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C-反應(yīng)蛋白
——關(guān)聯(lián)心血管疾病與炎癥的重要分子

2010-09-13 06:04趙晶吉尚戎武一
Biophysics Reports 2010年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:補體調(diào)控活性

趙晶,吉尚戎,武一

蘭州大學生命科學學院,蘭州730000

C-反應(yīng)蛋白
——關(guān)聯(lián)心血管疾病與炎癥的重要分子

趙晶,吉尚戎,武一

蘭州大學生命科學學院,蘭州730000

炎癥在心血管疾?。╟ardiovascular disease,CVD)的各個階段中均發(fā)揮著重要作用。C-反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)是一種典型的人類急性期蛋白,由5個相同的亞基構(gòu)成,在臨床上被廣泛用作炎癥的非特異性標識物。近年的研究顯示,CRP不僅是CVD發(fā)病風險的靈敏標識,而且直接參與調(diào)控與CVD相關(guān)的炎癥過程?;趯σ延醒芯堪l(fā)現(xiàn)的回顧和分析,文章指出CRP的單體形式(monomeric CRP,mCRP)是調(diào)控局部炎癥過程的主要CRP異構(gòu)體。

心血管疾病;C-反應(yīng)蛋白;炎癥

0 引言

C-反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)廣泛存在于脊椎動物和無脊椎動物中,其結(jié)構(gòu)和序列在進化中高度保守,暗示這種蛋白具有重要的生物學意義[1,2]。CRP與SAP、PTX3同屬五聚體蛋白(pentraxin)家族[1~5],由5個相同亞基以非共價方式組裝而成(圖1)。CRP通過其配體結(jié)合面識別多種保守的自體或異體分子模式,如凋亡或受損的細胞膜、細菌壁、脂質(zhì)、多糖、核酸等;在與配體結(jié)合后,CRP的效應(yīng)分子結(jié)合面可接著與補體組分(C1q、C4BP、FH等)或細胞受體(FcγR、清道夫受體等)相互作用,從而激活和調(diào)控補體途徑,促進受損細胞或病原體的高效清除,并可激發(fā)多種細胞應(yīng)答,其行為非常類似于在先天免疫中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用的模式識別受體(pattern recognition receptor)。因此,一般認為CRP主要在炎癥、宿主防御和免疫調(diào)節(jié)等過程中發(fā)揮作用[1~4]。由于在人類中還未發(fā)現(xiàn)CRP缺失或氨基酸序列突變,而敲除CRP基因的恰當動物模型也尚未建立,因此這種古老蛋白的確切生物學功能還有待進一步研究[1,2]。

圖1 C-反應(yīng)蛋白五聚體的X-射線晶體結(jié)構(gòu)圖中顯示的為配體結(jié)合面,與其相對的背面為效應(yīng)分子結(jié)合面Fig.1The X-ray crystal structure of C-reactive proteinThe shown view is the ligand binding face,while the effctor binding face is on the opposite

1 CRP與心血管疾病

CRP是一種典型的人類急性期蛋白,主要由肝臟合成。當機體遭受組織損傷或病毒侵染時,CRP的血漿濃度會迅速升高,因而在臨床上被廣泛用作炎癥的非特異性標識物[1]。心血管疾?。╟ardiovascular disease,CVD)是對人類健康威脅最為嚴重的疾病之一,其致病主因為動脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)。由于炎癥在AS病理過程的各個階段中均發(fā)揮著主導(dǎo)作用[6,7],因此,包括CRP在內(nèi)的重要炎癥因子在CVD風險預(yù)測及致病機理中作用的研究,獲得了廣泛關(guān)注。近20年的大量流行病學調(diào)查研究顯示,CRP血漿水平的(微?。┎町愂荂VD的發(fā)病風險、嚴重程度及預(yù)后狀況的靈敏標識[1,4,8]。在某些研究中,其預(yù)測靈敏度甚至高于傳統(tǒng)的CVD風險因子——血脂水平[9];而在中國[10]及日本[11]等東亞人群中,CRP風險限似乎更為敏感。2003年初,美國疾控與預(yù)防中心和心臟病學會建議將高敏CRP水平納入臨床CVD風險評估。最近,CRP及炎癥在CVD中的關(guān)鍵作用再次被大規(guī)模臨床研究所證實[12,13],相關(guān)發(fā)現(xiàn)被美國《時代周刊》評選為2008年十大醫(yī)學突破第二位。

