李樹發(fā)

英語(yǔ)課堂上應(yīng)該盡可能給學(xué)生時(shí)間和空間,讓他們的學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)在自主活動(dòng)中進(jìn)行,獲取知識(shí)不再單一地只通過(guò)教師講授的渠道。發(fā)現(xiàn)性學(xué)習(xí)能極大地調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的自主性,所以定能完成新課標(biāo)所要求的:“培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的自主性”的使命。如何在英語(yǔ)課堂上實(shí)施和貫徹發(fā)現(xiàn)性學(xué)習(xí)呢?筆者認(rèn)為課堂上的提問(wèn)的藝術(shù)將有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)。以下是筆者根據(jù)課堂觀測(cè)和教學(xué)實(shí)踐所得到的一些嘗試。

1.句子結(jié)構(gòu)

在分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),應(yīng)盡量避免逐個(gè)分析,而是通過(guò)以下提問(wèn)

How many words are there in the sentence?

So what word goes in this place?

How do you spell that?

What comes after the verb?

Whats the name of this tense?

學(xué)生通過(guò)已有的知識(shí)體系和眼前的文字能得到問(wèn)題的答案。

2.句子的功能

當(dāng)在分析句子的功能時(shí),應(yīng)盡量避免直接說(shuō)出是用來(lái)表示請(qǐng)求的或道歉的等,而是問(wèn)學(xué)生:

Do they know each other ?

Is this conversation formal or informal?

Where do you think they are speaking?

Whats the relationship between them, in your opinion?

How do you know?

Is this polite?

Why does he say that?

How does he feel? Etc.

通過(guò)對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的回答,學(xué)生能清晰了解此句在什么語(yǔ)境下使用,能傳遞什么樣的消息等。

3.詞匯學(xué)習(xí)

為了避免詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的枯燥,在詞匯學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)可以設(shè)計(jì)以下問(wèn)題及問(wèn)題的活動(dòng):

How many adjective words are there?

Which words are usually used?

Which word do you like best? Why?

How many sentences can you make from these words?

Change this into the past simple tense.

Rewrite this sentence with exactly the same meaning but only seven words

Put the words in the right categories.

4.句子分析

對(duì)句子進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法分析易流于枯燥乏味的知識(shí)講解,筆者認(rèn)為可以通過(guò)以下問(wèn)題喚起學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的注意,而免于被動(dòng)地接受,如:

Mark all the propositions

Mark the m verbs in the sentences

Whats the tense of the sentences?

How many auxiliary verbs are there?

Cross out any unnecessary words

What would happen if we moved this word to the beginning ?

Can you express the meaning in another way?

5.錯(cuò)誤分析

在進(jìn)行錯(cuò)誤分析時(shí)也可以通過(guò)相應(yīng)的問(wèn)題激發(fā)學(xué)生思考,從而解決問(wèn)題。如:中學(xué)生易把“你昨晚看電影了嗎?”譯為“Have you seen the movie last night?”筆者認(rèn)為,首先應(yīng)該把此類錯(cuò)誤定性為語(yǔ)言形式錯(cuò)誤而非意思錯(cuò)誤。學(xué)生不知道談?wù)撨^(guò)去的事情的正確形式,實(shí)際上 根本原因在于意思: 學(xué)生不清楚 “現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”不能用于表達(dá)過(guò)去特定的時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的事件。在這種情況下,可以這樣提問(wèn):

Have you been to USA?

Have you ever eaten sandwich? Etc.

學(xué)生會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這些現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句都是關(guān)于在現(xiàn)在以前的過(guò)去任何時(shí)間里的經(jīng)歷,而一般過(guò)去時(shí)是表示特定時(shí)間里發(fā)生的事件。為了更好地進(jìn)行比較,可以接著問(wèn):

Have you ever climbed a mountain?

Yes?When did you do that? Etc.

課堂教學(xué)是動(dòng)態(tài)的活動(dòng),以上的問(wèn)題不能涵蓋全部的課堂提問(wèn);課堂教學(xué)同時(shí)也是一門藝術(shù)甚至科學(xué),是創(chuàng)造性的活動(dòng)。英語(yǔ)教師應(yīng)該有培養(yǎng)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)性學(xué)習(xí)的意識(shí),并創(chuàng)造性地設(shè)計(jì)出各種適合的問(wèn)題來(lái)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生主動(dòng)發(fā)現(xiàn)和解決問(wèn)題,這樣將會(huì)為學(xué)生將來(lái)的終生學(xué)習(xí)及自主學(xué)習(xí)打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。