曲鴻艷
摘 要: 本論文主要針對以下三點:一,近年來英語學(xué)習(xí)中,學(xué)生對定語從句掌握得不好,總是出錯,是學(xué)生很頭痛的語法項目。二,閱讀理解中,定語從句的多少決定文章的難度,學(xué)生對定語從句的理解決定了對文章的理解。三,學(xué)生苦于專業(yè)詞匯的傳統(tǒng)的講解方法,不夠簡潔明了,并不能保證一定的正確率。針對以上三點,本文作者根據(jù)自己的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗,對傳統(tǒng)的講解進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)。經(jīng)過一段時間的反復(fù)實踐與練習(xí),效果非常好,也深受學(xué)生的喜愛,大部分學(xué)生認(rèn)為受益頗多。
關(guān)鍵詞: “六字真言” 定語從句 劃括號 拆句子
語法教學(xué)在英語教學(xué)中起著不可或缺的重要作用。語法就是語言,是整個交際的支撐體系,它的正確形式及其運用方法對促進(jìn)交際是必需的。扎實的語法知識是英語閱讀的前提,是英語寫作技巧的關(guān)鍵,更是英語口語準(zhǔn)確、流利的橋梁。正像英國語言學(xué)家Louis Alexander所說:“任何語言的準(zhǔn)確性最終來自語法本身?!闭Z法學(xué)習(xí)是英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中的一個重要組成部分,尤其英語在我國是一門外語,我們無法回避它。高中所學(xué)的內(nèi)容很多,尤其是幾個大的語法項目,如非謂語動詞、名詞性從句、定語從句、狀語從句等,使很多學(xué)生感到束手無策。在高考的單項選擇題中,定語從句是必考項目,在閱讀理解與完型填空中,從句的多少決定了文章的難度,對定語從句的掌握程度也決定了學(xué)生對文章的理解。
但如何才能把復(fù)雜的定語從句簡單化,徹底地解決學(xué)生的語法難點呢?以下是我在多年教學(xué)中所總結(jié)歸納的定語從句“六字真言”——劃括號,拆句子。
一、劃括號
首先對定語從句用括號括好,這樣可以使復(fù)雜的句子簡單化,把一個復(fù)合句分成了兩個小的簡單句。養(yǎng)成這個好習(xí)慣對學(xué)習(xí)其它的從句也是很有幫助的。如:
1.There is one point(___________________ we must understand.)
2.We shouldnt spend our money testing so many people,(most of ___________________ are healthy.)
3.I shall never forget those years (___________________I lived in the country with the farmers. )
4.A booking-office is a place ___________________tickets are sold. )
5.Do you know the reason (___________________ he left early? )
6.Near the big house there is a small garden,(___________________owner seated in it is having coffee with his friend.)
7.Dont get too close to the house(___________________the roof is under repair.)
二、拆句子
在上一步的基礎(chǔ)上,把一個定語從句拆成兩個小的簡單句,但要注意的以下兩點:(1)一定要把先行詞放在從句中。 (2)保證主句與從句的完整與正確。如:
1.There is one point ___________________ we must understand the point.
2.We shouldnt spend our money testing so many people ___________________most of the people are healthy.
3.I shall never forget those years ___________________I lived in the country with the farmers during the years.
4.A booking-office is a place ___________________tickets are sold in the place.
5.Do you know the reason ___________________he left early for the reason.
6.Near the big house there is a small garden ___________________the gardens owner seated in it is having coffee with his friend.
7.Dont get too close to the house ___________________the roof of the house is under repair.
三、缺什么填什么
在學(xué)生已經(jīng)對定語從句的關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞用法有所了解的基礎(chǔ)上,再結(jié)合上一環(huán)節(jié)所拆的句子情況,只要兩個句子是完整的,保證括號里面缺什么填什么,缺一個填一個,即that,which,who或whom,缺兩個填兩個或when, where 或介詞+ which即可。
如:1.There is one point ____________________ we must understand the point.
在這一句中,從句中缺少一個詞the point,而且指物,所以正確答案是 that與which。
2.We shouldnt spend our money testing so many people ____________________ most of the people are healthy.
