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維生素D輔助治療危重癥疾病的作用機(jī)制及研究進(jìn)展

2024-08-08 00:00宋會(huì)杰王玉吳方方杜帆帆

【摘要】 危重癥疾病往往伴隨著全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征,此期間活性氧及一氧化氮等氧化產(chǎn)物增加,而抗氧化劑濃度降低。失衡的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞、組織和器官損傷,增加危重患者的死亡率。維生素D(VD)作為人體新陳代謝所必需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),在諸多生理過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用,而且VD在輔助治療危重癥疾病方面的作用也不容忽視。最近研究表明,補(bǔ)充VD可有效改善危重癥患者的預(yù)后,是輔助治療危重癥疾病頗具潛力的手段之一。本文現(xiàn)對(duì)VD在危重癥疾病治療中的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行總結(jié),希望能對(duì)進(jìn)一步提高危重癥疾病預(yù)后提供幫助。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 危重癥 維生素D 預(yù)后

Mechanism and Research Progress of Vitamin D Adjuvant Therapy for Critical Illness/SONG Huijie, WANG Yu, WU Fangfang, DU Fanfan. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(19): -184

[Abstract] Critical illness is often accompanied by systemic inflammatory response syndrome. During this period, oxidative products such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide increase, while the concentration of protective antioxidants decreases. Imbalanced oxidative stress can lead to cell, tissue and organ damage and increase the mortality of critically ill patients. As an essential nutrient for human metabolism, vitamin D (VD) plays an important role in many physiological processes, and the role of VD in the adjuvant treatment of critically illness cannot be ignored. Recent studies have shown that VD supplementation can effectively improve the prognosis of critically ill patients and is one of the potential means for adjuvant treatment of critically illness. In this paper, the related literature of VD in the treatment of critical illness is summarized, hoping to provide help for further improving the prognosis of critical illness.

[Key words] Critical illness Vitamin D Prognosis

First-author's address: Department of Pediatrics, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.19.041

隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展和醫(yī)學(xué)的不斷進(jìn)步,我國(guó)人民健康水平得到了大幅度提高,但仍有一些危重癥疾病對(duì)人體生命造成了嚴(yán)重的威脅。研究表明當(dāng)危重癥疾病發(fā)生時(shí),如敗血癥、嚴(yán)重腦挫裂傷、急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)和燒傷,體內(nèi)可產(chǎn)生劇烈的炎癥及氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致一系列細(xì)胞、組織和器官損傷,早期識(shí)別及干預(yù)這一過程對(duì)疾病恢復(fù)十分重要[1]。近年來,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)補(bǔ)充外源性微量營(yíng)養(yǎng)素可以提高機(jī)體的抗氧化能力,恢復(fù)患者的氧化平衡狀態(tài)并改善預(yù)后,其中最常見的就是維生素D(VD)。VD是人體維持生理功能所必需的微量有機(jī)物質(zhì),在生長(zhǎng)、代謝、發(fā)育過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。以下將總結(jié)近年來常見VD與危重癥疾病的相關(guān)研究,為VD輔助治療危重癥疾病提供依據(jù)。

1 VD的代謝及功能

VD作為一種脂溶性維生素,分為膽骨化醇(VD3)和麥角骨化醇(VD2)兩種,其中VD3是人體內(nèi)主要的存在形式。進(jìn)入人體后,VD首先與維生素D結(jié)合蛋白(vitamin D binding protein,DBP)結(jié)合,經(jīng)肝臟羥化為25羥維生素D3[25-(OH)D3],

