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濾泡性淋巴瘤的治療進(jìn)展

2024-06-21 13:26:35初文慧高娜劉增艷曹曰針孫大偉于文征
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新 2024年13期

初文慧 高娜 劉增艷 曹曰針 孫大偉 于文征

【摘要】 濾泡性淋巴瘤(follicular lymphoma,F(xiàn)L)是最常見的惰性B細(xì)胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin lymphoma,NHL),它是一種異質(zhì)性疾病,其治療方式多樣,包括觀察、放療和全身治療。但對于多數(shù)患者來說,在找到治療指征之前觀察仍然是最常見的治療方法。早期FL患者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方法是放療,晚期或復(fù)發(fā)/難治性FL患者可以選擇免疫化療、靶向免疫治療等。近年來,隨著對FL發(fā)病機(jī)制的深入研究,新的藥物和治療方法也層出不窮,本文對FL的治療進(jìn)展做一綜述。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 濾泡性淋巴瘤 免疫化療 靶向免疫治療

Therapeutic Progress of Follicular Lymphoma/CHU Wenhui, GAO Na, LIU Zengyan, CAO Yuezhen, SUN Dawei, YU Wenzheng. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(13): -167

[Abstract] Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most common inert B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). It is a heterogeneous disease, and its treatment methods are diverse, including observation, radiotherapy and systemic treatment. However, for most patients, observation is still the most common treatment method before finding the indications for treatment. The standard treatment for patients with early-stage FL is radiotherapy, while patients with late-stage or relapsed/refractory FL can choose immunochemotherapy, targeted immunotherapy, etc. In recent years, with the in-depth study of the pathogenesis of FL, new drugs and treatment methods are emerging in an endless stream. This article reviews the therapeutic progress of FL.

[Key words] Follicular lymphoma Immunochemotherapy Targeted immunotherapy

First-author's address: Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou 256603, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.13.037

濾泡性淋巴瘤(follicular lymphoma,F(xiàn)L)是最常見的惰性B細(xì)胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin lymphoma,NHL),約占所有NHL病例的20%,僅次于彌漫大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B cell lymphoma,DLBCL)[1-2]。該病通常被認(rèn)為是不可治愈的,大多數(shù)患者會面臨反復(fù)復(fù)發(fā)的難題,但隨著治療的進(jìn)展,不管是早期還是晚期患者,其預(yù)后都有相當(dāng)大的改善。FL治療的選擇高度依賴于患者和疾病特征,對于早期的患者,治療選擇包括觀察、放療,或選擇CD20單抗單藥治療及聯(lián)合治療。晚期FL的治療通常由腫瘤負(fù)荷決定,其中觀察或CD20單抗可用于低腫瘤負(fù)荷患者,而高腫瘤負(fù)荷患者可以選擇以CD20單抗為基礎(chǔ)的免疫化學(xué)療法,后續(xù)進(jìn)行CD20單抗的維持治療。對晚期FL患者來說,以R2方案(利妥昔單抗+來那度胺)為主的無化療方案,其療效較為確切且毒性較低,也獲得了大家的青睞。近年來,隨著對FL發(fā)病機(jī)制研究的不斷深入,針對各種信號通路、腫瘤微環(huán)境和表面蛋白的新的治療方法也不斷涌現(xiàn)?,F(xiàn)將近年來FL的治療進(jìn)展綜述如下。

1 FL的概況

FL是一種起源于濾泡中心B細(xì)胞的惰性淋巴瘤,F(xiàn)L中位發(fā)病年齡為60歲,其特征是彌漫性淋巴結(jié)腫大、骨髓受累和脾腫大,結(jié)外受累較少見,只有不到20%的患者在診斷時(shí)出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱、盜汗、體重下降等癥狀或血細(xì)胞減少。大多數(shù)患者在診斷時(shí)處于疾病晚期(Ⅲ或Ⅳ期)。FL呈惰性病程,中位生存期接近20年,在40歲以下患者中甚至超過24年[3]。

