譚達(dá)文

筆者在本文將與廣大同學(xué)一起探討如何在下筆前規(guī)劃好議論文的框架和內(nèi)容，可以運(yùn)用什么思路模式讓自己在十分緊迫的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成一篇內(nèi)容豐富、結(jié)構(gòu)完整、文筆流暢、邏輯性強(qiáng)的文章。

一、議論文的基本框架

英語(yǔ)議論文有其獨(dú)特的框架結(jié)構(gòu)，讓讀者迅速捕住作者的觀點(diǎn)和思路，值得考生模仿。

1. 開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山引出論點(diǎn)。

在文章開(kāi)頭，通過(guò)主題句鮮明提出觀點(diǎn)或引出將要論述的內(nèi)容，防止在論述的過(guò)程中跑題。常用的句式有：

2. 多種形式展示論據(jù)。

議論文在寫作手法上以議論為主，如通過(guò)對(duì)比觀點(diǎn)、闡述原因、列舉例子等，但有時(shí)也要運(yùn)用說(shuō)明、敘述、描寫等手法。議論中的說(shuō)明常為議論的開(kāi)展創(chuàng)造條件，或是議論的補(bǔ)充；議論文中的敘述和描寫應(yīng)是為論點(diǎn)提供依據(jù)的，因此，敘述應(yīng)該是概括的，描寫應(yīng)該是簡(jiǎn)要的。常用的句式有：

3. 總結(jié)升華，重申觀點(diǎn)。

在段或文章的結(jié)尾，考生可以用不同的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)，重申主題或提出解決問(wèn)題的建議，從而使文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、主題鮮明。常用的句式有：

To sum up/In short/In conclusion/ On the whole/ All in all, ...

Taking all the factors into account, we can draw a conclusion that...

From the discussion above, it can be safely concluded that...

Therefore, it is necessary for us to ...

To be brief, we should be aware of the importance of...

Only when we/Only by..., can we...

二、審讀寫作內(nèi)容，規(guī)劃寫作思路

在審題和整理思路時(shí)，我們必須高度重視題干中的寫作內(nèi)容。正確解讀寫作內(nèi)容是我們寫好文章的關(guān)鍵所在，因?yàn)槔锩姘螂[含著命題者希望我們寫什么，怎樣寫。

近兩年的廣東高考讀寫任務(wù)的寫作內(nèi)容都會(huì)包括“寫作背景”和“內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)”兩方面的要求。其中“寫作背景”告訴考生寫這篇文章所用的人稱（考生的角色）、時(shí)態(tài)、主題、文體（格式、套語(yǔ)）、語(yǔ)體（讀者是誰(shuí)，用什么語(yǔ)氣）。而“內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)”則幫助考生搭建文章的內(nèi)容框架?？忌枰治鼋庾x“內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)”，揣摸命題者希望我們考生寫什么，怎么寫。筆者結(jié)合2008年高考讀寫任務(wù)題干中的寫作內(nèi)容分析如何審讀這部分的“寫作背景”和“寫作內(nèi)容”。

學(xué)校最近組織了一次中美學(xué)生交流活動(dòng)，你參加其中的“大學(xué)校園生活”討論。聽(tīng)完Mike的發(fā)言之后，你準(zhǔn)備寫一份發(fā)言稿，題目是“Preparing Myself for College Life”，內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)包括：

1. 以約30個(gè)詞概括Mike的發(fā)言要點(diǎn)；

2.然后以約120個(gè)詞談?wù)勀憷硐氲拇髮W(xué)生活，內(nèi)容包括：

（１）對(duì)中學(xué)生活的感受；

（２）理想的大學(xué)生活；

（３）中學(xué)生活和大學(xué)生活的差別，以及你打算如何適應(yīng)。

1. 對(duì)“寫作背景”的解讀。

“寫作背景”隱含著非常豐富的信息，需要我們考生仔細(xì)解讀。我們可以借助下表對(duì)2008高考的“寫作背景”作整體的分析。

2. 對(duì)“內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)”的審讀。

“內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)”實(shí)際上是告訴考生如何圍繞主題，分層分點(diǎn)論述。筆者建議，對(duì)于每一個(gè)小點(diǎn)，考生都應(yīng)該寫出該要點(diǎn)的主題句，而且要分段，以展示文章的邏輯和層次結(jié)構(gòu)。另外考生要充分挖掘各要點(diǎn)所派生出的子問(wèn)題，使主題和觀點(diǎn)得到充分的論述，從而豐富文章的內(nèi)容。2008高考題的“內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)”可作以下的審讀和分析：

要點(diǎn)（1）除了關(guān)注你的感受是什么，但其實(shí)還隱含另一個(gè)問(wèn)題 Why do you feel so? Give some points to support your view. 所以考生需要寫出感受作為主題句，然后再圍繞主題論述原因。例如：

For me, my life in high school is fruitful, because it makes me grow from a naive kid to a grown-up, who knows how to study efficiently and handles interpersonal relationship properly.