隨后經(jīng)腎臟被25-羥基維生素D1α-羥化酶(CYP27B1)羥化生成1,25二羥維生素D3[1, 25-(OH)2D3],形成VD的活性形式,再作用于靶器官、靶組織(主要為腸、腎、骨)的VD受體(vitamin D receptor,VDR),實(shí)現(xiàn)鈣磷代謝調(diào)節(jié)并維持骨骼發(fā)育。此外,VD還具有調(diào)節(jié)腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)(RAS),維持腸道穩(wěn)態(tài),促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖、分化,生成ATP提供能量等多種生理功能。而諸多代謝及遺傳因素都會(huì)影響VD的水平及活性,比如急性肝損傷(acute liver injury,ALI)時(shí)25-羥化酶活性減弱和DBP生成受損,可能會(huì)使血清VD水平下降;急性腎損傷(acute kidney injury,AKI)時(shí)磷酸鹽和成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子23(FGF-23)水平升高,可抑制CYP27B1,導(dǎo)致1, 25-(OH)2D3生成減少[2]。此外還有三個(gè)基因風(fēng)險(xiǎn)位點(diǎn),即編碼DBP的GC基因rs2282679,7-脫氫膽固醇還原酶(DHCR7)基因rs7944926和肝25-(OH)D羥化酶基因(CYP2R1基因)rs10741657位點(diǎn),也可對(duì)VD水平產(chǎn)生重要影響。

2 VD與危重癥疾病

研究顯示,入住ICU的危重患者普遍存在血清25-(OH)D3、DBP水平不足,這可能與生物利用度增加及使用皮質(zhì)類固醇等藥物導(dǎo)致分解代謝增加有關(guān)[3]。Madden等[4]對(duì)入住PICU兒童DBP基因(GC)中的單核苷酸多態(tài)性rs7041和rs4588進(jìn)行基因分型,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)GC單倍型與DBP水平的相關(guān)性最強(qiáng),表明危重癥兒童的DBP水平還與遺傳有關(guān)。相對(duì)于其他危重癥而言,維生素D缺乏癥(VDD)在膿毒癥兒童及危重癥新型冠狀病毒感染(COVID-19)患者中更為突出,合并VDD時(shí)更容易形成膿毒癥,還可導(dǎo)致住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間增加及預(yù)后惡化等不良結(jié)局[5-7]。

2.1 VD與膿毒癥

美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所規(guī)定了血清VD水平的分類,25-(OH)D≤20 ng/mL為VD缺乏,21~29 ng/mL

為VD不足,25-(OH)D≥30 ng/mL為VD充足,25-(OH)D>150 ng/mL為VD中毒。研究表明入住PICU的VD不足和充足者膿毒癥發(fā)生率分別為39.4%和26.5%,死亡率分別為48.%、41.3%,而25-(OH)D缺乏患兒膿毒癥發(fā)生率高達(dá)51%,死亡率高達(dá)72%,且急性生理和慢性健康狀況Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)評(píng)分、序貫器官衰竭評(píng)估(SOFA)評(píng)分、血培養(yǎng)陽性率、28 d病死率更高;膿毒性休克患兒在入院72 h后VD水平進(jìn)一步下降,并且患嚴(yán)重VDD(<10 ng/mL)的發(fā)生率也增高[8-10],這主要是由于膿毒癥兒童處于應(yīng)激狀態(tài),身體代謝或毛細(xì)血管滲漏過多而導(dǎo)致的。此外膿毒癥患者的DBP水平越低,病情越嚴(yán)重,感染性休克時(shí)DBP水平可進(jìn)一步降低;而且低DBP水平者可出現(xiàn)APACHEⅡ評(píng)分和SOFA評(píng)分增高、PICU住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)、病死率增加、預(yù)后較差。這主要是由于膿毒癥時(shí)炎癥可導(dǎo)致DBP消耗增加,而機(jī)體處于危重狀態(tài)時(shí)DBP合成減少或者機(jī)體出現(xiàn)肝腎或腸道損傷時(shí)DBP的清除率增高,尤其是機(jī)體出現(xiàn)多器官功能障礙綜合征時(shí),25-(OH)D的消耗增加,生成及轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)減少,導(dǎo)致免疫失衡加重,進(jìn)一步減少DBP的合成[11-12]。因此在25-(OH)D缺乏或不足時(shí)常伴有DBP的生成減少,且Suberviola等[3]還發(fā)現(xiàn)DBP比VD、抗菌肽(cathelicidin)、防御素更能預(yù)測(cè)患者的生存。而補(bǔ)充VD可降低膿毒癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及住院期間機(jī)械通氣需求,并能改善器官功能障礙[13-14]。