值得注意的是,緩解CVD進程的治療效果(如動脈硬化斑塊尺寸縮小或增長減緩)與CRP水平的同步變化直接相關(guān)[14,15],而以CRP水平為參考進行的早期干預(yù)則使血脂正常受試者的CVD發(fā)病風險減半[13]。此外,CRP在AS的初期病灶中即可被檢測到,其分布模式和強度與疾病發(fā)展緊密相關(guān),且與多種AS致病分子(如被氧化或酶解的低密度脂蛋白、補體等)共定位。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)均支持CRP不僅是CVD的風險標識,而且直接參與了CVD的病生理過程。后者事實上已成為領(lǐng)域內(nèi)近期關(guān)注的熱點問題之一,超過2/3的CRP研究論文發(fā)表于近10年間。大量的離體和在體基礎(chǔ)研究均指出,CRP能夠調(diào)控與CVD炎癥相關(guān)的諸多方面[1~5]。因此,除了作為CVD風險早期篩查的可靠標識外,CRP還極有可能成為治療相關(guān)疾病的新標靶。例如,在CVD急性終末事件(心肌梗塞)中,CRP主要通過激活補體途徑介導(dǎo)組織損傷[16,17],因此阻抑CRP的配體結(jié)合或與補體組分的相互作用均可作為候選的干預(yù)策略。與此相符,在大鼠心肌梗塞模型中,針對CRP的配體結(jié)合位點的小分子抑制劑的確能夠顯著減少心肌損傷[17]。

但另一方面,CRP在CVD慢性病理過程中所扮演的角色卻存在著很大爭議[1,2,18,19],這無疑阻礙了以CRP作為標靶的早期治療策略的開發(fā)——對于CVD這類慢性發(fā)展但急性發(fā)作的高致死、致殘性疾病而言,早期干預(yù)顯然具有更為重要的現(xiàn)實意義。闡明CRP的確切作用需解決三個關(guān)鍵爭議。首先,介導(dǎo)CRP生物學活性的細胞受體主要為FcγR[1~4],該受體廣泛表達于多種血管細胞和循環(huán)細胞表面。那么作為一種急性期蛋白,CRP是怎樣精細調(diào)控細胞(炎性)行為,而機體又如何適應(yīng)此蛋白超過1,000倍的血漿濃度的波動(<1 μg/mL→>500 μg/mL)[1,2]?其次,CRP誘導(dǎo)細胞應(yīng)答往往需要高濃度(>25 μg/mL)和長作用時間[3,20],這難以解釋其水平的微小升高(3 μg/mL)與疾病風險預(yù)測之間的強相關(guān)性。其三,在離體和在體研究體系中,充斥著關(guān)于CRP活性的大量相互矛盾的報道。例如,在離體細胞應(yīng)答研究中,CRP究竟如何調(diào)控eNOS的活性[21~24]?在小鼠或兔AS模型中,轉(zhuǎn)基因CRP到底是殺手[25]、保護者[26]還是旁觀者[27~29]?而在人體中,(外源注射)上調(diào)的CRP是誘導(dǎo)促炎[30,31]抑或是抗炎[2,21]應(yīng)答?

