翟露露,劉晶,謝幼華
復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院教育部/衛(wèi)生部醫(yī)學(xué)分子病毒學(xué)重點實驗室,上海 200032
目前全世界有3.5億乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)慢性感染者[1],深入研究HBV相關(guān)疾病的致病機制仍然任重而道遠(yuǎn)。HBV屬嗜肝DNA病毒科,其基因組為部分雙鏈環(huán)狀DNA。HBV DNA共有4個開放讀碼框架(open reading frame,ORF),分別為表達(dá)外膜蛋白的preS/S基因、表達(dá)核心蛋白及e蛋白的C基因、表達(dá)聚合酶的P基因以及表達(dá)X蛋白的X基因[2]。
乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白(hepatitis B virus X protein,HBx)是HBV表達(dá)的唯一非結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白,大量研究提示其在病毒感染、復(fù)制、致癌等過程中可能發(fā)揮重要作用。HBx全長154個氨基酸,相對分子質(zhì)量約17 000。HBx在肝細(xì)胞中的亞細(xì)胞定位也存在爭議,在細(xì)胞核或胞質(zhì)中存在HBx均有報道[3-5]。在細(xì)胞內(nèi),HBx具有廣泛的生物學(xué)功能,可通過與多個細(xì)胞內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子如激活蛋白1(activator protein 1,AP-1)、AP-2、核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)、 CCAAT增強子結(jié)合蛋白(CCAAT/enhancer binding protein,C/EBP)、轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子(activating transcription factor,ATF)/cAMP 反應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白(cAMP response element binding protein,CREB)等相互作用,調(diào)控眾多細(xì)胞基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄;另一方面,HBx又可與多條信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路中的關(guān)鍵因子作用,從而影響細(xì)胞周期、細(xì)胞凋亡和自吞噬等多種生理過程的正常進(jìn)行[6]。
研究HBx對細(xì)胞凋亡的影響可為探索HBV相關(guān)的肝細(xì)胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)致病機制提供更多依據(jù)。但目前不同的實驗室存在不同的研究結(jié)果。有報道稱HBx可通過調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)、Fas、P53或轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(transforming growth factor,TGF)等發(fā)揮促凋亡的生物學(xué)功能[7-10];而另一些實驗室發(fā)現(xiàn),HBx可通過調(diào)節(jié)線粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)化孔(mitochondrial permeability transition pore)等途徑達(dá)到抑制凋亡的作用[11-13]。HBx對細(xì)胞凋亡的不同影響可能由2個原因造成,一是不同研究使用的細(xì)胞模型不同;二是HBx的表達(dá)水平不同。近來Bouchard等報道,HBx可在同一細(xì)胞模型中既促進(jìn)凋亡又抑制凋亡,不同的效應(yīng)與NF-κB活性的不同有關(guān)[14]。本研究中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)HBx對細(xì)胞凋亡的雙向作用可能與其表達(dá)量有密切關(guān)系。
人肝癌細(xì)胞株Huh7、人胚腎細(xì)胞株293T均由本實驗室提供。
1.2.1質(zhì)粒構(gòu)建pc-Flag-X及pc-Flag-X-GFP由本實驗室提供,其中HBx編碼序列位于Flag標(biāo)簽序列的下游,原始克隆載體均為pcDNA3.1(Invitrogen公司)。表達(dá)紅色熒光蛋白的質(zhì)粒pDsRed2-C1購自Clontech公司。
1.2.2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與轉(zhuǎn)染Huh7、293T細(xì)胞在DMEM培養(yǎng)液(含10%胎牛血清、100 u/ml青霉素、100 μg/ml鏈霉素、0.03%谷氨酰胺)中,于37 ℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。細(xì)胞以1×106個/皿傳代于60 mm培養(yǎng)皿中,12 h后將脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染試劑Lipofectamine 2000(Invitrogen公司)以2 μl脂質(zhì)體∶1 μg質(zhì)粒的比例與質(zhì)?;旌希尤氩缓宓腄MEM培養(yǎng)液中,8 h后換為含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。
