)構(gòu)。該方法可用于評(píng)估外展神經(jīng)與周圍組織結(jié)構(gòu)的解剖關(guān)系。
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