2 CRP變構(gòu)及其在CVD炎癥中的作用

前述矛盾無法簡單地歸因于實驗體系差異或外源“污染”(如內(nèi)毒素、疊氮化物[22]);相反,某種活性顯著增強的CRP變體形式的存在與否及水平高低或許是更合理的解釋。1983年,Potempa等人[32]通過脲、酸或熱處理使CRP五聚體解聚,從而首次獲得了CRP的亞基形式(monomeric CRP,mCRP)。mCRP喪失了CRP五聚體中的亞基結(jié)構(gòu),表現(xiàn)出截然不同的構(gòu)象特征及抗原表位[32,33]。與低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein)[34,35]和補體系統(tǒng)[36,37]的相互作用,被認為是CRP參與AS進程的重要事件。但通過仔細控制蛋白異構(gòu)狀態(tài),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)mCRP具有明顯更高效靈活地識別LDL變體[38]、調(diào)控補體系統(tǒng)激活[39]及LDL代謝[38]的能力,而原先報道的CRP相關(guān)活性則很可能源于樣品中的mCRP“摻雜”[39]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)支持mCRP可通過調(diào)控LDL代謝和補體活化而直接參與AS炎癥過程的推斷(圖2)。此外,mCRP還是多種細胞炎性應(yīng)答的強刺激分子[20,40~46]:低濃度的mCRP(1 μg/mL)在短時間內(nèi)(4 h)即能顯著上調(diào)內(nèi)皮細胞的炎性細胞因子表達[20,42]。因此,mCRP很可能代表著一種活性顯著增強的“功能態(tài)”CRP變體。

圖2 mCRP在早期AS病灶中調(diào)控LDL代謝及補體激活的模式圖Fig.2The regualtion of mCRP on LDL metabolism and complement activation in early AS lesions

然而,CRP五聚體的結(jié)構(gòu)異常穩(wěn)定,制備mCRP往往需要激烈的變性處理,“功能態(tài)單體”的生物學意義因此受到強烈質(zhì)疑[1,2,5,18]。炎癥過程中會發(fā)生大量細胞死亡,而因凋亡或壞死受損的生物膜則是CRP發(fā)揮功能的主要靶點[1]。通過電鏡成像、抗原新表位表達以及免疫熒光共定位等手段,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)CRP與受損生物膜的結(jié)合會誘導(dǎo)其到mCRP的快速轉(zhuǎn)化,而此解聚過程同時伴隨著其補體激活和細胞刺激效能的顯著增強[20]。最近,Eisenhardt等人[41]在激活的血小板膜上也獲得了類似的結(jié)果。此外,中度酸化及氧化壓力等常見的炎癥條件亦能促進CRP到mCRP的異構(gòu)切換(未發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù))。這些工作因而描述了一種由炎癥微環(huán)境驅(qū)動的CRP異構(gòu)切換機制(圖3),同時也建立了mCRP作為一種CRP天然異構(gòu)體參與調(diào)控炎癥過程的概念[3,47]。事實上,在多種炎癥疾病中均可檢測到mCRP自體抗體,且其水平亦與疾病嚴重程度相關(guān)[48~50]。我們因而提出:單體異構(gòu)體mCRP是參與CVD炎癥調(diào)控的主要功能態(tài)異構(gòu)體,而五聚體形式CRP則主要作為mCRP前體及炎癥嚴重程度的標識物。

圖3 炎性微環(huán)境調(diào)控CRP變構(gòu)及活性變化的模式圖Fig.3TheregualtionofthestructureandbioactivitiesofmCRPbyinflammatory microenvironment

