劉英琪

as 是高考的重要考點(diǎn)之一。由于它的詞性復(fù)雜，所以它在不同的句子里擁有不同的意思。鑒于它的用法頗多，我認(rèn)為我們很有必要弄清它的特點(diǎn)，以便牢牢掌握它的用法，從而做到在高考中不丟分。

用法一： as, when 以及while 的用法比較

as, when以及while 的相同點(diǎn)：

它們都可以作“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”講，有時(shí)可以通用。例如：

Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as / when / while Father was away in France.

as , when以及while 的不同點(diǎn)：

1. as除了表達(dá)“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”這個(gè)意思之外，還有“隨著”的意思，而when 或while則沒(méi)有。例如：

As the day went on, the weather got worse.一天天過(guò)去了，天氣變得越來(lái)越糟。

2. as和when能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，而while不能。

① As is known to us all, the moon travels round the sun once a month.

② Do you still remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?

3. while能做名詞用，當(dāng)“一會(huì)兒”，as和when 則不能；while也能用作并列連詞，連接并列句，as和when 則不能。while和as能表達(dá)“盡管；雖然”的讓步意義，when則不能。例如：

① She worked in a bank for a while before studying law. (while作名詞用)

② While the Internet is of great help, I dont think its a good idea to spend too much time on it.（while表達(dá)讓步意義）

③ In some places women are expected to earn money while men work at home and raise their children.（while連結(jié)并列句）

4. when能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，as和while則不能；when能表達(dá)“既然”，while則不能。when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作既可持續(xù)也可終止，而while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則只能持續(xù)，不可終止。例如：

① When the Olympic Games will be held is still unknown.

② How can you expect to learn anything when （既然） you never listen?

③ When (不可用while代替) I stepped into the classroom, I found him reading a novel.

④ He fell asleep while (when) he was doing his homework.

用法二： as, because, since, for 的用法比較

從語(yǔ)氣上看， as比f(wàn)or語(yǔ)氣重,但是比because和since的語(yǔ)氣又弱。其中because,since, as為從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，而for為并列連詞，連接并列句。

because表示直接原因，常用于回答why的問(wèn)題，一般放在主句之后，這時(shí)主句和從句之間沒(méi)有逗號(hào)，若放在主句之前時(shí)，要用逗號(hào)和主句分開(kāi)。但是若用在否定的主句后，而其前面沒(méi)有逗號(hào)時(shí)，則表達(dá)“不是因?yàn)椤闪四呈隆?；若有逗?hào)，否定詞否定主句，不否定從句。例如：

① We stayed at home because it rained.

② Because I dont complain, people think I am satisfied.

③ I didnt go because I was afraid. 我不是因?yàn)楹ε露サ摹?/p>

④ I didnt go, because I was afraid. 因?yàn)槲液ε拢詻](méi)有去。

since“因?yàn)椋患热弧?，表意?cè)重于主句，從句表示顯然的或稍加分析后可推斷出來(lái)的雙方都已經(jīng)知道的原因。一般放在主句之前，用逗號(hào)和主句分開(kāi)。不能回答why引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。例如：

Since everybody is here, lets begin.既然大家都到了，我們開(kāi)始吧！

as“由于；鑒于”，表意主從并重，它表示雙方已知道的原因；和since 一樣，不回答why引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。一般用在句首，用逗號(hào)和主句分開(kāi)。例如：

As he wasnt ready in time, we went without him.

for “因?yàn)?；由于”，表明附加或推斷的原因，它所提供的原因是一種補(bǔ)充性的說(shuō)明，引導(dǎo)的分句前常有逗號(hào)，for分句不能放在句首。例如：

He must be ill, for he is absent today.

用法三： as, although以及though的用法比較

當(dāng)as 用作連詞引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它和although以及though的用法完全不同。as須用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中；though即可用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可不用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，而although則不能用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中。當(dāng)as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句倒裝時(shí)，又不同于我們通常所說(shuō)的倒裝，它所在的句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的詞序不變。它的倒裝共分為四類(lèi)：?jiǎn)螖?shù)可數(shù)名詞提前類(lèi)；形容詞提前類(lèi)；副詞提前類(lèi)和動(dòng)詞提前類(lèi)。

⑴ 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞提前時(shí)，不定冠詞通常省略，其它詞序不變。例如：

___________, he talks a lot about his favourite singers after class.（2005重慶卷）

A. A quiet student as he may be

B. Quiet student as he may be

C. Be a quiet student as he may

D. Quiet as he may be a student

⑵ 形容詞提前時(shí)把形容詞放在as之前，其它詞序不變。

________________ , his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.（2007重慶卷）

A. Strange as might it sound

B. As it might sound strange

C. As strange it might sound

D. Strange as it might sound

⑶ 副詞提前

Much as I like you, I couldnt live with you. （much as = although）

Much as I would like to stay, I really must go home.

