王麗 涂洪濤 侯琿 周貝貝 孟帥 堵墨
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230475
摘??? 要:【目的】明確桃枝枯病的病原菌以及不同桃品種(種質(zhì))對(duì)枝枯病的抗性?!痉椒ā坑^察桃枝枯病田間癥狀。通過組織分離法對(duì)病樣進(jìn)行分離培養(yǎng),觀察分離物的形態(tài)特征,通過擴(kuò)增測(cè)序其ITS、EF-1α和TUB基因序列進(jìn)行分子鑒定,并對(duì)分離物進(jìn)行致病性驗(yàn)證。選取優(yōu)勢(shì)病原菌種類,采用離體有傷接種枝條的方法測(cè)定37個(gè)桃品種(種質(zhì))對(duì)其的抗性,并根據(jù)病斑長(zhǎng)度利用系統(tǒng)聚類方法對(duì)不同桃品種(種質(zhì))對(duì)枝枯病的抗性進(jìn)行分級(jí)和評(píng)價(jià)。【結(jié)果】通過組織分離和純化,獲得54株分離物,經(jīng)形態(tài)學(xué)觀察和多基因系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析結(jié)果顯示,這些分離物有3個(gè)種,其中:35株為桃擬莖點(diǎn)霉(Diaporthe amygdali),5株為甜櫻間座殼(Diaporthe eres),14株為葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaer dothidea)。致病性測(cè)定試驗(yàn)表明,對(duì)接種后發(fā)病的病斑再分離鑒定,均能得到與原病原菌一致的菌株??剐詼y(cè)定結(jié)果表明,根據(jù)病斑長(zhǎng)度利用聚類分析將37個(gè)桃品種(種質(zhì))分為4類,類型Ⅰ有5個(gè)、類型Ⅱ有11個(gè)、類型Ⅲ有15個(gè)、類型IV有6個(gè)??剐栽u(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果表明:供試品種(種質(zhì))中,免疫3個(gè)(光核桃、紅花山桃和帚形山桃),占8.10%;抗病2個(gè)(白根甘肅桃和紅根甘肅桃),占5.40%;中抗11個(gè),占29.73%;感病15個(gè),占40.54%;高感6個(gè),占16.22%?!窘Y(jié)論】無錫桃枝枯病的病原菌有3種分別為:D. amygdali、D. eres和B. dothidea,其中D. amygdali為優(yōu)勢(shì)種,分離頻率為64.81%,不同桃品種(種質(zhì))對(duì)桃擬莖點(diǎn)霉菌的抗性不同,篩選到2個(gè)免疫品種(種質(zhì))、3個(gè)抗性品種(種質(zhì))。
關(guān)鍵詞:桃枝枯??;病原菌;鑒定;抗病性;聚類分析
中圖分類號(hào):S662.1;S436.621??????? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A??????????? 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)05-0980-10
收稿日期:2023-11-13??????? 接受日期:2024-02-27
基金項(xiàng)目:河南省重點(diǎn)研發(fā)專項(xiàng)(221111111800);中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-2023-ZFRI)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:王麗,女,副研究員,博士,主要從事果樹病害防控研究。Tel:0371-65330953,E-mail:wangli06@caas.cn
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:2371750064@qq.com
果 樹 學(xué) 報(bào) 2024,41(5): 980-989
Journal of Fruit Science
Identification of the pathogen of peach shoot blight and indoor resistance evaluation of peach varieties (germplasms)
WANG Li1, 2, TU Hongtao1, 2, HOU Hui1, ZHOU Beibei1, MENG Shuai4, DU Mo3*
(1Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, CAAS, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China; 2Zhongyuan Research Center, CAAS, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China; 3Wuxi Huishan District Agricultural Development Service Centre, Wuxi 214174, Jiangsu, China; 4College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University/State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 Peach originated in China and has been cultivated for a long time. In recent years, a shoot blight disease that resulted in brown cankers around buds on shoots or twigs of peach trees has been widely observed in many orchards in Wuxi. This disease could kill shoots and branches and resulted in high yield losses. The study aimed to clarify the pathogens causing peach shoot blight disease and evaluate the disease resistance of the different peach varieties (germplasms). 