但筆者評(píng)改作文的時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)，有部分同學(xué)沒(méi)有捕抓到所隱含的問(wèn)題，對(duì)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，而只是一帶而過(guò)，或者對(duì)自己的感受作簡(jiǎn)單的列舉、堆砌。還有一部分同學(xué)在文中提到 “My high school life is extremely dull, as I do not have spare time to do what I like.” 值得商榷的是由于這是一篇中美學(xué)生交流活動(dòng)的演講稿，考生作為演講者的角色，用“dull”來(lái)形容中學(xué)生活似乎就不大得體了，而且給評(píng)卷老師的印象也不好，因?yàn)槊鎸?duì)繁重的改卷任務(wù)他們更希望看到觀點(diǎn)內(nèi)容積極樂(lè)觀的文章。如果真要強(qiáng)調(diào)這一觀點(diǎn)，換成 “Generally, my high school life is enjoyable, but it is a little tough, as lots of homework makes me suffer a lot sometimes so that I do not have much spare time to do what I like.”是否會(huì)得體些呢？所以考生在選取角度和觀點(diǎn)時(shí)需要注意結(jié)合寫作背景，注意內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言的得體性。

要點(diǎn)（2），同樣可以解讀為下面的問(wèn)題：What do you expect your college life to be? Why do you think so? 該要點(diǎn)的主題句可以是：In my mind, college life can provide us with opportunities to follow my hobby. 然后從“Why do you think so?”這一角度對(duì)話題展開(kāi)討論。例如：First, many optional courses are offered there and I can choose some of them according to my interests. In addition, in my spare time, I can enjoy myself in some clubs where I can practise my interests or make full use of them to serve the public. In this way, my interests can be so well developed that they can prepare me for my future career.

而對(duì)于要點(diǎn)（3）的第一點(diǎn)“中學(xué)生活和大學(xué)生活的差別”，筆者認(rèn)為有兩種思路?？忌梢栽谥黝}句把“差別”具體化，接著談如何適應(yīng)。如：As far as I am concerned, the ability of self-learning is more demanding in college than in senior high school. So it is necessary for me to make detailed plans and stick to them. 或者在主題句后的拓展部分再把“差別”具體化。如：Of course, the college life differs greatly from previous life in high school. For example, the ability of self-learning plays a more important role. But I will...”

三、內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種模式

為使考生更好地整理寫作思路，筆者結(jié)合近幾年高考題和各地模擬題的寫作內(nèi)容中的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，對(duì)主題句、圍繞主題句的展開(kāi)、及結(jié)束句/段的部分內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)模式進(jìn)行歸納。

1. 主題句的幾種模式。

（１）回答要點(diǎn)。如，你認(rèn)為好老師應(yīng)該具有什么樣的好品質(zhì)（2007年汕頭一模）。

In my eyes, a good teacher should treat his students fairly as well as make the class lively and interesting.

（２）復(fù)述內(nèi)容。如，中學(xué)生活和大學(xué)生活的差別（2008年廣東高考）。

From my point of view, college life will be different from the life in high school.

（３）明示觀點(diǎn)。如，你對(duì)學(xué)校拆掉圖書館的看法（2008年廣州二模）。

Personally, I strongly believe we should preserve this old school library.

（４）引出觀點(diǎn)。如：My support for tearing down the old library is based on the following reasons.

（５）引出經(jīng)歷。如：根據(jù)你的個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)簡(jiǎn)述你獨(dú)自學(xué)習(xí)或與他人合作學(xué)習(xí)的理由（2007年廣州一模）。

Actually，my experience tells me that co-operative learning is more beneficial to me.

2. 圍繞主題句展開(kāi)的幾種模式。

（１）說(shuō)明原因。如，你認(rèn)為怎樣的學(xué)習(xí)方式才能取得最佳的學(xué)習(xí)效果（2007年廣州一模）。

I believe group study is the most helpful way to my learning. Within a group, opinions can be exchanged fully and casually, and under this circumstance, individual ideas are sparked and bred. Gradually, by I referring to such ideas, I learn how to sharpen my analysis with the help of co-operation.

