【摘要】 目的:探討不同腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持時(shí)機(jī)對(duì)膿毒癥機(jī)械通氣患者輔助性T細(xì)胞17/調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴細(xì)胞(Th17/Treg)比值及臨床預(yù)后的影響。方法:選擇九江學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院2022年8月—2023年12月收住ICU的62例確診膿毒癥行機(jī)械通氣治療的患者,隨機(jī)分為早期組(n=31)及常規(guī)組(n=31)。早期組則在入院24 h內(nèi)給予營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持,常規(guī)組在入院48~72 h給予營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持。入院時(shí)及治療7 d后分別檢測(cè)兩組白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-10(IL-10)、Th17、Treg水平,計(jì)算Th17/Treg比值,同時(shí)計(jì)算兩組治療前后急性生理與慢性健康評(píng)分(APACHEⅡ評(píng)分)及機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間。結(jié)果:早期組治療7 d后IL-6、Th17水平、Th17/Treg比值均顯著低于常規(guī)組(P<0.05),而治療7 d后兩組IL-10水平及Treg水平差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);臨床指標(biāo)比較,治療7 d后,早期組白蛋白(ALB)及前蛋白(PA)水平均明顯高于常規(guī)組,降鈣素原(PCT)水平明顯低于常規(guī)組,早期組機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間短于常規(guī)組,APACHEⅡ評(píng)分明顯低于常規(guī)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:對(duì)于膿毒癥機(jī)械通氣患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定情況下,早期給予適量腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持可以降低T淋巴細(xì)胞Th17/Treg比值,減輕膿毒癥患者的炎癥反應(yīng),提高患者的治療效果。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 早期營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持 膿毒癥 機(jī)械通氣 Th17/Treg比值
Effect of Different Timing of Enteral Nutritional Support on T-lymphocyte Th17/Treg Ratio and Clinical Prognosis in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Sepsis/YANG Huiwen, YU Qiuping, YE Xingwen, LUO Yang, LIU Song, ZHAO Xin. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(19): -169
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the effects of different timing of enteral nutritional support on T-lymphocyte Th17/Treg ratio and clinical prognosis in mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis. Method: Sixty-two patients admitted to the ICU of the Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang College with a confirmed diagnosis of sepsis undergoing mechanical ventilation between August 2022 and December 2023 were selected and randomly divided into the early group (n=31) as well as the conventional group (n=31). In the early group, nutritional support was given within 24 h of admission, while in the conventional group, nutritional support was given within 48-72 h of admission. Interleukin (IL-6), interleukin (IL-10), Th17 and Treg levels were measured at admission and after 7 days of treatment, and the Th17/Treg ratio was calculated, as well as the acute physiology and chronic health score (APACHEⅡ score) before and after treatment and the duration of mechanical ventilation in the two groups. Result: After 7 days of treatment, the IL-6, Th17 level, Th17/Treg ratio of the early group were significantly lower than those of the conventional group (P<0.05), whereas there were no significant differences in the IL-10 level and the Treg level of the two groups after 7 days of treatment (P>0.05); for comparison of clinical indicators, after 7 days of treatment, the albumin (ALB) and preprotein (PA) levels of the early group were significantly higher than those of the conventional group, and the PCT level of the early group was significantly lower than that of the conventional group, the mechanical ventilation time of the early group was significantly shorter than that of the conventional group, and APACHEⅡ score of the early group was significantly lower than that of the conventional group, the differences were statistical significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: In the case of hemodynamic stabilization of mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis, early administration of appropriate amount of enteral nutritional support can reduce the T-lymphocyte Th17/Treg ratio, attenuate the inflammatory response of patients with sepsis, and improve the therapeutic efficacy of patients.
