秦紅 鄒霓霞 王啟華
[摘要]自然殺傷(Natural kill,NK)細(xì)胞是一種固有免疫淋巴樣細(xì)胞(Innate lymphoid cell,ILP),是除T細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞之外的第三大類淋巴細(xì)胞,其特征是無需抗原預(yù)先致敏即可快速反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生非特異性殺傷效果。NK細(xì)胞通過分泌穿孔素、顆粒酶、細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子等使靶細(xì)胞凋亡,還可表達(dá)Fc受體(CD16),介導(dǎo)抗體依賴的細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性作用(Antibody-dependent cell-medicated cytotoxicity,ADCC)。隨著年齡增長免疫系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)功能減退,NK細(xì)胞啟動適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答障礙,不能調(diào)動有效免疫反應(yīng)等生理現(xiàn)象,導(dǎo)致與衰老有關(guān)疾病如感染和腫瘤等發(fā)生。本文就NK細(xì)胞亞群在整個生命周期中的生物學(xué)變化來探討NK細(xì)胞與機(jī)體衰老的關(guān)系,為NK細(xì)胞的臨床應(yīng)用打下基礎(chǔ)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]NK細(xì)胞亞群;衰老;免疫反應(yīng);感染;腫瘤
[中圖分類號]R339.3+8? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號]1008-6455(2024)04-0191-03
The Biological Changes of Human NK Cell Subsets and Their Relationship with Aging
QIN Hong, ZOU Nixia, WANG Qihua
(Hunan Aibikang Technology Co.,LTD, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China)
Abstract: Natural kill cells (NK cells) is a kind of innate immune lymphoid cells (ILP), which is the third major type of lymphocyte besides T cells and B cells. It is characterized by rapid reaction without antigen sensitization to produce non-specific killing effect. NK cells induce apoptosis of target cells by secreting perforin, granzyme, cytokines and chemokines, and can also express Fc receptor (CD16) ,which mediates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). With aging, the function of the immune system decreases, and NK cells initiate adaptive immune response disorders, which cannot mobilize effective immune responses and other physiological phenomena, leading to the occurrence of aging-related diseases such as infection and tumor. In this paper, the biological changes of NK Cells Subsets in the whole life cycle are discussed to explore the relationship between NK cells and aging, so as to lay a foundation for the clinical application of NK cells.
Key words: NK cells subsets; aging; immune response; infection; tumor
NK細(xì)胞是一種異質(zhì)淋巴細(xì)胞群,參與機(jī)體的固有免疫,產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞活性效應(yīng)不依賴抗體或補(bǔ)體,亦不需免疫刺激即可產(chǎn)生非特異性殺傷作用,故此得名。人類的NK細(xì)胞由CD3-CD56+表面表型定義,根據(jù)CD56表型表達(dá)的差異,NK細(xì)胞被分為兩個主要的亞群:CD56bright和CD56dim。研究表明,隨著年齡的增長,NK細(xì)胞的表型和功能都會受到影響,其中NK細(xì)胞亞群數(shù)量與功能的變化可能會導(dǎo)致老年人更容易患上疾病、感染和癌癥,本文就NK細(xì)胞亞群的變化與衰老相關(guān)的問題作進(jìn)一步的探討。
1? 人NK細(xì)胞亞群及生物學(xué)功能
NK細(xì)胞主要來源于骨髓淋巴樣干細(xì)胞,在骨髓內(nèi)發(fā)育成熟,它的形成不依賴胸腺,主要分布于外周血和外周淋巴組織[1-4],在外周血中約占淋巴細(xì)胞總數(shù)的10%~15%,脾內(nèi)有3%~4%,也可出現(xiàn)在肺臟、肝臟和腸黏膜,但在胸腺、淋巴結(jié)和胸導(dǎo)管中罕見。NK細(xì)胞的靶細(xì)胞主要有某些腫瘤細(xì)胞、病毒感染細(xì)胞、某些自身組織細(xì)胞及外來細(xì)菌等,因此,NK細(xì)胞是作用于機(jī)體抗腫瘤、抗感染的重要免疫組成部分[5-6],同時,NK細(xì)胞也參與Ⅱ型超敏反應(yīng)和移植物抗宿主反應(yīng)[7-9]。