2.1.1 VD輔助治療膿毒癥的作用機(jī)制 研究顯示,VD能夠通過多種機(jī)制調(diào)節(jié)膿毒癥患者的炎癥反應(yīng),縮短疾病進(jìn)程,改善患者的病情及預(yù)后。(1)調(diào)節(jié)固有免疫系統(tǒng)功能。VD可以通過與免疫細(xì)胞表面的VDR結(jié)合,促進(jìn)抗菌肽和防御素的基因轉(zhuǎn)錄及生成,增強(qiáng)免疫應(yīng)答,從而殺滅細(xì)菌、病毒及真菌等病原微生物[15]。此外VD還可以防止免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)生過度炎癥反應(yīng),發(fā)揮一定的抗炎作用。尤其是VD通過直接或間接抑制B細(xì)胞增殖,上調(diào)輔助型T細(xì)胞2(T helper 2 cell,Th2)、下調(diào)輔助型T細(xì)胞17(T helper 17 cell,Th17),增強(qiáng)調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)的免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能,同時(shí)抑制記憶B細(xì)胞進(jìn)行增殖及分化,減少抗體的產(chǎn)生,控制炎癥反應(yīng)程度,減輕對(duì)自身組織的損傷[16]。(2)調(diào)節(jié)炎癥因子信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路。

1,25-(OH)2D3可以增加巨噬細(xì)胞中核因子E2相關(guān)因子2(nuclear factor E2 related factor 2,Nrf2)的活性,促進(jìn)血紅素氧化酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)的轉(zhuǎn)錄和表達(dá),抑制高遷移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group box 1 protei,HMGB1)的分泌,從而減輕膿毒癥的炎癥反應(yīng)[17]。在膿毒癥大鼠模型中,添加VD可以抑制Toll樣受體4(TLR4)/髓樣分化因子88(MyD88)/β干擾素TIR結(jié)構(gòu)域銜接蛋白(TRIF)信號(hào)通路,減少促炎細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,減輕細(xì)胞因子風(fēng)暴,降低大鼠腦組織中白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)等促炎細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá),改變T細(xì)胞表型,減少缺血腦組織內(nèi)中性粒細(xì)胞數(shù)量,發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用[18-19]。VD還可以下調(diào)巨噬細(xì)胞果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶3(PFKFB3)介導(dǎo)的糖酵解途徑,抑制NOD樣受體熱蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小體活化,避免膿毒癥小鼠出現(xiàn)急性肺損傷[20]。(3)影響血管通透性改善微循環(huán)。VD還會(huì)降低膿毒癥患者的血管通透性,改善微循環(huán),減少內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞一氧化氮(NO)的生成,增強(qiáng)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞收縮功能,促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮鈣黏蛋白細(xì)胞連接,減少肌動(dòng)蛋白牽拉纖維組織,改善內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性,進(jìn)而減弱膿毒癥引起的屏障破壞和內(nèi)皮通透性增加[21-22]。(4)減少氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)肝正常上皮細(xì)胞(THLE2)的DBP過表達(dá)后,膿毒癥動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的半胱天冬酶-3(caspase-3)和半胱天冬酶-9(caspase-9)的活性及凋亡水平可有明顯下降,同時(shí)伴有髓過氧化物酶(MPO)和丙二醛(MDA)顯著降低;這與DBP減少氧化應(yīng)激并使JNK信號(hào)通路失活有關(guān)[11]。此外添加VD還可通過上調(diào)谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶-1(SOD-1)、超氧化物歧化酶-2(SOD-2)等抗氧化酶基因及下調(diào)一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、p47phox和gp91phox等氧化酶的表達(dá)來減輕膿毒癥引發(fā)的AKI[23]。

