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極早期應(yīng)用去甲腎上腺素對膿毒癥休克患者NLR、CAR的影響

2024-09-22 00:00楊蕙文喻秋平葉興文羅洋劉松趙鑫
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新 2024年24期

【摘要】 目的:探討極早期應(yīng)用去甲腎上腺素對膿毒癥休克患者中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR)、C反應(yīng)蛋白與白蛋白比值(CAR)的影響。方法:選擇2022年1月—2023年12月九江學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科收治的60例膿毒癥休克患者,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為早期組(n=30)及常規(guī)組(n=30)。早期組在液體復(fù)蘇同時給予去甲腎上腺素(0.3 mg/kg)靜脈微量泵入,常規(guī)組在液體復(fù)蘇達(dá)標(biāo)后立即給予相同劑量的去甲腎上腺素靜脈微量泵入,兩組均維持平均動脈壓≥65 mmHg。入院時及治療1、3 d后抽取外周靜脈血評估兩組NLR、CAR,入院時及治療1、3、6、12 h后抽取動脈血評估兩組血乳酸(Lac)水平,記錄兩組治療前及治療3 d后急性生理和慢性健康狀況Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)評分。結(jié)果:治療1、3 d后,早期組NLR、CAR均顯著低于常規(guī)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001);治療1、3、6、12 h后,早期組Lac水平均低于常規(guī)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療3 d后,早期組APACHEⅡ評分顯著低于常規(guī)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:對于膿毒癥休克患者,極早期使用去甲腎上腺素,可以更好地減輕患者的炎癥反應(yīng),改善臨床預(yù)后。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 極早期 去甲腎上腺素 膿毒癥休克 中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值 C反應(yīng)蛋白與白蛋白比值

Effect of Very Early Application of Norepinephrine on NLR and CAR in Patients with Septic Shock/YANG Huiwen, YU Qiuping, YE Xingwen, LUO Yang, LIU Song, ZHAO Xin. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(24): 0-014

[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effects of very early Norepinephrine on neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and C reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) in patients with septic shock. Method: A total of 60 patients with septic shock admitted to Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jiujiang University Affiliated Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were selected and divided into early group (n=30) and conventional group (n=30) according to random number table method. In the early group, Norepinephrine (0.3 mg/kg) was given by intravenous micropumping at the same time during liquid resuscitation, and in the conventional group, the same dose of Norepinephrine was given by intravenous micropumping immediately after liquid resuscitation reached the standard, and mean arterial pressure ≥65 mmHg was maintained in both groups. Peripheral venous blood was collected at admission and 1 and 3 days after treatment to assess NLR and CAR in both groups. Arterial blood was taken at admission and 1, 3, 6, 12 h after treatment to assess blood lactate (Lac) levels in both groups. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ) scores were recorded in both groups before and 3 days after treatment. Result: After 1 and 3 days of treatment, NLR and CAR in the early group were significantly lower than those in the conventional group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001). After 1, 3, 6 and 12 h of treatment, Lac levels in early group were lower than those in conventional group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). After 3 days of treatment, APACHEⅡ score of early group was significantly lower than that of conventional group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: For septic shock patients, very early use of Norepinephrine can better reduce the inflammatory response of patients and improve clinical prognosis.

[Key words] Very early Norepinephrine Septic shock NLR CAR

First-author's address: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jiujiang University Affiliated Hospital, Jiujiang 322000, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.24.003