FL主要表現(xiàn)為生發(fā)中心的B細(xì)胞分化,根據(jù)中心母細(xì)胞數(shù)量分為3個組織學(xué)級別,F(xiàn)L1、FL2和FL3,F(xiàn)L3又分為3a和3b兩種亞型,F(xiàn)L3b呈侵襲性病程,其疾病臨床特征和生物學(xué)行為均與DLBCL相似,治療方案可參照DLBCL[1]。在免疫化學(xué)方面,典型的FL細(xì)胞通常表達(dá)生發(fā)中心模式(CD10、BCL-6),B細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物(單克隆免疫球蛋白輕鏈、CD19、CD20)和BCL-2,而CD5和CD23常呈陰性。大約85%的FL患者有t(14;18)染色體易位,它導(dǎo)致BCL-2過表達(dá),阻斷了細(xì)胞的正常凋亡,最終導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)化的淋巴細(xì)胞逃逸,從而發(fā)生惡性增殖[4]。BCL-2過表達(dá)是FL的標(biāo)志,可用于區(qū)分FL和反應(yīng)性濾泡細(xì)胞。在缺乏BCL-2表達(dá)的情況下,通常BCL-6和CD10的表達(dá)有助于區(qū)分FL和其他淋巴增殖性疾病。然而,由于t(14︰18)易位可以在近1/4正常人和DLBCL患者的B細(xì)胞中檢測到,因此FL的發(fā)展可能需要多種遺傳事件的參與[5-6]。

隨著時(shí)間的推移,10%~70%的FL患者發(fā)生向DLBCL的組織學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化,每年的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為2%。轉(zhuǎn)化與淋巴結(jié)病、結(jié)外疾?。ǔ撬柰猓?、B癥狀、高鈣血癥、血清乳酸脫氫酶升高、濾泡性淋巴瘤國際預(yù)后指數(shù)(FLIPI)評分高及對初始治療無反應(yīng)相關(guān)[7-8]。組織學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化可能是患者預(yù)后的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),如果發(fā)生在FL治療后,其生存期將縮短。新生組織學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)變,即DLBCL在診斷時(shí)病理結(jié)果顯示存在FL的成分,則預(yù)后較好[9]。組織學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)變后的中位生存期為4~5年,如果在1年內(nèi)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變,則可能更短[10]。一項(xiàng)對8 000多例患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在利妥昔單抗時(shí)代,組織學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化的發(fā)生率較低,在接受利妥昔單抗的患者中,10年累積的組織學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為5.2%,而在未接受利妥昔單抗的患者中,組織學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為8.7%[11]。FL轉(zhuǎn)化為DLBCL后提示疾病進(jìn)展,由惰性轉(zhuǎn)為侵襲性,惡性程度高,提示患者預(yù)后較差、生存期較短[12]。鑒于活檢雖然被推薦,但在復(fù)發(fā)/進(jìn)展時(shí)并沒有統(tǒng)一進(jìn)行組織活檢,因此組織學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)變可能被低估。

2 FL的治療

FL是一種異質(zhì)性疾病,其治療方式是多樣的,包括觀察、放療或全身治療。隨著CD20抗體利妥昔單抗等新藥的引入,在過去的十年中,F(xiàn)L的治療有了相當(dāng)大的改善,多項(xiàng)回顧性研究的長期隨訪顯示,自從利妥昔單抗引入以來,F(xiàn)L的中位生存期可達(dá)15年,也可能更長[13-15]。

2.1 早期患者的治療

目前對于FL1、FL2、FL3a的治療模式還存在爭議,但對于多數(shù)患者來說,在找到治療指征之前進(jìn)行觀察仍然是最常見的治療方法。早期FL(Ⅰ、Ⅱ期)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方法是放療(radiotherapy,RT)。對于Ⅰ期或病灶局限的Ⅱ期患者,放療的長期疾病控制率>90%,擴(kuò)大野放療與受累野放療效果無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。研究顯示,低劑量放療在低級別淋巴瘤患者中顯示出持久的療效,劑量為24 Gy似乎非常有效,大劑量放療并沒有顯示出優(yōu)勢[16]。有研究將RT與全身化療聯(lián)合用于早期FL的治療,未能證實(shí)聯(lián)合治療的獲益[17]。然而,隨著單克隆嵌合抗CD20抗體的發(fā)展,Macmanus等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與單獨(dú)受累野放療相比,放療聯(lián)合免疫療法(如R-CVP方案)具有更高的無病生存率,可以減少其他部位的復(fù)發(fā),因此可能是早期治療一種不可忽視的方案。