2.1.2 添加VD與膿毒癥治療 多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為,對(duì)重癥膿毒癥患者常規(guī)給予VD檢測(cè)及相應(yīng)的干預(yù)措施,如VD補(bǔ)充劑治療和營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持等,可以提高VD水平,有助于改善患者的臨床預(yù)后和生存質(zhì)量。VD可通過腸內(nèi)、腸外和肌肉注射等途徑給藥,由于腸內(nèi)給藥操作方便,并且可提高VD的生物利用度,所以目前臨床上大多數(shù)補(bǔ)充VD的臨床試驗(yàn)都是經(jīng)過腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)途徑給藥;但如果患者患有某種胃腸道疾病或經(jīng)歷手術(shù)、外傷等使腸道應(yīng)激而影響胃腸道的吸收功能時(shí),建議通過腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)或肌肉注射途徑補(bǔ)充VD。研究表明,給患者補(bǔ)充相同劑量的VD,口服比肌肉注射更能提高VD的血漿濃度,但對(duì)于口服補(bǔ)充VD依從性低的患者,經(jīng)腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)或者肌肉注射途徑效果可能會(huì)更好[24]。

臨床研究表明,給予VDD膿毒癥患兒一次性口服或鼻飼150 000 IU VD治療8 d后,膿毒癥患兒的VD水平顯著升高,而IL-6、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)水平及血管緊張素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)濃度均顯著下降,膿毒性休克發(fā)生率、5歲以上兒童的SOFA評(píng)分也均下降,這提示VD通過調(diào)節(jié)AngⅡ來改善血管張力,增加組織灌注和全身血量,控制過度炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,從而預(yù)防膿毒性休克的發(fā)生[25]。周生虎等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)給膿毒癥患兒口服5 d 400 IU/d VD3滴劑或一次性肌注200 000 IU VD2,5 d后患兒血清25-(OH)D水平顯著提升,而總住院時(shí)間、PICU住院時(shí)間及機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間并無差異。此外在膿毒性休克導(dǎo)致ARDS的成人患者中,除常規(guī)治療外,給予VD降低組(<50 nmol/L)和VD嚴(yán)重缺乏組(<30 nmol/L)

每天鼻飼0.5 μg 阿法骨化醇膠囊連續(xù)7 d后,患者ARDS的嚴(yán)重程度顯著改善[27]。另一項(xiàng)研究表明,同樣給成人膿毒癥患者連續(xù)7 d口服或經(jīng)胃管補(bǔ)充阿法骨化醇軟膠囊0.5 μg/d,能夠提高患者體內(nèi)的鈣、磷水平,但對(duì)器官功能和28 d預(yù)后并無影響[28]。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一次性口服540 000 IU VD也可以降低重癥膿毒癥合并嚴(yán)重VDD(<12 ng/mL)成人患者的90 d死亡率,但未縮短ICU住院時(shí)間[29]。目前相關(guān)研究并未發(fā)現(xiàn)與VD相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng),但也有人認(rèn)為補(bǔ)充VD可增加腎功能損害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),尤其攝入過量的VD可導(dǎo)致AKI,這與大劑量VD引起的氧化應(yīng)激有關(guān)[30-32]。由此可見,現(xiàn)有的VD補(bǔ)充制劑可分為VD及骨化醇兩種;連續(xù)小劑量口服或一次性大劑量肌注VD的短期效果無明顯差異,但口服骨化醇是否較普通VD更具有優(yōu)勢(shì),尚未見報(bào)道。

2.2 VD與重癥COVID-19

當(dāng)COVID-19侵入人體后,可產(chǎn)生釋放大量細(xì)胞因子,嚴(yán)重時(shí)形成劇烈的全身炎癥反應(yīng)和彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血;此外可增加血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性,誘發(fā)氣道上皮細(xì)胞死亡,導(dǎo)致巨噬細(xì)胞活化綜合征,甚至死亡[33]。研究表明,84%的危重COVID-19患者存在VDD,而重癥COVID-19死亡患者中100%存在VDD[34]。危重COVID-19患者的VD水平顯著低于非危重癥患者,炎癥細(xì)胞因子IL-6、白介素-8(IL-8)水平、住院死亡率均顯著高于非危重癥患者,住院時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于非危重癥患者[35]。在COVID-19引起的全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征中,32.3%患兒存在嚴(yán)重VDD;這部分患者不僅需要正性肌力藥物、有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣,VA-ECMO支持的比例較高,且ICU住院時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),發(fā)生心臟疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性明顯增加[36]。