1.2.3AnnexinV-FITC檢測Annexin V-FITC檢測試劑盒購自BD Biosciences公司(BD PharmingenTM)。轉(zhuǎn)染48 h后收集細(xì)胞,用預(yù)冷的磷酸緩沖液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)洗2次;用0.5%胰酶消化,1 ml DMEM培養(yǎng)液吹勻后形成單細(xì)胞懸液。凋亡檢測相關(guān)操作嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明書,最后于流式細(xì)胞儀中上樣分析。
1.2.4線粒體和胞質(zhì)分離實驗主要采用線粒體分離試劑盒(購自普利萊基因技術(shù)公司)進(jìn)行線粒體分離。消化細(xì)胞后,加入1.5 ml冰預(yù)冷Mito-Cyto Buffer,用間隙嚴(yán)密的研杵研磨細(xì)胞30次,4 ℃、800g離心5 min,收集上清液,并轉(zhuǎn)移至新的離心管。4 ℃、12 000g離心10 min,上清液含胞質(zhì)成分,線粒體沉淀在管底,用50 μl Mito-Cyto Buffer 重懸線粒體。測定蛋白濃度后加入2×Loading Buffer,煮沸5 min,-20 ℃保存。
1.2.5免疫熒光檢測細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染48 h后,用3.7%聚合甲醛固定10 min,0.5% Triton X-100作用10 min,含1% 牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)和Tween-20的PBS(PBST)封閉30 min。用含抗NF-κB抗體(1∶200稀釋)的PBST封閉2 h,PBST洗滌后用標(biāo)記有紅色熒光的二抗(goat anti-rabbit IgG;Invitrogen公司)孵育1 h,PBST洗3次。用4′,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole,DAPI)染色,封片劑封片,顯微鏡下觀察。4 ℃避光保存。
1.2.6蛋白免疫印跡檢測樣品于十二烷基磺酸鈉-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)梯度膠中電泳分離后,于轉(zhuǎn)膜槽中將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移至硝酸纖維素膜;在含5%脫脂奶粉的PBST中阻斷1 h,一抗4 ℃結(jié)合過夜或室溫結(jié)合2 h,二抗于室溫結(jié)合1 h。壓片,顯影。其中抗Flag鼠單克隆抗體購自Sigma公司,抗活化半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase 3)兔多克隆抗體購自Cell Signaling Technology公司,抗細(xì)胞色素C鼠單克隆抗體購自BD公司,抗NF-κB兔多克隆抗體購自Santa Cruz公司。
2.1.1AnnexinV-FITC結(jié)果結(jié)果顯示,在細(xì)胞中轉(zhuǎn)染較高劑量(>4 μg/60 mm培養(yǎng)皿)的質(zhì)粒DNA時,無論Huh7還是293T細(xì)胞的凋亡數(shù)量都明顯升高,這為研究HBx的表達(dá)量對細(xì)胞凋亡的影響提供了一個可用的系統(tǒng)。
將不同量的HBx表達(dá)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染Huh7細(xì)胞,同時共轉(zhuǎn)染表達(dá)DsRed的質(zhì)粒,每個轉(zhuǎn)染的質(zhì)粒總量通過加入克隆載體pcDNA3.1而調(diào)整到相同數(shù)量(8 μg)。流式細(xì)胞儀分析顯示(圖1),在表達(dá)DsRed的細(xì)胞中,隨著HBx質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染量的增加,凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)量先減少、后增多。在0.25 μg、0.5 μg轉(zhuǎn)染量時,細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡的比例逐漸降低。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)染量逐漸增大到1 μg、2 μg、4 μg時,凋亡細(xì)胞比例逐漸上升,甚至超過初始水平。提示轉(zhuǎn)染低劑量HBx表達(dá)質(zhì)??梢欢ǔ潭纫种萍?xì)胞凋亡,而轉(zhuǎn)染較高劑量反而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡。
Huh7 cells were transiently transfected with pc-Flag-X and DsRed-C2 at different concentrations. Flow cytometric detections were performed after staining cells with Annexin V-FITC. Apoptosis rate was measured as representing apoptotic cells among cells expressing DsRed.