【Methods】 Firstly, a field survey was carried out to determine the incidence of peach shoot blight in peach orchards, and types of symptoms were observed. Secondly, the disease samples were used as materials to isolate the pathogenic fungi by the methods of tissue block separation. The isolates were identified by morphological observation combined with analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α) and beta-tubulin (TUB) sequences. And the pathogenicity of the isolates was tested based on Koch postulates. Then, wound inoculation method used on detached twigs was used to identify and evaluate the resistance of the 37 peach varieties (germplasms) to shoot blight caused by Diaporthe amygdali. And the system clustering method was adopted to identify the resistance of the different peach varieties (germplasms) to shoot blight based on the disease lesion length data. 【Results】 The disease occurred initially on peach shoots and caused brown canker. Subsequently, the reddish-brown cankers developed on the shoots, and resulted in shoot blight, the disease spot presented gummosis sometimes. Total 54 isolates were obtained through tissue separation. All the isolates were identified as 3 species, including D. amygdali (35 isolates), D. eres (5 isolates) and Botryosphaer dothidea (14 isolates) by morphological observation and multiple genes. The result of pathogenicity test showed that the isolates could induce lesions on the shoots, and the pathogens isolated from the infected lesions after inoculation were identical with the inoculated isolates. The resistance determination results indicated that 37 peach varieties (germplasms) were divided into 4 types based on the lesion lengths after 7 d inoculation with D. amygdali isolate by the cluster analysis. Guhetao, Honghuashantao, Zhouxingshantao, Baigengansutao and Honggenggansutao were classified into GroupⅠ. Zhongyoupan No. 9, Zhongyoupan No. 7, Zhongyoupan No. 16, Zhongyoupan No. 13, Honghujing, Hujingmilu, Baihua, Zhongtaohongyu, Wanhujing, Zhongtaoziyu and Qingshuibaitao were classified into Group Ⅱ. Fenghuapantao, Jinghong, Xiahui No. 5, Zhongpantao No. 11, Xiahui No. 6, Yuhualu, Wenzhoushuimi, Xiahui No. 8, Zhanglingzaoyulu, Fenghuayulu, Chaohui, Muyangshuimi, Ri No. 89, Gangshan No. 500 and Yingzuitao were classified into Group Ⅲ. Richuanbaifeng, Liutiaobaifeng, Dazenbaochiyue, Benbaifeng, Fenglu and Baifeng were classified into Group Ⅳ. Guhetao, Honghuashantao and Zhouxingshantao performed as immunity, Baigengansutao and Honggenggansutao performed as resistance, 11 cultivars performed as middle resistant, 15 cultivars performed as susceptibility, and 6 cultivars performed as high susceptibility. 【Conclusion】 There were three pathogens (D. amygdali, D. eres and B. dothidea) associated with peach shoot blight in Wuxi. D. amygdali was the dominant pathogen of the disease. The different peach varieties exhibited varying degree of resistance to the shoot blight disease from immunity to high susceptibility.