2.2.1 VD輔助治療重癥COVID-19的作用機(jī)制 據(jù)報(bào)道,添加VD可從不同方面對(duì)COVID-19病毒自身及相關(guān)炎癥反應(yīng)具有一定的抑制作用。(1)調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng)。VD可誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)源性抗菌多肽類物質(zhì)(cathelicidin)mRNA的表達(dá),促進(jìn)抗菌肽LL-37的生成。LL-37一方面抑制中性粒細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)和遷移,另一方面通過破壞病毒包膜,減弱病毒復(fù)制,進(jìn)而減輕肺組織損傷[37]。VD還可將Th1轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)門h2,降低促炎因子水平,升高抗炎因子水平,并能抑制漿細(xì)胞增殖和免疫球蛋白分泌,誘導(dǎo)B細(xì)胞凋亡,減輕過度炎癥反應(yīng)[38]。(2)調(diào)控腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)。VD能夠誘導(dǎo)血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶Ⅱ(ACEⅡ)/血管緊張素Ⅰ~Ⅶ(AngⅠ~Ⅶ)/Mas受體(MasR)軸活性,抑制腎素和ACE/AngⅡ/血管緊張素Ⅰ型受體(AT1R)軸,增加ACE2、MasR和AngⅠ~Ⅶ的濃度,減少RAS相關(guān)肺組織炎癥和纖維化[39]。此外動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,VD還能下調(diào)小鼠跨膜絲氨酸蛋白酶2(Tmprss2)和組織蛋白酶L(Ctsl)基因的mRNA表達(dá),抑制新冠病毒與各組織ACE2受體相結(jié)合及其侵襲能力,同時(shí)減少新冠病毒在肺上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)的復(fù)制,從不同角度治療COVID-19[40]。

2.2.2 添加VD與重癥COVID-19治療 臨床試驗(yàn)表明,給入住ICU的危重COVID-19患者連續(xù)1個(gè)月口服補(bǔ)充10 000 IU/d VD3,可以提高30 d生存率[41]。另一項(xiàng)多中心前瞻性研究表明,給伴有VDD的重癥COVID-19患者連續(xù)2周補(bǔ)充10 000 IU/d的VD3,可提高其白介素-10(IL-10)、干擾素-γ(IFN-γ)水平、CD4+T細(xì)胞比例及單核細(xì)胞抗病毒活性,平均住院時(shí)間也有顯著縮短;而且與補(bǔ)充2 000 IU/d VD的患者相比,該組患兒的VD水平提高了1.53倍[42]。然而也有研究表明,給重癥COVID-19患者肌注單劑量300 000 IU VD3并未減少氣管插管發(fā)生率、住院時(shí)間和住院死亡率等預(yù)后結(jié)局[43]。這可能與患者的疾病嚴(yán)重程度、VD缺乏程度、劑量及治療時(shí)間等多種因素有關(guān)。

2.3 VD與其他危重癥疾病

VD在其他危重癥疾病的治療方面同樣發(fā)揮著重要作用。研究顯示,給對(duì)乙酰氨基酚誘導(dǎo)的肝腎損傷大鼠口服500 IU/kg或1 000 IU/kg的VD可以顯著降低其血清谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)、天門冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AST)、肌酸、尿素水平,以及肝腎MDA水平,并且改善抗氧化標(biāo)志物HO-1、抗炎標(biāo)志物IL-10和促炎標(biāo)志物TNF-α水平,從而降低ALI引起的死亡率。其機(jī)制可能是過量的對(duì)乙酰氨基酚誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體發(fā)生氧化應(yīng)激,導(dǎo)致肝腎組織中與血紅素結(jié)合蛋白(BACH-1)結(jié)合的血紅素增加,隨后肝腎組織中的Nrf2表達(dá)增加,激活Nrf2通路,導(dǎo)致HO-1濃度顯著增高;而VD可以有效抑制

