李姝瑩 陳睿 唐瑋婷 馬曉杰 蔡華彬 游詠
摘要:目的 探討持續(xù)血液透析的終末期腎病(ESRD)患者腦血管反應(yīng)性(CVR)與情緒障礙的關(guān)系。方法 收集持續(xù)血液透析ERSD患者的臨床資料,采用漢密爾頓焦慮量表(HAMA)和貝克抑郁問卷評(píng)估患者焦慮和抑郁狀態(tài),采用經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲監(jiān)測(cè)屏氣試驗(yàn)時(shí)腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化,并計(jì)算屏氣指數(shù)。屏氣指數(shù)≥0.69為 CVR 正常,屏氣指數(shù)<0.69為 CVR 異常。采用二元Logistic回歸分析影響ESRD患者抑郁狀態(tài)的因素。結(jié)果 CVR異常組總膽固醇(P=0.010)、低密度脂蛋白水平(P=0.006)和抑郁狀態(tài)發(fā)生率(P=0.012)高于正常組。抑郁組較無抑郁組的病程更長(zhǎng)(P=0.039)、體重指數(shù)更低(P=0.048)、HAMA評(píng)分更高(P=0.001)、焦慮狀態(tài)發(fā)生率更高(P<0.001)、屏氣指數(shù)更低(P=0.015)、CVR異常發(fā)生率更高(P=0.012)。二元Logistic回歸分析顯示焦慮(OR=22.915,95%CI=2.653~197.956,P=0.004)和CVR異常(OR=0.074,95%CI=0.008~0.730,P=0.026)是抑郁狀態(tài)發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。 結(jié)論 CVR異常可能是ESRD患者發(fā)生抑郁狀態(tài)的危險(xiǎn)因素。
關(guān)鍵詞:終末期腎病;腦血管反應(yīng)性;抑郁;焦慮;經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲
中圖分類號(hào): R741? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A? 文章編號(hào):1000-503X(2024)03-0348-06
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.15891
Relationship Between Cerebrovascular Reactivity and Depression in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease
LI Shuying CHEN Rui2,TANG Weiting MA Xiaojie3,CAI Huabin4,YOU Yong1
1Department of Neurology,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University,Haikou 570100,China
2Health Care Center,Hainan General Hospital,Haikou 57031 China
3Department of Rehabilitation Therapy,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University,Haikou 570100,China
4Department of Neurology,Maoming Peoples Hospital,Maoming,Guangdong 525000,China
Corresponding author:YOU Yong Tel:18976991618,E-mail:youyong@hainmc.edu.cn
ABSTRACT:Objective To investigate the relationship between cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and emotional disorders in the patients undergoing continuous hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease (ESRD).Methods The clinical data of the ESRD patients undergoing continuous hemodialysis were collected.Anxiety and depression of the patients were assessed by the Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) and Beck depression inventory,respectively.The cerebral hemodynamic changes during the breath holding test were monitored by transcranial Doppler sonography,and the breath-holding index (BHI) was calculated.The BHI≥0.69 and BHI<0.69 indicate normal CVR and abnormal CVR,respectively.Binary Logistic regression was employed to analyze the factors affecting the depressive state of ESRD patients.Results The group with abnormal CVR exhibited higher total cholesterol level (P=0.010),low density lipoprotein level (P=0.006),and incidence of depression (P=0.012) than the group with normal CVR.Compared with the non-depression group,the depression group displayed prolonged disease course (P=0.039),reduced body mass index (P=0.048),elevated HAMA score (P=0.001),increased incidence of anxiety (P<0.001),decreased BHI (P=0.015),and increased incidence of abnormal CVR (P=0.012).Binary Logistic regression analysis indicated anxiety as a contributing factor (OR=22.915,95%CI=2.653-197.956,P=0.004) and abnormal CVR as a risk factor (OR=0.074,95%CI=0.008-0.730,P=0.026) for depression.Conclusion Impaired CVR could pose a risk for depression in the patients with ESRD.