Key words: Peach shoot blight; Pathogen; Identification; Disease resistance; Cluster analysis
桃(Prunus persica)在中國(guó)有著悠久的栽培歷史,至2019年中國(guó)桃種植面積達(dá)到89.0萬hm2,產(chǎn)量達(dá)到1 599.3萬t,面積和產(chǎn)量均居全球首位[1]。然而,近年來隨著桃產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,桃枝枯病在無錫陽山鎮(zhèn)水蜜桃產(chǎn)區(qū)發(fā)生普遍,果園發(fā)病率為30%~50%[2]。該病主要危害新梢和枝條,通常在新梢基部產(chǎn)生褐色病斑,引起葉片枯萎,枝條枯死;枝條發(fā)病部位有時(shí)伴有流膠產(chǎn)生,隨著病情的發(fā)展,整個(gè)枝條枯死[3]。
早期研究表明危害桃樹枝干造成枝枯的真菌病原菌有多種,如核果黑腐皮殼菌(Cytospora leucostoma)和蘋果潰瘍病菌(Valsaria insitiva)引起的腐爛病[4];桃擬莖點(diǎn)霉(Diplodia amygdali)引起的枝枯病[5];葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)、色二孢(Diplodia seriata)以及可可毛色二孢菌(Lasiodiplodia theobromae)引起的流膠病[6]。近年,紀(jì)兆林等[7]和方麗等[8]報(bào)道的桃枝枯病菌為D. amygdali。Tian等[9]報(bào)道的桃枝枯病菌有D. amygdali和B. dothidea兩種。關(guān)于桃枝枯病的病原菌是否存在多樣性,還需進(jìn)一步研究。目前生產(chǎn)上對(duì)桃樹枝枯的防治尚無高效的防治方法,因此,探討評(píng)價(jià)品種對(duì)病害的抗性對(duì)防治枝枯病至關(guān)重要,亟須開展不同桃樹品種對(duì)枝枯菌的抗性評(píng)價(jià),為選育和應(yīng)用抗病品種防治該病害提供技術(shù)支撐,對(duì)中國(guó)桃產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康安全發(fā)展具有重要意義。
鑒于桃枝枯病危害嚴(yán)重,但病原菌報(bào)道種類不單一,為近一步厘清其病原菌種類,對(duì)桃枝枯病進(jìn)行病原菌分離純化、形態(tài)觀察和致病性試驗(yàn),通過形態(tài)鑒定和ITS、EF-1α和β-tubulin基因序列比對(duì)分析,以確定桃枝枯病的病原菌種類;并對(duì)分離到的優(yōu)勢(shì)病原菌,選取37個(gè)桃樹品種(種質(zhì)),采用室內(nèi)離體有傷接種枝條和系統(tǒng)聚類分析方法,進(jìn)行室內(nèi)抗病性評(píng)價(jià),以期為科學(xué)防控桃枝枯病提供理論依據(jù)。
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料
供試37個(gè)桃品種(種質(zhì)):柳條白鳳、白鳳、日川白鳳、本白鳳、雨花露、湖景蜜露、紅湖景、京紅、朝暉、霞暉5號(hào)、霞暉6號(hào)、霞暉8號(hào)、大珍寶赤月、鳳露、奉化玉露、岡山500號(hào)、穆陽水蜜、清水白桃、日89號(hào)、溫州水蜜、長(zhǎng)嶺早玉露、晚湖景、白花、中蟠桃16號(hào)、中油蟠7號(hào)、中油蟠9號(hào)、中蟠桃11號(hào)、中蟠桃13號(hào)、中桃紅玉、中桃紫玉、鷹嘴桃、奉化蟠桃、帚形山桃、白根甘肅桃、紅根甘肅桃、紅花山桃和光核桃。材料采自江蘇省無錫市陽山鎮(zhèn)桃園和中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院鄭州果樹研究所桃種質(zhì)資源圃。
1.2 病害癥狀觀察
2022年和2023年在江蘇省無錫市惠山區(qū)桃園中采集桃枝枯病枝條(表1),并將采集發(fā)病枝條帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室,觀察記錄病害癥狀。
1.3 病原菌的分離培養(yǎng)