圖1AnnexinV-FITC檢測驗證HBx對Huh7細(xì)胞凋亡的影響存在劑量依賴效應(yīng)
Fig.1Dose-dependentinfluenceofHBxonHuh7cellapoptosisdetectedbyAnnexinV-FITCstaining
2.1.2半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3降解體檢測半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3是檢測細(xì)胞凋亡的重要標(biāo)記物,不論是內(nèi)源性還是外源性凋亡都會引起半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3 降解激活,所以可通過檢測其降解體(cl-cas3)的水平來跟蹤細(xì)胞凋亡情況。如圖2所示,當(dāng)HBx表達(dá)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染量為0.5 μg時,cl-cas3蛋白水平達(dá)最低,之后隨著HBx質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染量的增多,cl-cas3蛋白水平逐漸上升(圖2A)。
A: Caspase 3 cleavage. Huh7 cells were transfected with pc-Flag-X at different concentrations. The cleaved caspase 3 (cl-cas3) levels were detected by Western blot. B: Cytochrome C release. Cytochrome C levels in cytosol were detected by Western blot. Actin and GAPDH were used as loading controls, respectively. One out of two tests is shown in this figure.
圖2蛋白免疫印跡法檢測轉(zhuǎn)染不同劑量HBx質(zhì)粒的Huh7細(xì)胞中各種凋亡標(biāo)記物
Fig.2DetectionofapoptosismarkersinHuh7cellstransfectedwithHBx-expressingplasmidatdifferentconcentrationsbyWesternblot
2.1.3細(xì)胞色素C自線粒體外漏通常細(xì)胞色素C集中在線粒體,但當(dāng)細(xì)胞進(jìn)入凋亡狀態(tài),線粒體膜的通透性發(fā)生變化,細(xì)胞色素C會從線粒體進(jìn)入胞質(zhì),因此成為檢測細(xì)胞凋亡的重要標(biāo)記物。
將質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染Huh7細(xì)胞后,進(jìn)行線粒體和胞質(zhì)分離,吸取胞質(zhì),用蛋白免疫印跡法檢測胞質(zhì)中細(xì)胞色素C表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果顯示,隨著HBx轉(zhuǎn)染量增高,胞質(zhì)中細(xì)胞色素C水平先下降、后上升。在0.5 μg轉(zhuǎn)染量時,胞質(zhì)中細(xì)胞色素C的量降至最低。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)染量逐漸增大到1 μg、2 μg、4 μg時,胞質(zhì)中細(xì)胞色素C的量逐漸增加(圖2B)。
進(jìn)一步研究在凋亡誘導(dǎo)劑喜樹堿(campothecin)存在時,轉(zhuǎn)染低劑量HBx表達(dá)質(zhì)粒對細(xì)胞凋亡的抑制作用。喜樹堿是一種重要的抗癌藥物,許多實驗研究表明其可誘導(dǎo)多種細(xì)胞凋亡,作用機制主要是與細(xì)胞核內(nèi)的拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶I DNA復(fù)合體結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致雙鏈DNA發(fā)生斷裂。
將質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染Huh7細(xì)胞,24 h后吸去培養(yǎng)液,加入含有1 μmol/L喜樹堿的DMEM培養(yǎng)液(1號培養(yǎng)皿除外);繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h后收集細(xì)胞,進(jìn)行線粒體和胞質(zhì)分離,檢測胞質(zhì)中細(xì)胞色素C水平。結(jié)果顯示,在喜樹堿作用下,轉(zhuǎn)染低劑量HBx表達(dá)質(zhì)粒時,胞質(zhì)中細(xì)胞色素C水平明顯下降,且促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡的HBx劑量比不加喜樹堿時顯著增高,表現(xiàn)為HBx轉(zhuǎn)染量為4 μg時,細(xì)胞色素C的量才顯著增多(圖3)。
Huh7 cells were transfected with HBx-expressing plasmid at different concentrations. Cells were collected 24 h after treatment with 1 μmol/L campothecin. Cytochrome C levels in cytosol were detected by Western blot. One out of two tests is shown in this figure.