（２）列舉支撐點(diǎn)。如，解釋你支持或反對(duì)學(xué)校這一決定的理由 （2008年廣州二模）。

I feel shocked at the announcement and oppose tearing down the old library. First of all, as the library is a symbol of our school as well as a cultural relic in the city, it is valuable for us to learn about the development of the school and the city. Whats more, ...

（３）細(xì)化主題句。如，就“壓力對(duì)學(xué)生的影響”發(fā)表自己的看法(2007年珠海調(diào)研)。

It is obvious that too much pressure is harmful to us students. As we know, pressure not only destroys our motivation for study but also ruins our health.

（４）說(shuō)明結(jié)果、后果。如，你對(duì)國(guó)家“禁止商場(chǎng)免費(fèi)提供塑料袋”的看法（2008年深圳一模）。

It is necessary for the government to forbid shops from offering free plastic bags. With this ban, shopping customers would gradually form a habit of bringing environmentally-friendly bags with them so that the consumption of plastic bags would be greatly reduced.

（５）引用個(gè)人經(jīng)歷。如，以你和李華之間的經(jīng)歷來(lái)說(shuō)明其中的一點(diǎn)看法（2008年廣州一模）。

As a classmate of Li Ping, I benefit a lot from his generous help. I still remember that...

3. 結(jié)束句/段的模式

（１）重申主題。Therefore, it is the choice of being positive and cheerful that can help us overcome setbacks. (2007年廣州調(diào)研)

（２）陳述積極的意義。Only when honesty is ringing in the society, can trust be valued by the public.（2008年廣州調(diào)研）.

（３）提出解決問(wèn)題的方法。So whatever we do, we should make full preparation in advance.(2007年廣州二模)

（４）圍繞主題，表明決心、信心。I am confident that I will make every effort to satisfy your demand of being brave and successful. (2007年廣東高考)

即學(xué)即練

閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。

Florence Chadwick was a great swimmer. However, not all of her efforts worked out.In addition to working hard, she had a secret for success. At the age of 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina Island to the California coast. However, in 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense that she could hardly see her support boats. Her body was numb(麻木) and she had been swimming for nearly 16 hours. Against the frigid (寒冷) grip of the sea, she struggled on — hour after hour — while millions watched on national television.

Alongside Florence, in one of the boats, her father and trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasnt much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had... until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out. Still thawing(使變暖和) her chilled body several hours later, she told a reporter, “Look, I am not excusing myself, but if I could have seen land, I might have made it.” It was not fatigue(疲勞) or even the cold water that defeated her. It was the fog. She was unable to see her goal.

Two months later, she tried again. Despite the same dense fog, she swam with her faith intact(未受影響的) and her goal clearly pictured in her mind. She knew that somewhere behind that fog was land, and this time, she made it!

[寫作內(nèi)容]

你準(zhǔn)備參加學(xué)校最近組織的一次英文演講比賽，主題是“The Value of Goals”。在準(zhǔn)備演講時(shí)，你讀到上面的文章，給你很大的啟發(fā)。請(qǐng)準(zhǔn)備一份演講稿。

1. 以約30個(gè)詞概括上文的要點(diǎn)；

2. 然后以約120個(gè)詞談?wù)勀銓?duì)“目標(biāo)的重要性”的看法，內(nèi)容包括：

（１）你讀完這個(gè)故事的感受；

（２）談?wù)勀闶侨绾卫斫饽繕?biāo)在人生當(dāng)中所起的作用的；

（３）鼓勵(lì)大家要樹(shù)立目標(biāo)，并為目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)而努力。

[寫作要求]

1. 可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容但不得引用原文的句子；

2. 作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。

參考例文

Several days ago, I came across a story about Florence Chadwick, the first woman who succeeded in swimming the Catalina Channel. It was a goal in her mind that enabled her to make the breakthrough regardless of dense fog, which failed her first attempt.

I was deeply inspired by such a story, as it makes me realize the power of a goal in shaping ones success and gives me strength to pursue my goal, despite the hardships I am to go through

In my view, goals are crucial to guiding our lives. To begin with, as goals often go with hopes, they have the magic to enable us to be positive towards ups and downs. Moreover, bearing goals in mind, we are less likely to be blind to the ideals of our life and be distracted from our way to success. Finally, As goals are what we are longing for, they thus can motivate us to strive for greater achievement, making our lives more fulfilling.

Since goals are so significant to our lives, it is worthwhile for us students to set up goals and accomplish them with every effort we can make.

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青