采用組織分離法分離病原菌[10],具體操作方法如下,剪取桃樹枝條病健交界處病組織數(shù)塊,置于0.5%的次氯酸鈉溶液中消毒60 s,然后用無菌蒸餾水洗3次,在超凈工作臺(tái)中用無菌濾紙片吸干水分后移至PDA平板培養(yǎng)基上,于26 ℃恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)5 d。選取代表性菌落在顯微鏡下挑取單菌絲尖端置于PDA平板培養(yǎng)基上培養(yǎng)7 d,得到純菌株,保存在PDA斜面,放置于4 ℃冰箱備用。然后,將菌株活化轉(zhuǎn)接到PDA平板上,于26 ℃恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),觀察菌落顏色、形狀和質(zhì)地等,產(chǎn)生孢子后,觀察分生孢子的顏色、大小和形態(tài)特征等。
1.4 病原菌分子鑒定
將活化后的代表性菌株接種到鋪有玻璃紙的PDA平板上,于26 ℃恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)7 d,長(zhǎng)出大量菌絲后用滅菌牙簽刮取菌絲,放到1.5 mL離心管中,使用真菌基因組DNA快速提取試劑盒提取DNA,按照試劑盒說明書操作。PCR擴(kuò)增:采用引物對(duì)ITS1/ITS4[11]、Bt2a/Bt2b[12]、EF1-728F/EF1-986R[13](表2)分別對(duì)各菌株所提取的DNA進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,引物由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。PCR反應(yīng)體系和擴(kuò)增程序參考前人的方法[11-13],擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物經(jīng)1%的瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測(cè)后,PCR產(chǎn)物由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司雙向測(cè)序;通過軟件SnapGene4.1.9對(duì)基因序列進(jìn)行處理和拼接后,在NCBI(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)網(wǎng)站上利用Blastn軟件進(jìn)行序列的同源性比對(duì);用軟件MEGA11.0構(gòu)建鄰接系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹,自展(bootstrap)循環(huán)抽樣檢測(cè)1000次。
1.5 病原菌致病性測(cè)定
選取桃品種湖景蜜露1年生枝條,經(jīng)清水和無菌水清洗,再用75%乙醇表面消毒后,晾干備用。參照Tian等[9]的接種法并稍作修改,具體步驟為:病原菌接種于PDA培養(yǎng)基上,26 ℃培養(yǎng)7 d后,用直徑5 mm打孔器沿菌落邊緣打取菌餅用于桃枝條接種。用消毒刀片在枝條上刻出傷口,每枝條刻1~2個(gè)傷口。將準(zhǔn)備好的菌餅放在沾有無菌水的脫脂棉上,接種在枝條的傷口處,并用封口膜包好,以接種無菌PDA培養(yǎng)基菌餅為對(duì)照,并做好標(biāo)記。再將接種枝條放到鋪有濕濾紙的保鮮盒內(nèi),放到培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)保濕培養(yǎng)[26 ℃(白天)和18 ℃(晚上)]。每處理接種10個(gè)點(diǎn),3次重復(fù),以空白PDA培養(yǎng)基接種作為對(duì)照。7 d后觀察發(fā)病情況,根據(jù)Kochs法則,對(duì)發(fā)病部位進(jìn)行再分離鑒定。
1.6 不同品種(種質(zhì))對(duì)枝枯病的室內(nèi)抗性測(cè)定
根據(jù)病原菌分離鑒定結(jié)果,D. amygdali為優(yōu)勢(shì)種,因此對(duì)37個(gè)桃品種(種質(zhì))進(jìn)行D. amygdali的抗性測(cè)定試驗(yàn)。具體操作為:選取不同品種的桃1年生健康綠枝條,去除葉片,剪成長(zhǎng)約20 cm的枝條,用75%乙醇表面消毒后,晾干備用。按照1.5的方法進(jìn)行接種和培養(yǎng)。接種后每天觀察發(fā)病情況,在接種7 d后,用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量病斑直徑。