膿毒癥休克(septic shock)是重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科常見急癥之一,病死率極高[1-3]。膿毒癥休克患者治療的關(guān)鍵是組織灌注不足的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和及時逆轉(zhuǎn)。國際和國內(nèi)膿毒癥休克共識推薦:膿毒癥休克應(yīng)在早期充分液體復(fù)蘇的基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)用去甲腎上腺素使患者平均動脈壓(MAP)維持在≥65 mmHg[1,4]。目前多項(xiàng)研究顯示,去甲腎上腺素早期應(yīng)用于膿毒癥休克患者,在縮短低血壓時間、減少去甲腎上腺素總劑量等方面有一定的優(yōu)勢,這些研究的給藥時間大多集中在充分液體復(fù)蘇后1~3 h[5-7]。然而,大量、快速的液體復(fù)蘇可能會給膿毒癥休克患者帶來心臟超負(fù)荷及微循環(huán)灌注障礙,影響患者預(yù)后。最新的研究提出了極早期的概念,即充分液體復(fù)蘇之前或同時給予去甲腎上腺素,結(jié)果表明,其可以更好地改善膿毒癥休克患者的預(yù)后[8],但相關(guān)研究數(shù)量極少,研究結(jié)論尚未能形成共識。為此,本研究設(shè)定在膿毒癥休克患者液體復(fù)蘇的同時給予去甲腎上腺素,意在驗(yàn)證一種較為合理的血管活性藥物給藥時間,以提高膿毒癥休克患者的治療效果。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取2022年1月—2023年12月60例于九江學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科住院的膿毒癥休克患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):膿毒癥休克診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照文獻(xiàn)[2],體溫>38 ℃或<36 ℃,心率>90次/min;外周血白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)>12×109/L。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡<18周歲或>80周歲;合并心、肝、腎原發(fā)性器質(zhì)性疾??;惡性腫瘤;孕婦。根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為早期組(n=30)和常規(guī)組(n=30)。本研究獲得本院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)會批準(zhǔn),試驗(yàn)研究前告知患者家屬,并簽署知情同意書。

1.2 方法

兩組患者入住重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科后立即接受緊急救治,給予評估生理、病理情況,心電監(jiān)護(hù),通暢呼吸道,根據(jù)患者血氧情況給予吸氧或機(jī)械通氣,應(yīng)用廣譜抗菌藥物,抑制胃酸分泌,營養(yǎng)支持等綜合處理措施。兩組患者均進(jìn)行液體復(fù)蘇,予晶體溶液30 mL/kg作為早期復(fù)蘇階段的常規(guī)操作。液體復(fù)蘇達(dá)標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):MAP≥65 mmHg、中心靜脈血氧飽和度>70%、尿量≥0.5 mL/(kg·h)、中心靜脈壓8~12 mmHg。

早期組在液體復(fù)蘇同時將0.3 mg/kg去甲腎上腺素[生產(chǎn)廠家:遠(yuǎn)大醫(yī)藥(中國)有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號:國藥準(zhǔn)字H42021301,規(guī)格:1 mL︰2 mg]與5%葡萄糖注射液(生產(chǎn)廠家:湖南科倫制藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號:國藥準(zhǔn)字H20067468,規(guī)格:50 mL︰2.5 g)混合成50 mL后靜脈微量泵注,維持MAP≥65 mmHg。常規(guī)組在充分液體復(fù)蘇達(dá)標(biāo)后立即給予相同劑量去的甲腎上腺素靜脈微量泵入,維持MAP≥65 mmHg。兩組患者去甲腎上腺素靜脈微量泵入速度根據(jù)血壓情況調(diào)節(jié),血壓達(dá)標(biāo)后繼續(xù)維持,后根據(jù)患者病情好轉(zhuǎn)情況逐漸減量。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

(1)兩組患者在入院時及治療1、3 d后抽取外周靜脈血,檢測中性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、C反應(yīng)蛋白、白蛋白,并計(jì)算中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR)、C反應(yīng)蛋白與白蛋白比值(CAR)。(2)抽取動脈血評估兩組患者入院時及治療1、3、6、12 h后的血乳酸(Lac)水平。(3)記錄兩組患者入院時及治療3 d后的急性生理和慢性健康狀況Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)評分。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

應(yīng)用SPSS 26.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理與統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組患者基線資料比較

兩組患者年齡、性別、體重、病因比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見表1。

2.2 兩組患者各時點(diǎn)NLR、CAR比較

兩組患者入院時NLR及CAR比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療1 d后,早期組NLR、CAR均低于入院時,且NLR、CAR均低于常規(guī)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療3 d后,兩組NLR、CAR均低于入院時,且早期組均顯著低于常規(guī)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。見表2。

2.3 兩組患者各時點(diǎn)Lac水平比較

入院時兩組患者Lac比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療1、3、6、12 h后,兩組Lac水平均低于入院時,且早期組Lac水平均低于常規(guī)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。

2.4 兩組患者治療前后APACHEⅡ評分比較

入院時兩組患者APACHEⅡ評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療3 d后兩組患者APACHEⅡ評分均降低,早期組顯著低于常規(guī)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4。