在這一句中,從句中缺少一個詞the people,而且指人,所以正確答案是whom。
3.I shall never forget those years ____________________ I lived in the country with the farmers during the years.
在這一句中,從句中缺少兩個詞during the years,所以正確答案是 during which 或when。
4.A booking-office is a place ____________________ tickets are sold in the place.
在這一句中,從句中缺少兩個詞in the place,所以正確答案是 in which 或where。
5.Do you know the reason ____________________ he left early for the reason.
在這一句中,從句中缺少兩個詞for the reason,所以正確答案是 for which 或why。
6.Near the big house there is a small garden ____________________ the gardens owner seated in it is having coffee with his friend.
在這一句中,從句中缺少the gardens ,所以正確答案是 whose。
7.Dont get too close to the house______the roof of the house is under repair.
在這一句中,從句中缺少of the garden ,所以正確答案是of which。
以上的幾個題目是正常的用法,需要判斷得出答案。但在定語從句中,有一些用法被默認(rèn)為是固定的,因為大多數(shù)情況下,答案是這樣的,但有時答案又變了,這樣就增加了題目的難度。如:題目中有the same時,答案通常選擇as,有 such 選擇as,先行詞是 reason時選擇 why或 for which ,先行詞是situation 或point 通常選where。在選擇這幾個有特殊先行詞的題目時,學(xué)生往往會想當(dāng)然地選擇以上答案,這樣不但容易導(dǎo)致錯誤的答案,而且容易讓學(xué)生產(chǎn)生混亂的感覺,混淆了已經(jīng)習(xí)得的知識點。那么如何解決這一問題呢?“劃括號,拆句子”這六個字的熟練使用,可以使這一問題迎刃而解。
1.His plan was such a good one (____________________ we all agreed to accept it. )
A.so B.and C.that D.as
2.I have bought such a watch (____________________ was advertised on TV. )
A.that B.which C.as D.it
在這兩個題目里,我們可以先講解“such...as”與“such ...that”的區(qū)別是as從句中缺少成分,缺少主語或賓語。而that從句中不缺少成分。
然后依舊先劃括號,再拆句子。第一個題目的兩個句子分別是“his plan was such a good one”與“we all agreed to accept it”;第二個題目的兩個句子分別是:“I have bought such a watch”與“the watch was advertised on TV”。所以兩個題的答案分別是:C與C。
再比如:
1.Were just trying to reach a point (____________________ both sides will sit down together and talk. )
A.where B.that C.when D.which
2.——Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
——Yes, theres one point (____________________ we must insist on. )
A.why B.where C.how D./
第一個題目拆成的兩個句子是:“Were just trying to reach a point”與“both sides will sit down together and talk at the point”。第二個題目拆成的兩個句子是“theres one point”與“we must insist on the point”。第一個題是從句里加了兩個詞at + the point,故選A,第二個題是從句里加了一個詞the point, 故答案是D 或that 或which。
再比如:
1. Its the reason (____________________ he was late.)
A.why B.that C.which D.because
2. Its the reason (____________________ he explained to me. )
A.why B.for which C.that D.because
第一個題目拆成的兩個句子是“Its the reason”與“he was late for the reason”。故答案是A或for which。第二個題目拆成的句子是“Its the reason”與“he explained the reason to me”,故答案是C。
以上是筆者在多年的實踐與教學(xué)中,根據(jù)學(xué)生對定語從句的學(xué)習(xí)狀況及自己的教學(xué)感觸及不斷地改進(jìn)、調(diào)整所總結(jié)歸納的方法。根據(jù)多年的使用及學(xué)生對這一方法的反饋,這一方法還是非??尚械?,同行不妨一試。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]張東正.外語教學(xué)技巧新論.科學(xué)出版社, 1999年.
[2]戴煒棟,任慶梅.語法教學(xué)的新視角:外顯意識增強(qiáng)式模式.外語界,2006年第1期.
[3]王勇.Consciousness Raising在語法教學(xué)中的作用與運用.國外外語教學(xué),1997年第3期.
(作者系華東師范大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育學(xué)院2006屆研究生)