1.7 病害調(diào)查與統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
將調(diào)查所得的數(shù)據(jù),用Excel進(jìn)行處理,使用DPS軟件進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)聚類分析,聚類方法采用組間連接法,聚類距離采用平方歐式距離,并根據(jù)聚類分析結(jié)果進(jìn)行抗性評(píng)價(jià)。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 病害癥狀
如圖1所示,2022年和2023年對(duì)江蘇省無錫市惠山區(qū)桃園調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)該病害主要危害枝條,多發(fā)生于嫩枝。發(fā)病初期形成褐色病斑,隨后病斑擴(kuò)展,發(fā)病后期病斑褐色至暗褐色,受害嚴(yán)重植株的大多數(shù)枝條甚至整株枯死。發(fā)病部位有時(shí)伴有流膠,發(fā)病較重植株樹勢(shì)衰弱。
2.2 病原菌分離和形態(tài)特征
從47份樣品中,共獲得54株分離物,根據(jù)形態(tài)特征,將其分為3組(圖2)。其中第1組有35株分離物,分離頻率為64.81%,分離物在PDA平板上培養(yǎng),菌落白色至乳白色,毛氈狀,邊緣鋸齒狀,中央?yún)^(qū)域菌絲濃密,霉層密實(shí),表面出現(xiàn)3~4道界限明顯的環(huán)痕。培養(yǎng)后期菌落上出現(xiàn)的分生孢子器,分生孢子器產(chǎn)生兩種類型分生孢子:α型孢子,無色,單孢,梭形,大小為(5.2~9.4)μm×(2.3~3.8)μm;β型孢子,無色,單孢,線形,彎曲呈鉤狀,大小為(18.6~36.7)μm×(0.9~2.8)μm。第2組有5株分離物,分離頻率為9.25%,分離物在PDA平板上培養(yǎng),菌落白色,邊緣規(guī)則,分生孢子形態(tài)和第1組接近。根據(jù)形態(tài)學(xué)特征,初步確定第1組和第2組病原菌為間座殼屬真菌(Diaporthe sp.)。第3組有14株分離物,分離頻率為25.93%,分離物在PDA平板上培養(yǎng),菌落初期為白色,后期灰棕色,產(chǎn)生分生孢子器。分生孢子器產(chǎn)生分生孢子,分生孢子梭形、透明或淺棕色,大小為(19.4~31.7)μm×(5.7~8.6)μm。根據(jù)形態(tài)學(xué)特征,初步確定該病原菌為葡萄座腔菌屬真菌(Botryosphaeria sp.)。
2.3 病原菌的分子鑒定
每組分離菌株選取代表性菌株擴(kuò)增其ITS、EF-1α和TUB基因并測(cè)序,測(cè)序結(jié)果在NCBI(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)網(wǎng)站上進(jìn)行BLAST比對(duì)分析,下載相關(guān)菌株序列,構(gòu)建基于ITS、EF-1α和TUB基因的NJ系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹(圖3),結(jié)果顯示,菌株P(guān)A-1、PA-2與D. amygdali聚在同一支,DE-1與D. eres聚在同一支,BD-1、BD-2與B. dothidea聚在同一支。結(jié)合形態(tài)學(xué)分析,確定引起桃枝枯病的病原菌有3種,分別為D. amygdali、D. eres和B. dothidea。
2.4 病原菌的致病性測(cè)定
通過有傷接種法回接分離到的菌株,結(jié)果表明,離體桃枝條經(jīng)有傷接種3種菌株5 d后,均產(chǎn)生明顯的褐色病斑,隨后病斑緩慢擴(kuò)展,有時(shí)伴有不明顯環(huán)狀紋(圖4)。對(duì)照組不發(fā)病。根據(jù)柯赫氏法則,對(duì)接種后發(fā)病的病斑再分離鑒定,均能重新得到與原病原菌一致的菌株,證實(shí)了D. amygdali、D. eres和B. dothidea是引起桃枝枯病的病原菌。