3 討論

文獻(xiàn)[2-3]中認(rèn)為,膿毒癥休克死亡率極高,超過50%,是危重癥患者死亡的主要原因。多項(xiàng)研究表明,去甲腎上腺素的早期應(yīng)用有幾個有益的影響:首先,可以通過增加壓力容量、改善心肌收縮力等來增加心輸出量;其次,可增加膿毒癥休克患者的微循環(huán)灌注;另外,可以改善血流的區(qū)域分布,防止體液超負(fù)荷[5-7]。盡管研究顯示早期去甲腎上腺素對于膿毒癥休克有一定的優(yōu)勢效果,但由于執(zhí)行的時間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不統(tǒng)一,研究結(jié)果未形成臨床共識,因此去甲腎上腺素應(yīng)用的最佳時機(jī)仍然未知。Ospina-Tascón等[8]評估了極早期去甲腎上腺素的應(yīng)用對膿毒癥休克患者的影響,研究結(jié)果顯示,極早期相對于早期其他時段應(yīng)用去甲腎上腺素,可以更好地改善患者的預(yù)后。

NLR是外周血中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞的比值,它整合了中性粒細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞兩種白細(xì)胞亞型,表示體內(nèi)炎癥反應(yīng)的激活與機(jī)體的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)之間的平衡情況。Riche等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NLR與住院患者短期和長期的死亡率有關(guān)。Hwang等[10]證明NLR與嚴(yán)重膿毒癥和膿毒癥休克患者的死亡率密切相關(guān)。Cataudella等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NLR在預(yù)測老年膿毒癥患者死亡率方面要優(yōu)于白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)和C反應(yīng)蛋白等,有一定的預(yù)測價(jià)值。CAR是C反應(yīng)蛋白與白蛋白比值,與多種惡性腫瘤、急性炎癥反應(yīng)及自身免疫性疾病預(yù)后有關(guān)[12-14]。Reinhart等[15]研究表明,CAR是嚴(yán)重?zé)齻颊甙l(fā)生膿毒癥的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。Li等[16]也認(rèn)為CAR升高是感染患者發(fā)生不良預(yù)后的危險(xiǎn)因素。近年來,越來越多研究認(rèn)為,NLR、CAR是預(yù)測感染患者短期預(yù)后不良的良好指標(biāo)[17-20]。本研究表明:治療1、3 d后,早期組NLR、CAR均低于常規(guī)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),因此,本研究認(rèn)為,極早期使用去甲腎上腺素可以很好地減輕患者的炎癥反應(yīng)。

Lac是無氧糖酵解的產(chǎn)物,由乳酸脫氫酶還原丙酮酸生成,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)膿毒癥休克時組織缺氧致使Lac形成,且Lac濃度是反映膿毒癥預(yù)后的一項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo),Lac水平越高,患者預(yù)后越差[21-22]。APACHEⅡ評分目前已成為臨床廣泛使用的危重疾病嚴(yán)重程度評分方法,其分值與病情嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),分值越高,病情越嚴(yán)重,死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高[23]。本研究表明:治療1、3、6、12 h后,早期組Lac水平均顯著低于常規(guī)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),可見極早期使用去甲腎上腺素可以較好地改善組織微循環(huán)灌注,提高乳酸清除率。治療3 d

后兩組患者APACHEⅡ評分比較,早期組顯著低于常規(guī)組(P<0.05),表明極早期使用去甲腎上腺素可以改善患者的臨床預(yù)后。去甲腎上腺素通過激動α受體,促使血管收縮,同時其還可激動β受體,增強(qiáng)患者心肌的收縮力度,從而增加心排出量,故可改善膿毒癥休克患者的微循環(huán),改善預(yù)后[24]。

然而,本研究存在樣本量小、研究機(jī)構(gòu)單一、由于患者的轉(zhuǎn)科問題未對患者7 d及28 d的預(yù)后做出隨訪統(tǒng)計(jì)等缺陷,期待可以在未來的研究中,納入更多樣本量、更多的研究機(jī)構(gòu)及更長跟蹤時間來進(jìn)一步探討去甲腎上腺素的恰當(dāng)給藥時機(jī),從而取得更為科學(xué)、準(zhǔn)確的研究結(jié)論,為膿毒癥休克患者提供更好的診療思路。

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(收稿日期:2024-07-01) (本文編輯:陳韻)

*基金項(xiàng)目:江西省衛(wèi)生健康委科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(202311504)

①九江學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科 江西 九江 322000

通信作者:喻秋平