研究表明,由于表型不同,NK細(xì)胞的CD56bright和CD56dim亞群具有不同的生物學(xué)功能[10]:CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群的細(xì)胞表面CD56高表達(dá),而CD16和殺傷細(xì)胞抑制受體(Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors,KIRs)低表達(dá),CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群是未成熟的NK細(xì)胞,大約只占NK細(xì)胞的5%~10%,其生物學(xué)功能有兩方面,它不僅是CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群的祖細(xì)胞,同時也是效應(yīng)細(xì)胞,但是CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群的細(xì)胞活性作用較弱,主要依靠分泌細(xì)胞因子(Cytokines)、生長因子(Growth Factor)、趨化因子(Chemokine)等,如分泌干擾素γ(Interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、腫瘤壞死因子(Tumor necrosis factor)、白細(xì)胞介素10(Interleukin-10,IL-10)和粒細(xì)胞巨噬細(xì)胞刺激因子(Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor,GM-CSF)等起免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能[11]。CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群則反之,呈現(xiàn)CD56低表達(dá),而CD16和KIRs高表達(dá)的特征,成年人CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群約占NK細(xì)胞總數(shù)的90%~95%,分泌細(xì)胞因子能力較弱,主要具有殺傷靶細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒活性作用,高水平表達(dá)FcγRⅢ及多種NK細(xì)胞抑制性受體,具備天然細(xì)胞活性作用和抗體依賴細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞活性作用(Antibody dependent cell-medicated cytotoxicity,ADCC)。因此,CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群比CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群具有更高的細(xì)胞毒活性[12-14]。
2? NK細(xì)胞亞群在生命周期中有生物學(xué)變化的特征
有研究數(shù)據(jù)表明[15-16],體現(xiàn)在整個生命周期中免疫細(xì)胞的變化,尤其是NK細(xì)胞亞群的生物學(xué)特征變化很大,隨著年齡的增長,NK細(xì)胞亞群從出生到高齡有著明顯的生物學(xué)變化:CD56bright NK細(xì)胞亞群數(shù)量的絕對值逐漸下降,與此同時,CD56dim NK細(xì)胞亞群在成年人至老年人淋巴細(xì)胞中所占的比例也越來越大,老年人的CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群的比例和/或數(shù)量隨年齡的增加而增加,提示增加的CD56dimNK:CD56brightNK比值與年齡顯著相關(guān)。
另一項關(guān)于在新生兒臍血中NK細(xì)胞亞群對比其母親和對照組(取自年齡與產(chǎn)婦組相仿的健康女性)的研究顯示,新生兒臍血中含量較高的是CD56bright NK細(xì)胞亞群,見表1。
NK細(xì)胞中CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群和CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群,在生命周期中各自的數(shù)量有明顯的變化,而且各自所發(fā)揮的功能也不同:CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群具有高表達(dá)CD94/NKG2A(C型凝集素家族的抑制性受體),不能結(jié)合靶細(xì)胞上的HLA-Ⅰ分子,從而抑制NK細(xì)胞的殺傷功能,具有較低的細(xì)胞毒作用,卻能夠產(chǎn)生多種細(xì)胞因子,發(fā)揮其免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,尤其是產(chǎn)生抑制炎癥反應(yīng)的IL-10,均有益于移植后減輕移植物抗宿主病的發(fā)生[18]。在成人和老年人中,出現(xiàn)了NK細(xì)胞的表型和功能的轉(zhuǎn)變,在生命過程中隨著成熟的CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群的增多,出現(xiàn)了CD94/NKG2A表達(dá)減少而KIR(殺傷細(xì)胞免疫球蛋白樣受體)和ILT-2(免疫球蛋白樣轉(zhuǎn)錄物-2)增加,尤其在老年人中,ILT-2達(dá)到兩倍,CD69(C型凝集素受體家族的成員,是NK細(xì)胞激活的標(biāo)志)在一些年老的受試者中高達(dá)75%等現(xiàn)象。