2.5 不同品種(種質(zhì))對(duì)桃擬莖點(diǎn)霉菌的抗性測(cè)定
將桃枝枯病菌優(yōu)勢(shì)種D. amygdali代表性菌株P(guān)A-1接種不同品種(種質(zhì))桃枝條,調(diào)查病斑長(zhǎng)度,將37個(gè)供試桃樹品種(種質(zhì))枝條的病斑長(zhǎng)度進(jìn)行聚類分析,對(duì)桃擬莖點(diǎn)霉的抗性進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果表明,在接種后3 d逐漸開始發(fā)病,且隨著時(shí)間的增加病斑不斷擴(kuò)大,7 d時(shí)調(diào)查不同桃品種(種質(zhì))對(duì)枝枯病的抗性不同,病斑直徑在0~62.69 mm之間,聚類分析將37個(gè)桃品種(種質(zhì))分為4類,類型Ⅰ包含5個(gè):光核桃、紅花山桃和帚形山桃不發(fā)病,白根甘肅桃和紅根甘肅桃病斑擴(kuò)展長(zhǎng)度分別為7.06 mm和9.22 mm。類型Ⅱ包含11個(gè):中油蟠9號(hào)、中油蟠7號(hào)、中蟠桃16號(hào)、中蟠桃13號(hào)、紅湖景、湖景蜜露、白花、中桃紅玉、晚湖景、中桃紫玉和清水白桃,病斑擴(kuò)展長(zhǎng)度在18.07~25.37 mm之間。類型Ⅲ包含15個(gè):奉化蟠桃、京紅、霞暉5號(hào)、中蟠桃11號(hào)、霞暉6號(hào)、雨花露、溫州水蜜、霞暉8號(hào)、長(zhǎng)嶺早玉露、奉化玉露、朝暉、穆陽水蜜、日89號(hào)、岡山500號(hào)和鷹嘴桃,病斑擴(kuò)展長(zhǎng)度在27.18~42.00 mm之間。類型Ⅳ包含6個(gè):日川白鳳、柳條白鳳、大珍寶赤月、本白風(fēng)、鳳露和白鳳,病斑擴(kuò)展長(zhǎng)度在47.26~62.69 mm之間(表3、圖5)。4個(gè)類型的抗性依次為:類型Ⅰ>類型Ⅱ>類型Ⅲ>類型Ⅳ。
2.6 37個(gè)桃品種(種質(zhì))對(duì)桃擬莖點(diǎn)霉菌的抗性評(píng)價(jià)
根據(jù)病斑長(zhǎng)度結(jié)合聚類分析結(jié)果,制定桃品種(種質(zhì))對(duì)桃擬莖點(diǎn)霉菌的抗性等級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),評(píng)估供試桃品種(種質(zhì))的抗病水平,分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)見表4。依據(jù)抗性級(jí)別劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),獲得37個(gè)供試桃品種(種質(zhì))對(duì)桃擬莖點(diǎn)霉菌的抗性鑒定結(jié)果:免疫3個(gè)(光核桃、紅花山桃和帚形山桃),占8.10%;抗病2個(gè)(白根甘肅桃和紅根甘肅桃),占5.40%;中抗11個(gè)(中油蟠9號(hào)、中油蟠7號(hào)、中蟠桃16號(hào)、中蟠桃13號(hào)、紅湖景、湖景蜜露、白花、中桃紅玉、晚湖景、中桃紫玉和清水白桃),占29.73%;感病15個(gè)(奉化蟠桃、京紅、霞暉5號(hào)、中蟠桃11號(hào)、霞暉6號(hào)、雨花露、溫州水蜜、霞暉8號(hào)、長(zhǎng)嶺早玉露、奉化玉露、朝暉、穆陽水蜜、日89號(hào)、岡山500號(hào)和鷹嘴桃),占40.54%;高感6個(gè)(日川白鳳、柳條白鳳、大珍寶赤月、本白風(fēng)、鳳露和白鳳),占16.22%。
3 討 論
