陳　霞

中學(xué)英語基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)多面寬，學(xué)生們總是感到難以準(zhǔn)確地理解和掌握，因此老師一講學(xué)生就懂而學(xué)生自己一動(dòng)筆就錯(cuò)的現(xiàn)象時(shí)有發(fā)生。怎樣才能活用所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)是一個(gè)急待解決的問題。在此，筆者結(jié)合教學(xué)實(shí)踐，談?wù)勅绾卫镁涫阶儞Q來獲得事半功倍的學(xué)習(xí)效果。

英語句子從結(jié)構(gòu)上可分為簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句三種；簡單句的五種基本句型是句式變換的核心。解題時(shí)可首先根據(jù)特定的語境，把握句式的特點(diǎn)并確定出最佳答案，然后再結(jié)合語境變換句式，以期能舉一反三，解決這一類問題。

例1. This is the most beautiful gift Ive ever received, ___________ I will value for all my life.

A. itB. that C. one D. what

分析：該題中后半部分是對(duì)前面the most beautiful gift的補(bǔ)充說明。英語中后者對(duì)前者的補(bǔ)充說明可以用三種句式：

（1）非限制性定語從句： This is the most beautiful gift Ive ever received, which I will value for all my life.

（2） 并列句： This is the most beautiful gift Ive ever received and I will value it for all my life.

（3）同位語：如上題答案為C，one用作同位語，指“一份我將永遠(yuǎn)珍視的禮物?！?/p>

如果用what則可以表達(dá)如下： The most beautiful gift Ive ever received is what I will value for all my life. （what引導(dǎo)表語從句）

例2. ______________ is known to us all is that every obstacle presents an opportunity to improve ones condition.

A. As B. That C. What D. It

分析：該題意為“眾所周知，每一個(gè)障礙都是一次提高自我的機(jī)會(huì)?！睂W(xué)生們很容易習(xí)慣性地選擇D項(xiàng)，而此題的正確答案為C。what在此引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主語從句，that在句中引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表語從句，整個(gè)句子是“主語 + 系表”結(jié)構(gòu)。該句還可有三種句式表達(dá)：

（1） 形式主語句型： It is known to us all that every obstacle presents an opportunity to improve ones condition.

（2） 非限制性定語從句： As is known to us all, every obstacle presents an opportunity to improve ones condition.

（3） that引導(dǎo)的主語從句： That every obstacle presents an opportunity to improve ones condition is known to us all.

例3. ___________-- straight on and you will see a church. You wont miss it.

A. Go B. Going

C. If you go D. When going

分析：該題的關(guān)鍵在于句式的識(shí)別。句中用了并列連詞and，從結(jié)構(gòu)上看應(yīng)該是一個(gè)并列句，前面部分是祈使句（動(dòng)詞原形開頭），所以正確答案為A。該句還可有兩種句式表達(dá)：

（1）簡單句（-ing分詞作狀語）： Going （When going） straight on, you will see a church. You wont miss it.

(2) 復(fù)合句： If you go straight on, you will see a church. You wont miss it.

例4. Students shouldnt be given so difficult a problem___________________-they can not work out.

A. that B. which

C. while D. as

分析： 該題容易受到“so difficult a problem”的影響而誤選that，因?yàn)椤皊o + adj. + that ...”為常見句型，表示“如此……以致于……”之意。但該句中they can not work out中缺少了賓語，而空格處的連詞既要連接從句，又要在從句中作work out的賓語，同時(shí)又常與so連用，故正確答案為D，即as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)限制性定語從句。如果用“so + adj. + that ...”句型，該句應(yīng)為：

Students shouldnt be given so difficult a problem that they can not work it out.

例5. It was twelve oclock at midnight______________they arrived at a lonely village.

A. that B. before

C. since D. when

分析： 以“It is / was” 開頭的句子通?？梢韵扰袛嗍欠駷閺?qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，方法是先去掉“It is / was”和空格處的連詞，然后再分析句子剩下部分的結(jié)構(gòu)意義是否完整，如果完整，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，否則，則不是。該句中去掉“It is / was”和空格后，twelve oclock at midnight they arrived at a lonely village在結(jié)構(gòu)上不完整，若需要句子完整則需要在twelve oclock at midnight之前加上介詞at，所以該句不是強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。該題答案為D， when在此處引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。本句若用強(qiáng)調(diào)句表達(dá)應(yīng)為：

It was at twelve oclock at midnight that they arrived at a lonely village.

句式變換不僅可用于不同句型之間的同義轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)，也可以用于同一句型的不同變化。

例6. “You cant have this football back _____________ you promise not to kick it at my cat again,” the old man said firmly.

A. because B. since

C. when D. until

分析：該題意為“直到你承諾不再用球踢我的貓，你才可以拿回這個(gè)足球?！?，其中“直到……才……”常用“not ... until ...”結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)，故答案為D。該句型還可以用下面兩種句型表達(dá)：

（1） 倒裝句： Not until you promise not to kick it at my cat again can you have this football back.

（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)句： It is not until you promise not to kick it at my cat again that you can have this football back.

以上幾例旨在拋磚引玉，在英語學(xué)習(xí)中同學(xué)們既要熟練地掌握基本句式，同時(shí)也要明析語境，學(xué)會(huì)變通，才能最終提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。