由于“靜息態(tài)”CRP必須經(jīng)過急性或慢性炎癥微環(huán)境的調(diào)制才能轉(zhuǎn)化為“功能態(tài)”mCRP,這一方面使CRP的表觀濃度與實際起效的mCRP水平不直接相關(guān),而另一方面則使mCRP的效應(yīng)限于局部病灶,從而避免了因CRP濃度的大幅波動而導(dǎo)致的系統(tǒng)性過度刺激。因此,從五聚體到單體的構(gòu)象切換不但是一個激活過程,而且還代表著一種緩沖機制——這很好地解釋了“CRP這種急性期蛋白是怎樣精細調(diào)控細胞應(yīng)答,而機體又是如何適應(yīng)此蛋白可達上千倍的血漿濃度波動”。而此激活-緩沖機制的重要推論之一為:mCRP主要應(yīng)在局部炎癥病灶中積累和發(fā)揮作用。事實上,在多種人類癌癥(Potempa博士,未發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù))、腎炎[51]、AS斑塊[41]、腦梗[46]等病灶組織中存在的主要為mCRP而非CRP。值得注意的是,上述機制還指出,CRP異構(gòu)體在疾病過程中所扮演的角色與特定的病理條件密切相關(guān)。因此,先前關(guān)于CRP行為相互矛盾的發(fā)現(xiàn),很可能是因為未曾嚴格區(qū)分兩種異構(gòu)體的活性[21~24,30,31]或未仔細分析疾病模型條件[25~28]所致。

在上述的兩態(tài)模型中,CRP到mCRP的受控變構(gòu)以及mCRP發(fā)揮作用的方式,顯然是決定其在CVD炎癥過程中所扮演角色的關(guān)鍵。在血栓形成、心肌梗塞等CVD終末急性炎癥事件中,CRP水平迅速升高,而血管內(nèi)活化的血小板或心臟中因缺氧造成的細胞壞死又為CRP變構(gòu)提供了豐富的受損膜配體[20],這使得病灶處短期內(nèi)即積累大量“活性態(tài)”mCRP,從而介導(dǎo)嗜中性粒細胞[44,45,52,53]、血小板[43]、單核細胞[41]以及補體[20,38]等的過度活化,促進炎癥惡化。在這種情況下,阻抑CRP到mCRP的變構(gòu)無疑有助于緩解惡性后果——事實上,這很可能是針對CRP配體結(jié)合位點的小分子抑制劑減少心肌損傷[17]的機制之一。與此相反,在CVD等疾病的慢性發(fā)展過程中,CRP水平僅有少量上升,而病灶微環(huán)境常為“局部脅迫”[54],mCRP的變構(gòu)效率較低。此時,mCRP很可能通過調(diào)控LDL代謝[38,55]、激活補體途徑的前期非炎性調(diào)理階段[55~58]、壓制泡細胞形成[38,59]等,發(fā)揮阻抑炎癥進展的活性。與此相符,在ApoE(-/-)小鼠模型中,低水平mCRP處理對早期AS具有保護效應(yīng)[60]。

隨著mCRP在炎癥調(diào)控中重要性的逐漸顯現(xiàn),它在炎癥不同方面發(fā)揮作用的分子機制也開始引起研究者的關(guān)注。有意思的是,雖然mCRP所啟動的細胞應(yīng)答及相應(yīng)的胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑很快即被闡明,但介導(dǎo)mCRP效應(yīng)的細胞感受器卻長期未被鑒定。雖然CD16曾被報道為mCRP的受體[61],但阻抑實驗表明,mCRP對嗜中性粒細胞[45]、內(nèi)皮細胞[20,42]、血小板[43]、單核細胞[41]等的作用,只與CD16(少)部分相關(guān)或不相關(guān)。我們最近發(fā)現(xiàn)mCRP主要通過膽固醇識別序列和C端八肽,與內(nèi)皮細胞膜中富含膽固醇的脂筏微區(qū)直接相互作用,從而啟動相應(yīng)的生物學效應(yīng)[40]。這種受體非依賴性的、脂筏介導(dǎo)的效應(yīng),在樹突狀細胞對尿酸等物質(zhì)的應(yīng)答中亦有報道[62]??紤]到脂筏在細胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)中的中心作用及普遍分布[63,64],脂筏很可能是介導(dǎo)mCRP效應(yīng)的主要感受器。事實上,最近其他小組的獨立工作也已證明,mCRP主要通過脂筏啟動單核細胞[41]和血小板[65]應(yīng)答。由于他汀類化合物可能通過結(jié)合膽固醇或降低膽固醇含量而影響脂筏功能,這種藥物對CVD的療效與CRP風險水平之間的密切關(guān)聯(lián)[13~15,66,67]顯得尤其有趣。