圖3凋亡誘導(dǎo)劑喜樹堿作用下轉(zhuǎn)染不同劑量HBx質(zhì)粒對Huh7細(xì)胞中細(xì)胞色素C含量的影響
Fig.3Dose-dependentinfluenceofHBxoncytochromeClevelincampothecin-treatedHuh7cellstransfectedwithHBx-expressingplasmidatdifferentconcentrations
為驗證HBx對細(xì)胞凋亡存在劑量依賴效應(yīng)是否是肝癌細(xì)胞的特有性質(zhì),我們選擇胚腎細(xì)胞293T,按2.1.1中相同條件進(jìn)行Annexin V-FITC流式檢測,并按2.1.3中相同條件轉(zhuǎn)染質(zhì)粒后檢測細(xì)胞質(zhì)中細(xì)胞色素C 的含量。結(jié)果顯示,在293T中也存在相似結(jié)果(圖4)。
Bouchard等發(fā)現(xiàn),HBx對細(xì)胞凋亡存在截然不同的效應(yīng),這一看似矛盾的結(jié)果與NF-κB的活性有關(guān)。NF-κB只有入核才可抑制細(xì)胞凋亡發(fā)生,因此我們猜測不同表達(dá)量的HBx對細(xì)胞凋亡影響的不同作用可能與NF-κB的細(xì)胞內(nèi)分布有關(guān),即HBx的不同表達(dá)水平可能影響NF-κB的入核或出核。將pc-Flag-X-GFP質(zhì)粒梯度轉(zhuǎn)染Huh7細(xì)胞,48 h后收集細(xì)胞,以抗NF-κB抗體檢測,用帶有紅色熒光的二抗作標(biāo)記,顯微鏡下觀察。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),NF-κB在不同劑量HBx作用下確實發(fā)生了細(xì)胞內(nèi)定位的變化。NF-κB在未表達(dá)HBx-GFP時主要位于胞質(zhì)中,核內(nèi)幾乎沒有。當(dāng)?shù)蛣┝縃Bx-GFP質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞后,NF-κB入核。HBx-GFP的轉(zhuǎn)染量逐漸增高到4 μg時,細(xì)胞核已凝縮成團(tuán),而NF-κB在細(xì)胞核中分布存在明顯空洞(圖5)。
A: Annexin V-FITC staining. 293T cells were transfected as that in 2.1.1. Apoptosis rate was measured as representing apoptotic cells among cells expressing DsRed. B: Cytochrome C release. 293T cells were transfected as that in 2.1.3. Cytochrome C levels in cytosol were detected by Western blot. One out of two tests is shown in this figure.
圖4不同轉(zhuǎn)染量的HBx對293T細(xì)胞凋亡具有不同的影響
Fig.4Dose-dependentinfluenceofHBxon293Tcellapoptosis
很多文獻(xiàn)報道HBx影響肝細(xì)胞凋亡的作用,但結(jié)果不盡相同,甚至相反。近年來,Bouchard等利用大鼠原代肝細(xì)胞進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)HBx對大鼠原代肝細(xì)胞的凋亡存在雙向(促進(jìn)和抑制)作用,且這種雙向作用與NF-κB的活性狀態(tài)有關(guān)[14];但作者并沒有對HBx自身的表達(dá)水平進(jìn)行研究以探尋造成上述現(xiàn)象的原因。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HBx對Huh7和293T細(xì)胞凋亡的雙向作用與HBx在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的表達(dá)量相關(guān)。在原代肝細(xì)胞中是否也如此,還有待進(jìn)一步的研究。
事實上,病毒蛋白對細(xì)胞凋亡的雙向作用在其他病毒中也有報道。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腺病毒表達(dá)的E1A與E1B蛋白既可促進(jìn)凋亡又可抑制凋亡,乳頭瘤病毒中的E6與E7也存在類似現(xiàn)象。
106Huh7 cells were transfected with pc-Flag-X-GFP plasmid at different concentrations. Forty-eight hours after transfection, NF-κB P65 was detected by anti-NF-κB and confocal microscopy. The nuclei were stained with DAPI.