[Key words] Early nutritional support Sepsis Mechanical ventilation Th17/Treg ratio
First-author's address: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang College, Jiujiang 322000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.19.038
膿毒癥是患者發(fā)生感染后導(dǎo)致的嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,也是重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(ICU)患者主要的死亡原因 [1]。目前研究公認(rèn),膿毒癥是由于對(duì)感染的免疫反應(yīng)過(guò)度,導(dǎo)致炎癥因子過(guò)度釋放,引起組織器官功能受損,其中輔助性T淋巴細(xì)胞發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵的作用[2-4]。助性T細(xì)胞17/調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴細(xì)胞(Th17/Treg)的比例失衡已被證實(shí)與膿毒癥和各種炎癥性疾病有關(guān)[5-7],膿毒癥患者外周血Th17細(xì)胞和白介素-17(IL-17)水平升高,Treg細(xì)胞和白介素-10(IL-10)水平降低,表明其機(jī)體存在明顯的免疫紊亂反應(yīng)。因此,改善Th17/Treg比例的失衡可能為治療膿毒癥提供一種有價(jià)值的治療方法。指南提出,腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持(EN)是膿毒癥機(jī)械通氣患者不可或缺的治療手段之一[8]。研究認(rèn)為,EN可以很好地改善膿毒癥機(jī)械通氣患者早期免疫失衡,抑制急性期過(guò)激的炎癥反應(yīng)[9]。目前,關(guān)于早期營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療與危重患者住院時(shí)間、ICU住院時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間等之間關(guān)系的研究較多,但其改善免疫失衡的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制研究甚少,因此筆者旨在通過(guò)對(duì)膿毒癥機(jī)械通氣患者早期給予營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持,探討營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療改善膿毒癥免疫失衡的潛在機(jī)制,從而進(jìn)一步提高膿毒癥患者的臨床治療效果。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2022年8月—2023年12月收住ICU的62例膿毒癥并實(shí)行機(jī)械通氣治療的患者,膿毒癥的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照文獻(xiàn)[10]Sepsis 3.0,即感染后序貫性器官功能衰竭評(píng)分(SOFA評(píng)分)急性增加≥2分。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡≥18歲且<80歲;(2)膿毒癥行氣管插管及機(jī)械通氣;(3)在ICU接受1周及以上腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng);(4)基礎(chǔ)疾病包括重癥肺炎、重癥腹腔感染、重癥泌尿系感染、全身皮膚及軟組織嚴(yán)重感染等。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)消化系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)重潰瘍、出血、穿孔、梗阻等;(2)腹腔筋膜間室綜合征(腹內(nèi)壓>20 mmHg);(3)入院時(shí)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定需血管活性藥物維持;(4)患有惡性腫瘤及嚴(yán)重惡液質(zhì);(5)長(zhǎng)期服用免疫抑制劑、存在免疫功能異常。根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法隨機(jī)分為早期組(n=31)和常規(guī)組(n=31)。本研究經(jīng)九江學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者或者患者家屬知情同意本研究。
1.2 方法
兩組患者入院后均給予氣管插管呼吸機(jī)輔助呼吸,同時(shí)遵照拯救膿毒癥運(yùn)動(dòng)指南給予膿毒癥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療措施。兩組患者入院后均置入鼻胃管或鼻空腸管,早期組為入院24 h內(nèi)給予腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持,常規(guī)組則在入院48~72 h給予。先給予短肽類(lèi)腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)混懸液[生產(chǎn)廠家:百普力,紐迪希亞(無(wú)錫)有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20010285,規(guī)格:500 mL/瓶],采用等氮、等熱量、由少再多的原則給予腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療。營(yíng)養(yǎng)液輸注方式采用文獻(xiàn)[6]方案,采用輸液泵連續(xù)性輸注方式,開(kāi)始速度為5~10 mL/h,每隔12 h左右評(píng)估患者的耐受情況,若無(wú)明顯不耐受情況,則逐漸加量以42~63 mL/h的速度至目標(biāo)喂養(yǎng)量,目標(biāo)喂養(yǎng)量為20~25 kcal/(kg·d)。在喂養(yǎng)過(guò)程中如患者出現(xiàn)不耐受情況(腹脹、腹瀉、胃潴留等)時(shí),應(yīng)及時(shí)評(píng)估并采取減慢輸注速度、稀釋濃度、更換蛋白劑型等方法,避免突然中斷腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
兩組均在入院時(shí)及治療7 d后分別抽取5 mL靜脈血采用ELISA法檢測(cè)兩組患者白介素-6(IL-6)、IL-10細(xì)胞因子水平,采用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)Th17、Treg水平,計(jì)算Th17/Treg比值;統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組治療前后急性生理與慢性健康評(píng)分(APACHEⅡ評(píng)分)變化情況(由急性生理評(píng)分、年齡評(píng)分、慢性健康評(píng)分三部分組成,分值范圍0~71分,評(píng)分越高提示預(yù)后越差);自動(dòng)生化儀檢測(cè)入院時(shí)及治療7 d后兩組生化營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)[血清白蛋白(ALB)、血清前蛋白(PA)]、降鈣素原(PCT)水平等指標(biāo)。同時(shí)統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組患者機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