2.2 晚期患者的治療

大多數(shù)FL患者在診斷時(shí)已處于晚期(Ⅲ、Ⅳ期),

對于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期FL患者,如果沒有治療指征,通常建議觀察等待。Ardeshna等[19]認(rèn)為尚沒有證據(jù)證明早期治療可以延長總生存期(overall survival,OS)。然而,對這些患者進(jìn)行密切監(jiān)測是必要的[20]。對于有治療指征的患者,免疫化療是目前最常選用的治療模式。利妥昔單抗聯(lián)合化療的優(yōu)勢目前已經(jīng)在多項(xiàng)前瞻性隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)中得到證實(shí)[21-23]。Schulz等[24]分析顯示,當(dāng)利妥昔單抗聯(lián)合化療作為一線治療時(shí),死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低了37%。所以目前利妥昔單抗聯(lián)合化療是初治晚期FL患者的首選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案,不過,具體方案的選擇則需要個體化。一項(xiàng)研究(Foll05)前瞻性地比較了R-CVP、R-CHOP和R-FC三種不同的化療方案,表明R-CHOP和R-FC方案均能延長無進(jìn)展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)和下一次治療時(shí)間(time to next treatment,TTNT),但長期應(yīng)用下,氟達(dá)拉濱的免疫抑制毒性使其無法作為一線治療[25]。在另外一項(xiàng)研究中,將R-CHOP與BR(苯達(dá)莫司汀聯(lián)合利妥昔單抗)方案進(jìn)行比較,顯示BR方案的PFS較好,且毒性較小,包括較低的3級和4級中性粒細(xì)胞減少率和白細(xì)胞減少率[26]。但在GALLIUM研究中,苯達(dá)莫司汀引起的致命性不良事件發(fā)生率高于CHOP或CVP方案,且這種差異在老年患者中尤為顯著[27]。盡管關(guān)于CHOP和苯達(dá)莫司汀的毒性和療效之間的潛在權(quán)衡存在爭議,但在有蒽環(huán)類藥物禁忌證的患者中,年輕患者可能更傾向于使用苯達(dá)莫司汀治療,而老年患者可能更傾向于使用CVP方案治療。盡管利妥昔單抗單藥治療可以降低化療相關(guān)毒性,但是與免疫化療相比降低了PFS和TTNT,所以利妥昔單抗單藥治療不能被作為癥狀性FL患者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方法。因此,具體治療方案的選擇需結(jié)合患者的個體特征進(jìn)行選擇。在維持治療方面,PRIMA研究證實(shí),利妥昔單抗維持療法可以改善PFS,但未改善OS。經(jīng)過10年的隨訪,該試驗(yàn)顯示,接受維持治療的患者PFS顯著增加,中位PFS為10.5年,而未接受維持治療的患者PFS為4.1年。然而,該試驗(yàn)并沒有顯示維持治療對OS的獲益,兩組患者10年的OS均為80%[28]。因此,目前推薦對高腫瘤負(fù)荷或FLIPI中高危的患者進(jìn)行利妥昔單抗維持治療,然而對老年患者或?qū)λ幬锒靖弊饔秒y以耐受的患者尚不確定。RELEVANCE研究旨在證明利妥昔單抗和來那度胺聯(lián)合免疫療法優(yōu)于常規(guī)免疫化療,但是其在反應(yīng)率和無病生存期方面并未顯示出特別的優(yōu)勢,可以作為無化療的選擇方案[29]。需要注意的是,在新型冠狀病毒流行期間使用抗CD20抗體維持治療必須考慮到嚴(yán)重冠狀病毒感染的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能會增加,因?yàn)檫@可能降低機(jī)體對SARS-CoV-2疫苗的抗體反應(yīng)[30]。

奧妥珠單抗是第一種Ⅱ型、糖工程化、人源化的單克隆抗CD20抗體,比利妥昔單抗有更低的補(bǔ)體依賴性細(xì)胞毒性,但具有更強(qiáng)的抗體依賴性細(xì)胞毒性和吞噬作用,以及更強(qiáng)的直接B細(xì)胞殺傷效應(yīng)。在一項(xiàng)Ⅲ期試驗(yàn)(GALLIUM)中,該抗體聯(lián)合不同化療方案(CHOP、苯達(dá)莫司汀、CVP)與利妥昔單抗聯(lián)合上述各化療方案進(jìn)行了對比[27]。對進(jìn)行免疫化療后有反應(yīng)的患者,每2個月用奧妥珠單抗或利妥昔單抗進(jìn)行維持治療,共持續(xù)2年,研究顯示,基于奧妥珠單抗的免疫化療和維持治療比基于利妥昔單抗的治療有更長的PFS,但兩組的OS相似。目前來說,通過前期的各項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)表明,在年輕的體能狀況良好的患者中,如果追求PFS,奧妥珠單抗聯(lián)合苯達(dá)莫司汀進(jìn)行聯(lián)合免疫化療,后續(xù)進(jìn)行奧妥珠單抗的維持治療可能是一項(xiàng)不錯的選擇。然而,在老年患者中,考慮到藥物相關(guān)毒副作用,PFS和TTNT可能不是主要的臨床目標(biāo),在這種情況下,利妥昔單抗或奧妥珠單抗聯(lián)合CVP方案藥物毒性相對較低,可能是這些老年患者的首選方案[31]。