圖5HBx和NF-κB在Huh7細(xì)胞內(nèi)的定位
Fig.5CellularlocalizationofNF-κBandHBx
由于細(xì)胞凋亡會使細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生一系列變化,包括染色質(zhì)聚集、分塊以至斷裂,形成凋亡小體,線粒體膜通透性改變,內(nèi)容物外漏,細(xì)胞膜外翻等。由于凋亡的發(fā)生是極其復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)現(xiàn)象,所以不能簡單通過單一的凋亡標(biāo)記物來認(rèn)定細(xì)胞凋亡的發(fā)生。本研究選擇了3種細(xì)胞凋亡的檢測方法(Annexin V- FITC檢測、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3降解體檢測和線粒體內(nèi)細(xì)胞色素C水平檢測),反復(fù)確定HBx對細(xì)胞凋亡存在雙向作用的現(xiàn)象。并且,在胚腎細(xì)胞株293T細(xì)胞中也得到類似結(jié)果,說明這一現(xiàn)象不具備肝癌細(xì)胞特異性。
肝癌的發(fā)生是一個慢性漸變、積累的過程,其致病因素多樣而復(fù)雜。在眾多誘發(fā)因素中,HBV的持續(xù)感染發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。在HBV表達(dá)的所有蛋白中,HBx在影響病毒感染、復(fù)制、致病等過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[6, 15]。有研究顯示,在HBV相關(guān)的慢性肝炎、肝硬化及肝癌患者的肝組織中可檢測到HBx持續(xù)表達(dá)[16-18],并發(fā)現(xiàn)在HBV相關(guān)HCC患者的血清及肝組織中檢出HBx蛋白的陽性率要遠(yuǎn)高于慢性乙型肝炎患者[19]。遺憾的是,在患者肝組織中對HBx表達(dá)進(jìn)行定量極為困難。其原因:一方面,編碼HBx的0.8 kb mRNA的序列完全與3.5 kb病毒前基因組RNA重疊,無法設(shè)計特異性引物來檢測HBx mRNA水平;另一方面,HBx蛋白極易被宿主細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白酶體降解[20]。目前針對HBx蛋白的抗體仍然存在特異度和靈敏度等方面的不足,導(dǎo)致很難做到定量檢測HBx蛋白水平。因此,對自然感染HBV狀態(tài)下肝細(xì)胞中HBx濃度范圍的檢測,還難以準(zhǔn)確定量。
2001年有文獻(xiàn)報道,HBx在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的分布可能與HBx的表達(dá)水平有關(guān)。當(dāng)HBx極低表達(dá)時,HBx集中在細(xì)胞核內(nèi);HBx高表達(dá)時,HBx會在胞質(zhì)中檢測到[3,4]。我們在實驗中也發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣現(xiàn)象(圖5),另外伴隨著HBx定位的變化,NF-κB也發(fā)生細(xì)胞內(nèi)分布的變化。我們推測,HBx可能與NF-κB存在直接或間接的相互作用。在HBx低表達(dá)時,HBx主要集中分布于細(xì)胞核,而NF-κB可與之相互結(jié)合被帶入核中發(fā)揮轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控作用,進(jìn)而抑制凋亡的發(fā)生;當(dāng)HBx表達(dá)量逐漸上升,部分HBx出核,部分NF-κB也隨之出核,進(jìn)而影響其他信號通路,可能拮抗了核內(nèi)NF-κB抑制凋亡的作用,綜合表現(xiàn)為促進(jìn)凋亡。這一推測還有待深入研究。
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