兩組所有實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS 26.0專(zhuān)業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行處理,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料用率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組基線資料比較
兩組年齡、男女性別比、體重、病因構(gòu)成比例及入院時(shí)APACHEⅡ評(píng)分、快速SOFA評(píng)分(qSOFA評(píng)分)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 兩組T淋巴細(xì)胞因子及TH17/Treg比值比較
治療前兩組IL-6、IL-10、Th17、Treg水平及Th17/Treg比值比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療7 d后,早期組IL-6水平、Th17水平均顯著低于常規(guī)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),而IL-10水平、Treg水平差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);Th17/Treg比值比較,早期組明顯低于常規(guī)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組生化營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)及炎癥指標(biāo)比較
治療7 d后,早期組ALB、PA水平均顯著高于常規(guī)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);早期組PCT水平明顯低于常規(guī)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.4 兩組APACHEⅡ評(píng)分及機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間比較
治療7 d后,早期組APACHEⅡ評(píng)分顯著低于常規(guī)組,機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間短于常規(guī)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),見(jiàn)表4。
3 討論
針對(duì)膿毒癥臨床治療,盡管膿毒癥國(guó)際指南不斷更新一系列綜合措施和理念,但膿毒癥的總體死亡率仍然維持在很高水平,也是ICU患者死亡的主要原因[11-12]。研究表明,免疫紊亂在膿毒癥的病理生理過(guò)程中起著至關(guān)重要的作用,而這些紊亂在膿毒癥的早期與T淋巴細(xì)胞密切相關(guān),尤其是Th17和Treg細(xì)胞是這種失調(diào)的主要介質(zhì)[13]。成熟的Th17細(xì)胞主要通過(guò)分泌促炎因子IL-17和IL-6引起促炎反應(yīng),而Treg細(xì)胞通過(guò)分泌抑炎因子TGF-β和IL-10發(fā)揮抗炎作用。Li等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)膿毒癥患者Th17/Treg比值降低,Wu等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)Th17分化程度越高,膿毒癥患者死亡率越低。因此,T淋巴細(xì)胞Th17/Treg比值失衡被認(rèn)為是膿毒癥的重要發(fā)病機(jī)制[16]。
機(jī)械通氣膿毒癥患者可能因缺血缺氧導(dǎo)致腸黏膜屏障損傷,引起腸道細(xì)菌和內(nèi)毒素易位,從而誘發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)和免疫失衡,加重病情[17]。EN,特別是早期腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)(EEN)作為治療膿毒癥的重要措施,可以促進(jìn)腸黏膜修復(fù),穩(wěn)定腸道菌群,改善患者的胃腸和免疫功能,調(diào)節(jié)危重患者的炎癥反應(yīng),預(yù)防腸源性感染[18]。然而,營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療的確切機(jī)制目前仍不清楚。在筆者的研究中表明,早期組治療7 d后細(xì)胞因子IL-6水平、Th17水平均明顯低于常規(guī)組(P<0.05),Th17/Treg比值也呈現(xiàn)相同的結(jié)果,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而治療7 d后IL-10水平及Treg水平則無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),這表明早期給予膿毒癥機(jī)械通氣患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持抑制了促炎因子Th17及IL-6水平,但沒(méi)有改變抑炎因子IL-10和Treg水平。因此,筆者認(rèn)為,膿毒癥患者早期營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療可能是通過(guò)抑制機(jī)體Th17、IL-6水平從而達(dá)到改善Th17/Treg比值平衡,這可能是早期營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療可以改善膿毒癥機(jī)械通氣患者治療效果的潛在機(jī)制。另外,治療7 d后,早期組ALB及PA水平均顯著高于常規(guī)組,早期組PCT、APACHEⅡ評(píng)分及機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間明顯優(yōu)于常規(guī)組(P<0.05),也說(shuō)明早期給予膿毒癥機(jī)械通氣患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持確實(shí)可以改善患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,抑制炎癥反應(yīng),提高臨床治療效果。
當(dāng)然,由于受樣本量及病源結(jié)構(gòu)等限制,研究中也存在不足之處,例如,未對(duì)患者28 d死亡率做出隨訪統(tǒng)計(jì)等。筆者期待可以在未來(lái)的研究中,更多樣本量、更多研究?jī)?nèi)容進(jìn)一步探討營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持時(shí)機(jī)、品種、劑量等對(duì)膿毒癥機(jī)械通氣患者的治療機(jī)制。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] XU Z J,LIU A P,YANG L,et al.Changes in immune function and immunomodulatory treatments of septic patients[J].Clin Immunol,2022,239:109040.