⑷ 動(dòng)詞提前時(shí)，把動(dòng)詞放在as之前，其它詞序不變。

________________, Carolina couldnt get the door open.(2005廣東卷)

A. Try as he might

B. As she might try

C. She might as try

D. Might she as try

用法四： as 和like的用法比較

在談到人、事物或動(dòng)作彼此有相同點(diǎn)或共同點(diǎn)時(shí)，使用as 和like均可。但是它們的詞性不同。like是介詞，用在名詞和代詞之前；as是連詞，用于分句之前。但是在口語(yǔ)中，like往往可用作連詞，當(dāng)作as使用。例如：

Like me, she enjoys all kinds of music.(like不能用as代替)

She enjoys all kinds of music, as I do. （as 可以用like代替）

Nobody understands him like / as I do.

用法五： as 和which的用法比較

A. 在位置上的區(qū)別

as和which都能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,但是它們既有區(qū)別，又有聯(lián)系。當(dāng)它們都引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，都可代指整個(gè)句子。不同之處是，它們引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的位置不同。which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，只能放在主句之后，而as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，還可以放在主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間。

⑴ as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句放在主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間。例如：

① The beatles,________________many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.（2006天津卷）

A. what B. that C. how D. as

If knowledge is power, as Sir Francis Bacon wrote in 1597, then perhaps creativity can be described as the ability to use that power.（人教版高中第二冊(cè)上第7頁(yè)）

⑵ as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句放在主句之前。例如：

③___________is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.(2004江蘇卷)

A. Which B. When

C. What D. As

⑶ as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句放在主句之后。例如：

Good friends_______________ happiness and value to life,________________ is known to us all.(2007年石家莊高中畢業(yè)班復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè)二)

A. add to; it B. add; it

C. add; as D. as; add to

⑷ which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句代指整個(gè)句子時(shí)，只能放在主句之后。例如：

The road conditions there turned out to be very good, _____________- was more than we could expect. （2008全國(guó)卷Ⅱ）

A. it B. what

C. which D. that

As is often the case, he was late for school.(as不能用which替換，人教版高中第三冊(cè)教師用書(shū)192頁(yè))

He came late for class today, which / as is often the case.

B. 在習(xí)慣用法上的區(qū)別

as 在引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，常見(jiàn)的習(xí)慣搭配有the same ... as和such ... as。例如：

Beijing was attacked by such a heavy terrible sandstorm________________few residents had ever experienced before.（2007黃岡市高三質(zhì)量檢測(cè)）

A. as B. which C. that D. what

Mrs. Black took the police back to ______________ place _____________-she witnessed the robbery.

A. the same; that B. the same; as

C. the same; where D. as the same; as

該題答案為C。這是因?yàn)楸M管先行詞place被the same 所修飾，但是place 在從句中不作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，再者as是關(guān)系代詞，所以要用where, 不用固定搭配the same ... as。

as在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常見(jiàn)的習(xí)慣搭配有：as we all know, as is known to us all, as is often the case, as is usual with sb., as is said above, as is reported above, as is mentioned above, as could be expected等。

which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常和make或帶有“使”的動(dòng)詞搭配，常譯為“這使……”，相當(dāng)于and it。

① Jim passed the driving test, __________ surprised everybody in the office.(2005浙江卷)

A. which B. that

C. this D. it

② Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ______________ , of course, made the others unhappy.(2000年國(guó)卷)

A. who B. which

C. this D. what

C. 在主句和從句的內(nèi)容上的區(qū)別

若從句和主句的內(nèi)容不一致,或從句對(duì)主句的內(nèi)容起反對(duì)、排斥、否定等作用時(shí)，多用which; 而as 只能用于主句和從句的內(nèi)容一致時(shí)。例如：

She has married again, as was expected.

She has married again, which was unexpected.

用法六： as, so, neither, nor的用法比較

如同so一樣, as 也可以放在句首,表示前面所說(shuō)的肯定情況也適用于另一個(gè)人或物。其句型是as + 系動(dòng)詞（助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞） + 主語(yǔ)。與so和as不同的是，neither 和nor 表示前面否定的內(nèi)容也適用于另一個(gè)人或物。例如：

① Our eating habits have changed, as has our way of life, and the fuel we need for our body is also different.（人教版高一下冊(cè)第三頁(yè)）

② Shes unusually tall, as(so) are both her parents.（牛津高階英漢雙解詞典68頁(yè)）