筆者在本研究中通過癥狀觀察、形態(tài)學(xué)鑒定結(jié)合ITS、EF-1α和TUB多基因鑒定確認(rèn)引起無錫桃枝枯病的病原菌有3種,分別為D. amygdali、D. eres和B. dothidea,分離頻率分別為64.81%、9.25%、25.93%。Phomopsis amygdali是D. amygdali的曾用名,在Index fungroum里P. amygdali現(xiàn)用名為D. amygdali,因此筆者在本文中將P. amygdali統(tǒng)一為D. amygdali。D. amygdali的同物異名還包括Fusicoccum amygdali,最早在1905年,Delacroix等[14]研究表明,F(xiàn). amygdali是引起法國(guó)桃樹和杏樹潰瘍病的病原菌,之后美國(guó)等地報(bào)道的類似枝枯病癥狀的桃樹病害,其病原菌都是D. amygdali[15-17]。2013年以前,中國(guó)的研究報(bào)道認(rèn)為D. amygdali引起的桃枝干病害為桃潰瘍病[18-20],之后,學(xué)者認(rèn)為D. amygdali是浙江嘉興和江蘇無錫桃枝枯病的病原菌[7-8,21]。本研究結(jié)果也表明,D. amygdali是無錫桃枝枯病的優(yōu)勢(shì)病原菌,與前人的研究結(jié)果一致。Tian等[9]研究報(bào)道D. amygdali和B. dothidea是引起江蘇省無錫市陽山桃枝枯病的病原菌,其中D. amygdali的分離頻率高于B. dothidea,本研究結(jié)果再次證實(shí)了這一結(jié)論。Tian等[9]認(rèn)為D. amygdali只引起病斑壞死癥狀,而B. dothidea引起的病斑伴有輪紋癥狀,本研究中B. dothidea引起的病斑上并無明顯的輪紋癥狀,具體原因有待進(jìn)一步研究。Prencipe等[22]報(bào)道D. eres在意大利能引起桃樹枝干潰瘍病,Xiao等[23]報(bào)道D. eres在中國(guó)能引起黃桃采后軟腐病,但尚未有關(guān)于該病原菌引起中國(guó)桃樹枝枯病的報(bào)道。本研究首次發(fā)現(xiàn)D. eres是引起中國(guó)桃枝枯病的病原菌之一,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)了解桃枝枯病的發(fā)生和流行具有重要意義,要密切關(guān)注桃枝枯病病原菌種類的變化,合理優(yōu)化調(diào)整用藥種類,制定桃枝枯病的科學(xué)防控策略。
病害的發(fā)生與品種的抗性等密切相關(guān)[24],董京萍等[25]評(píng)價(jià)了桃樹不同品種對(duì)細(xì)菌性穿孔病的抗性,鄭鵬華等[26]報(bào)道了5個(gè)桃樹品種對(duì)流膠病的抗性,然而關(guān)于桃樹品種(種質(zhì))對(duì)枝枯病的抗性評(píng)價(jià)目前尚未見報(bào)道。本研究中,采用室內(nèi)離體有傷接種法評(píng)價(jià)了37個(gè)桃樹品種(種質(zhì))對(duì)枝枯病原菌優(yōu)勢(shì)種D. amygdali的抗性,發(fā)現(xiàn)免疫3個(gè)(光核桃、紅花山桃和帚形山桃),占8.10%;抗病2個(gè)(白根甘肅桃和紅根甘肅桃),占5.40%;中抗11個(gè),占29.73%;感病15個(gè),占40.54%;高感6個(gè),占16.22%。研究結(jié)果為桃樹品種的推廣、選育和枝枯病防控提供了重要的依據(jù)。雖然生產(chǎn)上抗病性不是選擇桃品種的唯一指標(biāo),但是由于選育各方面均良好的品種較困難,故而對(duì)于桃枝枯病發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)可以根據(jù)其對(duì)病原菌抗性判斷適合本地區(qū)栽植的品種。此外,由于桃枝枯病的病原菌有3種,病原菌在不同地區(qū)可能存在地理差異,因此,在進(jìn)行桃枝枯病抗病育種和品種推廣時(shí),要根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐牟≡鷥?yōu)勢(shì)種進(jìn)行工作。
4 結(jié) 論
引起無錫桃枝枯病的病原菌有3種,分別為D. amygdali、D. eres和B. dothidea,其中D. amygdali為優(yōu)勢(shì)種,分離頻率為64.81%。不同桃樹品種對(duì)枝枯病的抗性不同,免疫3個(gè)(光核桃、紅花山桃和帚形山桃),占8.10%;抗病2個(gè)(白根甘肅桃和紅根甘肅桃),占5.40%;中抗11個(gè),占29.73%;感病15個(gè),占40.54%;高感6個(gè),占16.22%。
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