[2] CUI Z W,WANG L R,LI H B,et al.Study on immune status alterations in patients with sepsis[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2023,118:110048.
[3] LEE J, LEVY M M.Treatment of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: current evidence-based practices[J].R I Med J(2013),2019,102(10):18-21.
[4] CHOWDHURY V P,SARMIN M,KAMAL M,et al.Factors associated with mortality in severely malnourished hospitalized children who developed septic shock[J].J Infect Dev Ctries,2022,16(2):339-345.
[5]常青,陳豆豆,吳魏芹,等.烏司他丁聯(lián)合丹紅注射液對(duì)膿毒癥患者的療效以及對(duì)sTREM-1、HBP水平及th17/treg的影響[J].河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2020,41(8):899-904.
[6]陳文秀,孫加奎,沈驍,等.早期腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)對(duì)膿毒癥病人Th17/Treg細(xì)胞比及IL-23/IL-17軸的調(diào)節(jié)與臨床意義[J].腸外與腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng),2019,26(1):30-34.
[7] CECCONI M,EVANS L,LEVY M,et al.Sepsis and septic shock[J].Lancet,2018,392(10141):75-87.
[8] RHODES A,EVANS L E,ALHAZZANI W,et al.Surviving sepsis campaign:international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016[J].Crit Care Med,2017,45(3):486-552.
[9] VAN NIEKERK G,MEAKER C,ENGELBRECHT A M.Nutritional support in sepsis:when less may be more[J].Crit Care,2020,24(1):53.
[10] SINGER M, DEUTSCHMAN CS, SEYMOUR CW,et al.The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)[ J]. JAMA, 2016,315: 801-810.
[11] FERNANDO S M,ROCHWERG B,SEELY A J E.Clinical implications of the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)[J/OL].CMAJ,2018,190(36):E1058-E1059.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30201611/.
[12] SCHENCK E J,MA K C,MURTHY S B,et al.Danger signals in the ICU[J].Crit Care Med,2018,46(5):791-798.
[13] MAHAPATRA S,HEFFNER A C.Septic shock[M].Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,2024.
[14] LI J,LI M,SU L X,et al.Alterations of T helper lymphocyte subpopulations in sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock: a prospective observational study[J].Inflammation,2015,38(3):995-1002.
[15] WU H P,CHUNG K,LIN C Y,et al.Associations of T helper 1, 2, 17 and regulatory T lymphocytes with mortality in severe sepsis[J].Inflamm Res,2013,62(8):751-763.
[16] GUO J G,TAO W,TANG D,et al.Th17/regulatory T cell imbalance in sepsis patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome:attenuated by high-volume hemofiltration[J].Int J Artif Organs of Science,2017,40(11):607-614.
[17] LIU Y,ZHAO W,CHEN W,et al.Effects of early enteral nutrition on immune function and prognosis of patients with sepsis on mechanical ventilation[J].Intensive Care Med,2020,35(10):1053-1061.
[18] YAO R Q,LI Z X,WANG L X,et al.Single-cell transcriptome profiling of the immune space-time landscape reveals dendritic cell regulatory program in polymicrobial sepsis[J].Theranostics,2023,12(10):4606-4628.
(收稿日期:2024-05-06) (本文編輯:何玉勤)
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2024年19期