在利妥昔單抗時(shí)代,自體造血干細(xì)胞移植(autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,auto-HSCT)的治療是存在爭議的。大約50%的患者在auto-HSCT后10年或10年以上的時(shí)間里可以無病生存,但對這些患者的長期隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),繼發(fā)第二腫瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,包括骨髓增生異常綜合征(MDS)、急性髓系白血?。ˋML)和實(shí)體瘤等。一項(xiàng)薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),auto-HSCT可顯著改善患者PFS,但對OS無顯著影響[32]。盡管異基因造血干細(xì)胞移植(allo-HSCT)有可能治愈FL患者,但由于其治療相關(guān)死亡率明顯高于auto-HSCT,所以allo-HSCT主要用于復(fù)發(fā)或難治性FL患者。

3 靶向免疫治療

FL呈惰性病程,中位生存期較長,但大多數(shù)患者會面臨反復(fù)復(fù)發(fā)的難題。隨著對FL發(fā)病機(jī)制的理解不斷深入,近年來,針對各種信號通路、腫瘤微環(huán)境和表面蛋白的新方法不斷涌現(xiàn),包括激酶抑制劑、單克隆抗體、免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑和嵌合抗原受體T細(xì)胞免疫治療(CAR-T)等。

3.1 B細(xì)胞受體(BCR)信號傳導(dǎo)通路抑制劑

BCR的激活通過多種途徑介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞的生長和增殖,包括磷酸肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(PKB)途徑。所以,B細(xì)胞激酶是FL治療的合理靶點(diǎn),以PI3K和布魯頓酪氨酸激酶(Bruton's tyrosine kinase,BTK)為靶點(diǎn)的激酶抑制劑研究最為廣泛。Idelalisib是第一個被研究開發(fā)的PI3K的δ亞型選擇性抑制劑,在一項(xiàng)復(fù)發(fā)/難治性FL患者的Ⅱ期試驗(yàn)中,其反應(yīng)率為57%,中位FSH為11個月[33]。Copanlisib是一種靜脈給藥的PI3K抑制劑,在復(fù)發(fā)FL患者中與Idelalisib有相似的緩解率[34]。此外,還有另外兩種PI3K抑制劑Duvelisib和Umbralisib,他們與Idelalisib和Copanlisb具有相似的活性[35-36]。事實(shí)上,上述四種PI3K抑制劑最初都被美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)批準(zhǔn)用于治療復(fù)發(fā)/難治性FL。然而,在CLL的研究中,這些藥物增加了臨床死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),所以,除了Copanlisib以外的所有藥物現(xiàn)在都被FDA撤銷了批準(zhǔn)。在復(fù)發(fā)/難治性FL中也研究了抑制BCR信號通路的其他方法,即抑制BTK。從第一代到第三代BTK抑制劑,在B細(xì)胞惡性腫瘤中,特別是在慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病和套細(xì)胞淋巴瘤中都取得了非常好的療效[37-38],但其在FL中的研究結(jié)果卻并非如此。Ⅱ期DAWN試驗(yàn)評估了單藥伊布替尼在治療接受過中位三線治療的復(fù)發(fā)/難治性FL患者中的療效,客觀緩解率(ORR)僅為21%,未達(dá)到試驗(yàn)的主要療效終點(diǎn)[39]。