Key words:end-stage renal disease;cerebrovascular reactivity;depression;anxiety;transcranial Doppler sonography
Acta Acad Med Sin,2024,46(3):348-353
慢性腎臟病是一種以腎臟結(jié)構(gòu)或功能長(zhǎng)期異常為特征的慢性疾病,已成為危害人類健康的重要公共衛(wèi)生問題,全球患病率約為13.4%[1]。我國(guó)成人慢性腎臟病患病人數(shù)達(dá)1.32億,其具有高患病率、高致殘率、高醫(yī)療花費(fèi)和低知曉率的特點(diǎn)[2]。 終末期腎病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD)是慢性腎臟病發(fā)展的最后階段,通常只能靠透析或腎移植來維持生命[3]。血液透析作為ESRD患者的主要治療方法,可明顯延長(zhǎng)患者的生存時(shí)間,但隨著疾病進(jìn)展或治療時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),患者常會(huì)出現(xiàn)焦慮或抑郁等心理健康問題[4-6],并與其生存質(zhì)量下降和死亡率增高相關(guān)[7-8]。ESRD患者發(fā)生情緒障礙的確診率較低,其病理生理機(jī)制尚不清楚。研究表明,ESRD患者在血液透析期間可能出現(xiàn)腦血管反應(yīng)性(cerebral vascular reactivity,CVR)和大腦自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)功能受損[9-11],增加了腦缺血、腦卒中和亞急性腦水腫等不良事件的發(fā)生[12]。CVR是指腦血管對(duì)血管活性刺激介質(zhì)的反應(yīng),是反映腦血管儲(chǔ)備能力的一項(xiàng)指標(biāo)[13]。可采用經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲監(jiān)測(cè)屏氣試驗(yàn)時(shí)的腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化,計(jì)算屏氣指數(shù)來反映CVR水平[14]。CVR受損可能引起腦組織灌注異常,使腦功能受到抑制,是抑郁、焦慮等情緒障礙的潛在影響因素,但持續(xù)血液透析的ESRD患者情緒障礙與其CVR的關(guān)系尚不明確[15-18]。本研究擬探討持續(xù)血液透析的ESRD患者CVR與其情緒障礙的關(guān)系,為臨床治療提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 對(duì)象和方法
1.1 對(duì)象
連續(xù)入組2021年3月至2022年11月海南醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院腎移植科住院的ERSD患者283例,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡18~60歲;(2)正在進(jìn)行血液透析治療的ERSD患者;(3)自愿參加并簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)既往患腦卒中或其他重大腦疾?。òǖ幌抻诰穹至寻Y、癡呆、腦腫瘤、創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷、顱內(nèi)感染或神經(jīng)退行性疾?。?;(2)經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲檢查提示顳窗透聲不良;(3)頸部動(dòng)脈或顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄大于50%。最終入組82例患者,其中男63例,女19例。本研究通過海南醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(倫理審查編號(hào):LW2021025),所有患者均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
收集患者一般資料,包括性別、年齡、體重指數(shù)、病程、血液透析年限、收縮壓、舒張壓、高血壓病史、糖尿病史、血紅蛋白、白細(xì)胞、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白、肌酐、腎小球?yàn)V過率、尿酸、總膽固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、同型半胱氨酸等。采用漢密爾頓焦慮量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)評(píng)估患者焦慮狀態(tài),HAMA評(píng)分≤7分為沒有焦慮癥狀,HAMA評(píng)分>7分為有焦慮癥狀;采用貝克抑郁問卷(Beck depression inventory,BDI)評(píng)估患者抑郁狀態(tài),BDI評(píng)分≤13分為無抑郁癥狀,BDI評(píng)分>13分為有抑郁癥狀。采用經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流分析儀TCD-2000S(北京悅琦創(chuàng)通科技有限公司)及2 MHz超聲探頭,持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)并實(shí)時(shí)記錄患者雙側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈平均腦血流速度,待血流平穩(wěn)后囑患者重復(fù)屏氣15~30 s兩次,并計(jì)算屏氣指數(shù)。屏氣指數(shù)=(屏氣后平均腦血流速度-靜息狀態(tài)平均腦血流速度)/(靜息狀態(tài)平均腦血流速度×屏氣秒數(shù))×100。屏氣指數(shù)≥0.69為CVR正常,屏氣指數(shù)<0.69為CVR異常[19]。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 26.0軟件,符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(Q Q3)表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whiteny U檢驗(yàn)。分類變量以例數(shù)(構(gòu)成比)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以是否存在抑郁狀態(tài)為因變量,對(duì)可能有意義的單因素采用二元Logistic回歸分析影響抑郁狀態(tài)的相關(guān)因素。P <0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 CVR正常組和異常組一般情況的比較
82例患者中,52例(63.41%)出現(xiàn)CVR異常。CVR異常組總膽固醇(P=0.010)、低密度脂蛋白水平(P=0.006)和抑郁狀態(tài)發(fā)生率(P=0.012)高于正常組,而男性、年齡、教育水平、病程、透析年限、體重指數(shù)、收縮壓、舒張壓、高血壓病史、糖尿病史、血紅蛋白、白細(xì)胞、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白、肌酐、腎小球?yàn)V過率、同型半胱氨酸、尿酸、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、HAMA評(píng)分、焦慮狀態(tài)發(fā)生率、BDI評(píng)分兩組間差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)(表1)。