3 結(jié)語

從作為炎癥標識的靜息態(tài)CRP到實際參與炎癥過程的功能態(tài)mCRP的變構(gòu)切換,使得這種急性期蛋白能夠在不同病生理條件下有控地發(fā)揮活性,從而能夠作為炎癥的精細調(diào)控因子。雖然關(guān)于mCRP的生物學意義曾有長期爭論[1,2,5,18],但近年的研究逐步揭示了mCRP的生成途徑[20,41]、mCRP對體液免疫及炎癥過程的調(diào)控[20,38~40,42~46,52,53]、多種疾病中mCRP自體抗體的產(chǎn)生[48~50],以及mCRP在病灶組織中的存在[41,46,51]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)逐漸建立了mCRP作為一種CRP天然異構(gòu)體參與調(diào)控炎癥過程的概念[3,47]。干預(yù)CRP的解聚及mCRP發(fā)揮作用的途徑,顯然是CVD治療策略設(shè)計的可能候選。但由于mCRP的具體貢獻依賴于炎癥微環(huán)境,對其在不同病生理條件下發(fā)揮作用的分子機制的清晰認識,是設(shè)計和選擇恰當干預(yù)措施的前提,而現(xiàn)有理解遠無法滿足這樣的需求。建立將mCRP作為疾病標識的(直接或間接)檢測手段并建立其與疾病進程之間的關(guān)聯(lián),解析mCRP行為的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ),系統(tǒng)描述不同細胞類型對mCRP的短期和長期應(yīng)答譜,進一步發(fā)現(xiàn)脂筏中介導(dǎo)mCRP下游效應(yīng)的伴侶分子等,都將是非常迫切需要回答的問題。

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Abstract:Inflammation plays a critical role in all stages of cardiovascular disease(CVD).C-reactive protein (CRP)is a typical human acute phase protein composed of five identical subunits.Althought it is routinely used as a non-specifc marker of ongoing inflammation,its role as both a sensitive predictor and an active participator in CVD has been emerging.In this paper,the authors review the recent advances of CRP research and emphasize a key contribution of monomeric CRP(mCRP)in regualting various aspects of local inflammatory processes.

Key Words:Cardiovascular disease;C-reactive protein;Inflammation

作者后記

我于2009年獲得了中國生物物理學會頒發(fā)的“貝時璋青年生物物理學家獎”,《生物物理學報》在邀請我寫這篇綜述的同時,讓我也寫一下獲獎的體會。其實,我本人真的沒有什么特殊的體會,只是覺得,做科學研究,就一定要認真求實,要耐得住寂寞。

貝時璋先生是我國生物物理學的奠基人和開拓者,能夠獲得以貝先生命名的青年學者獎對我而言是莫大的榮譽。而與眾多更加優(yōu)秀的同齡人相比,我的入選又是如此的幸運。自己所取得的每一點小小的進步,都離不開單位的支持,以及師長和同行的幫助。

我會將這個榮譽視為激勵和鞭策,在今后的工作中更加努力,爭取更大的成績。

武一

2010年1月29日

C-Reactive Protein——A Link between Cardiovascular Disease and Inflammation

ZHAO Jing,JI Shangrong,WU Yi

School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China

Q71

2010-01-29;接受日期:2010-02-05

國家自然科學基金項目(30930024,30670475)

武一,電話/傳真:(0931)8914102,E-mail:wuy@lzu.edu.cn

This work was supported by grants from The National Natural Science Foundation of China(30930024,30670475)

Received:Jan 29,2010Accepted:Feb 5,2010

Corresponding author:WU Yi,Tel:+86(931)8914102,E-mail:wuy@zu.edu.cn

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