3.2 EZH2抑制劑

EZH2是一種組蛋白甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶,對生發(fā)中心的形成至關(guān)重要。約20%的FL患者存在EZH2激活突變,該突變可以促進(jìn)淋巴瘤細(xì)胞增殖和免疫逃避[40]。Tazemetostat是一種口服的突變型和野生型EZH2抑制劑,在一項(xiàng)開放標(biāo)簽非隨機(jī)研究中,納入了FL1~FL3b級復(fù)發(fā)/難治性FL患者,他們口服Tazemetostat治療,每次800 mg,每日2次,持續(xù)2年,將患者分為EZH2突變組和EZH2野生型組,EZH2突變組的ORR為69%,EZH2野生型組的ORR為35%[41]。然而,盡管最初基于EZH2突變狀態(tài)的反應(yīng)存在差異,但隨后的傾向評分匹配分析表明,如果兩組更接近匹配,ORR可能相似[42]。Tazemetostat已獲FDA批準(zhǔn)用于復(fù)發(fā)/難治性FL的治療。

3.3 CAR-T

目前,F(xiàn)DA批準(zhǔn)了兩種抗CD19 CAR-T細(xì)胞產(chǎn)品可以用于治療復(fù)發(fā)/難治性FL,分別為Tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel)和Axicabtagene Ciloleucel (axi-cel)。在關(guān)鍵的ZUMA-5研究中,124例復(fù)發(fā)/難治性FL患者接受axi-cel,中位隨訪18個月,其ORR為94%,完全緩解(CR)率為77%,中位PFS和OS未達(dá)到,18個月的PFS估計(jì)為65.6%,最常見的3級及以上不良事件是血細(xì)胞減少和感染,有7%的患者出現(xiàn)3級或更嚴(yán)重的細(xì)胞因子釋放綜合征(cytokine release syndrome,CRS)[43]。在ELARA試驗(yàn)中,97例復(fù)發(fā)/難治性FL患者接受tisa-cel,8周的ORR為86.2%,CR率為69.1%,未發(fā)生3級或3級以上的CRS事件[44]。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,CAR-T細(xì)胞療法將為復(fù)發(fā)/難治性FL患者提供一種有效的治療選擇。

3.4 其他免疫療法

Polatuzumab Vedotin是一種抗體藥物偶聯(lián)物(antibody-drug conjugate,ADC),目前已獲得FDA批準(zhǔn),用于治療復(fù)發(fā)/難治性DLBCL。在一組復(fù)發(fā)FL患者中,Polatuzumab Vedotin和利妥昔單抗聯(lián)合治療的ORR為70%,CR率為45%[45]。在一項(xiàng)來那度胺和奧妥珠單抗聯(lián)合治療復(fù)發(fā)FL的試驗(yàn)中,Polatuzumab Vedotin也顯示出良好的活性[46]。然而,Polatuzumab Vedotin目前還沒有FDA批準(zhǔn)的FL適應(yīng)證,目前尚處于臨床試驗(yàn)階段。

雙特異性T細(xì)胞銜接子(bispecific T cell engagers,BiTE)是一種結(jié)合靶標(biāo)的抗體,可以結(jié)合惡性細(xì)胞表面及正常T細(xì)胞表面的靶標(biāo)。BiTE在包括FL在內(nèi)的復(fù)發(fā)/難治性B細(xì)胞惡性腫瘤中表現(xiàn)出良好的活性。在治療FL方面發(fā)展最為迅速的是靶向CD3和CD20。例如,在研究抗CD3/CD20片段Mosunetuzumab的Ⅱ期試驗(yàn)中,CR率為60%,44%的患者出現(xiàn)了CRS,但主要是1級(26%)或2級(17%),沒有發(fā)生神經(jīng)毒性或致命性的不良事件[47]。同樣,在抗CD3/CD20 BiTE Epcoritimab的Ⅰ/Ⅱ期試驗(yàn)中,F(xiàn)L患者的ORR為90%,CR率為50%[48]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)是非常令人鼓舞的,但到目前為止,尚沒有BiTE在FL中獲得監(jiān)管部門的批準(zhǔn)。

4 結(jié)論

FL是最常見的惰性淋巴瘤,其臨床表現(xiàn)是多樣性的,該病不可治愈,但大多數(shù)患者可長期存活,隨著CD20抗體等藥物的臨床應(yīng)用,其中位OS接近20年。FL患者面臨的主要問題是疾病的復(fù)發(fā)或進(jìn)展。近年來,針對各種信號通路、腫瘤微環(huán)境和表面蛋白的新療法的迅速增加,這無疑為FL患者帶來新的希望。

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(收稿日期:2023-09-27) (本文編輯:陳韻)

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