Nrf2/BACH1/HO-1途徑的激活。此外,該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)補(bǔ)充中等劑量VD(500 IU/kg)比大劑量(1 000 IU/kg)的VD對(duì)肝腎組織的保護(hù)效果更好[44]。

實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,在創(chuàng)傷性顱腦損傷(TBI)動(dòng)物模型中,大鼠的血腦屏障受到破壞,容易出現(xiàn)繼發(fā)性顱內(nèi)感染及腦水腫。給予注射5 μg/kg的VD3可迅速提高其血清VD3水平,改善血腦屏障通透性,降低大鼠海馬組織中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α等炎癥因子水平,減輕腦水腫,恢復(fù)腦外傷引起的認(rèn)知功能障礙[45]。這是因?yàn)槿毖蹩稍黾蛹?xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧的產(chǎn)生,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致線粒體功能障礙,受損的線粒體激活NF-κB通路,通過人核因子κB抑制蛋白α(IκBα)的磷酸化導(dǎo)致IκB蛋白酶體降解,使NF-κB移位至細(xì)胞核,NF-κB與其DNA結(jié)合位點(diǎn)結(jié)合調(diào)節(jié)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而導(dǎo)致MMP-9的表達(dá)增加,MMP-9通過降解緊密連接蛋白(TJ)介導(dǎo)血腦屏障的通透性增加,而1,25-(OH)2D3通過與VDR結(jié)合阻斷上述級(jí)聯(lián)信號(hào)反應(yīng)并阻止IκB的磷酸化,進(jìn)而降低血腦屏障的通透性[46]。臨床研究顯示,給重度TBI患者一次性口服120 000 IU VD,7 d后患者的意識(shí)水平明顯改善,并且還降低了TNF-α、IL-6、白介素-2(IL-2)等炎癥細(xì)胞因子水平,顯著縮短了機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間[47]。這說明添加VD可以通過有效減少促炎因子濃度,在TBI引起的腦水腫中發(fā)揮了重要的治療作用。

Ginde等[48]發(fā)現(xiàn)早期給危重成人患者(主要為重癥肺炎、膿毒癥、休克)單次口服或鼻飼

540 000 IU VD可快速糾正VD缺乏癥,但在死亡率、住院時(shí)間、撤機(jī)天數(shù)等方面并無明顯改善。但有研究顯示給入住PICU的VDD患兒補(bǔ)充VD 14 d后,可使患兒罹患真菌感染、血流感染和尿路感染的機(jī)會(huì)、抗生素使用時(shí)間及PICU住院時(shí)間顯著下降,并且氧合指數(shù)(PaO2/FiO2)、SOFA評(píng)分也得到了改善[49-50]。此外給重度燒傷患者口服或鼻飼100 IU/kg VD可促進(jìn)25-(OH)D向1,25-(OH)2D3轉(zhuǎn)化,提高活性VD的水平,進(jìn)而維持免疫穩(wěn)態(tài),降低患者遠(yuǎn)期骨折發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[51]。

3 總結(jié)

近年來有關(guān)VD與危重癥疾病治療的研究越來越多,盡管VD的治療效果仍存有爭(zhēng)論,但是添加維生素對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)危重癥患者全身炎癥反應(yīng),減輕氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),改善臨床預(yù)后具有重要影響。相對(duì)成人患者而言,兒科重癥患者合并VD缺乏癥現(xiàn)象更為普遍,程度更為嚴(yán)重,添加VD具有不可忽視的臨床意義,然而補(bǔ)充VD的方式、劑型和劑量種類繁多,其安全性也存在一定的年齡差異,實(shí)際應(yīng)用中存在著巨大的挑戰(zhàn),今后還需要更深入的臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步探討。

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(收稿日期:2023-11-27) (本文編輯:白雅茹)