2.2 抑郁組和無抑郁組一般情況的比較
抑郁組較無抑郁組的病程更長(zhǎng)(P=0.039)、體重指數(shù)更低(P=0.048)、HAMA評(píng)分更高(P=0.001)、焦慮狀態(tài)發(fā)生率更高(P<0.001)、屏氣指數(shù)更低(P=0.015)、CVR異常發(fā)生率更高(P=0.012)(表2)。
2.3 二元Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果
以抑郁狀態(tài)為因變量,在調(diào)整病程、焦慮狀態(tài)后,將單因素分析中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的屏氣指數(shù)(P=0.039)、焦慮狀態(tài)(P=0.005)行二元Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示焦慮(OR=22.915,95%CI=2.653~197.956,P=0.004)和CVR異常(OR=0.074,95%CI=0.008~0.730,P=0.026)是抑郁狀態(tài)發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。
3 討論
血液透析是ESRD患者的主要治療方法,本研究結(jié)果顯示,接受持續(xù)血液透析治療的ESRD 患者中63.41%存在CVR異常,與既往研究結(jié)果相近[9-12,17-18,20]。這可能是由于血液透析治療時(shí)患者的動(dòng)脈壓、血漿滲透壓、電解質(zhì)、pH值以及碳酸氫鹽等發(fā)生較大波動(dòng),影響血管舒張能力,從而導(dǎo)致腎病患者CVR和大腦自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)功能受損[9,20]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CVR異常的ESRD患者總膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白水平高于CVR正常組。既往研究表明高膽固醇可通過引發(fā)腦微血管的氧化應(yīng)激損傷,進(jìn)而改變血管舒張功能[21-23];而低密度脂蛋白膽固醇氧化形成的氧化低密度脂蛋白可使血管硬化導(dǎo)致CVR受損。因此,脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂可能是ESRD患者發(fā)生CVR受損的原因之一。本研究中92.86%的ESRD合并抑郁患者同時(shí)存在焦慮。Malygin等[24]研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)焦慮和抑郁存在顯著相關(guān)性。本研究二元Logistic回歸分析提示CVR異??赡苁荅SRD患者合并抑郁狀態(tài)的危險(xiǎn)因素。這與既往針對(duì)抑郁患者的研究結(jié)果一致[13,25-26]。抑郁患者存在CVR受損的可能機(jī)制包括腦血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙、小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞過度活化及細(xì)胞因子改變、氧化應(yīng)激增加和單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)紊亂等。腦自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)功能對(duì)于維持腦血流的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定至關(guān)重要,腦血流的異常波動(dòng)可能是腦微血管功能障礙的一種表現(xiàn)[26]。對(duì)于ESRD且CVR受損的患者在接受血液透析治療時(shí),腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)表現(xiàn)出明顯的波動(dòng)性,透析時(shí)動(dòng)脈壓的減低可能導(dǎo)致腦灌注的下降[14],杏仁核等情緒調(diào)控相關(guān)的腦區(qū)發(fā)生缺血缺氧損傷,從而影響大腦的情緒管理功能,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)ESRD患者抑郁情緒的發(fā)生發(fā)展[13-16]。
本研究存在一些不足,首先,本研究ESRD患者合并抑郁的樣本量較少,這可能導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果的偏倚性,未來需進(jìn)一步增加樣本量來進(jìn)行更深入的研究;其次,本研究為單中心橫斷面研究,缺少患者隨訪數(shù)據(jù),未能明確CVR受損與情緒障礙發(fā)生的因果關(guān)系;最后,ESRD患者伴發(fā)抑郁狀態(tài)是由心理、社會(huì)等多種因素共同作用的結(jié)果,包括睡眠障礙、腦白質(zhì)病變、貧血、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、治療依從性、生活質(zhì)量下降以及經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力等等,未來研究需納入這些因素以驗(yàn)證結(jié)果的普適性。
綜上,本研究結(jié)果表明,CVR受損可能是ESRD患者發(fā)生抑郁狀態(tài)的危險(xiǎn)因素,糾正脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂、維持血液透析時(shí)動(dòng)脈血壓穩(wěn)定或能有效預(yù)防CVR受損,有助于降低ESRD患者抑郁情緒的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
利益沖突 所有作者聲明無利益沖突
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明 李姝瑩:研究設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施、撰寫論文、對(duì)論文進(jìn)行核修;陳睿:數(shù)據(jù)搜集、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析、對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)性內(nèi)容進(jìn)行修訂;唐瑋婷、馬曉杰、蔡華彬:數(shù)據(jù)搜集和整理、參與研究設(shè)計(jì);游詠:研究指導(dǎo)、論文修改、審閱和定稿
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(收稿日期:2023-10-19)
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2024年3期