有研究顯示,與CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群相比,CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群濃度隨著年齡的增長在人體血液中增加,由于NK細(xì)胞的活性主要是由細(xì)胞因子控制并且發(fā)揮著重要作用,CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群主要是通過分泌細(xì)胞因子起免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群減少而導(dǎo)致了免疫功能的衰退,所以在老年人中CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群減少而CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群的增多現(xiàn)象可能是一種代償機(jī)制。由于在老年人中CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群的減少,使免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子減少,免疫功能下降而出現(xiàn)機(jī)體衰老[19-21]。
3? NK細(xì)胞亞群功能的生物學(xué)變化與機(jī)體衰老的關(guān)聯(lián)
機(jī)體衰老的免疫學(xué)理論最早由Walford在20世紀(jì)70年代提出[22],認(rèn)為免疫系統(tǒng)有隨年齡變化的特點(diǎn),機(jī)體衰老時免疫功能逐漸衰退,主要表現(xiàn)在胸腺萎縮和纖維化,胸腺素分泌量下降,免疫應(yīng)答阻滯,免疫細(xì)胞對抗原識別能力下降及活性下降,免疫細(xì)胞因子微環(huán)境發(fā)生變化等,因此,機(jī)體衰老通常一方面與傳染病和癌癥的易感性增加有關(guān),另一方面與免疫衰老的發(fā)展有關(guān)。
隨著年齡的增長,NK細(xì)胞中主要表達(dá)為具有細(xì)胞毒性的CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群功能退化,Beli E等[23]的研究證明,小鼠骨髓中NK細(xì)胞的成熟隨著年齡的增長而出現(xiàn)功能障礙,同時,髓系抑制性細(xì)胞(Myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)的活化可能會損害NK細(xì)胞的成熟,并且誘導(dǎo)未成熟調(diào)節(jié)性自然殺傷細(xì)胞(Regulatory NK cells,NKreg)的積累。另有研究表明[24],MDSCs可以抑制NK細(xì)胞的功能,如丙型肝炎病毒誘導(dǎo)的MDSCs的激活減少了人類NK細(xì)胞中IFN-γ的產(chǎn)生,免疫抑制反應(yīng)中的NKreg同樣能夠激活MDSCs,在不同組織和病理條件下特異性抑制NK細(xì)胞免疫。有研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示[25],與成人對照組相比,老年受試者的CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群產(chǎn)生IFN-γ的能力減弱,IFN-γ分泌減少會對病毒清除產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,因此NK細(xì)胞免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能的受損會導(dǎo)致老年人感染的嚴(yán)重程度增加,以及感染后的緩解期和恢復(fù)時間更長。
同樣,在沒有IL-2激活的情況下,老年受試者的CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群活性能力下降。在疾病狀態(tài)下這些NK細(xì)胞功能相對下降的改變與年齡密切相關(guān),從而導(dǎo)致高齡老年人有更高的感染發(fā)生率、動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生率和營養(yǎng)不良增加等現(xiàn)象。但是在IL-2激活后,老年受試者的NK細(xì)胞功能得到恢復(fù),并且年齡在80歲以下的老年人,比年齡大于80歲的老年人恢復(fù)的效果更好[26-28]。因此,在老年早期(80歲之前)增強(qiáng)NK細(xì)胞的功能,可能會預(yù)防一些與年齡相關(guān)的疾病,從而達(dá)到健康的目的。另一項研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示,NK細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞活性主要是通過釋放胞質(zhì)內(nèi)的細(xì)胞活性蛋白如穿孔素、顆粒酶等發(fā)揮自然殺傷作用[29]。與年輕人相比,來自老年人的NK細(xì)胞與靶細(xì)胞接觸后,形成的免疫突觸釋放穿孔素的量要少得多[30]。Sagiv A等證明穿孔素介導(dǎo)的NK細(xì)胞毒性的下降與年齡相關(guān),這一缺陷可能會阻礙老年人NK細(xì)胞清除衰老細(xì)胞的能力[31-32]。
這些研究表明,NK細(xì)胞亞群的生物學(xué)變化,如老年人中CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群減少而CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群的增多,以及CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群活性能力下降,導(dǎo)致機(jī)體在免疫調(diào)節(jié)中起重要作用的分泌細(xì)胞因子減少而導(dǎo)致了免疫衰老,因此,在生命周期中NK細(xì)胞亞群數(shù)量和功能的變化與衰老相關(guān)。
4? 小結(jié)
機(jī)體衰老是指生物體伴隨著年齡的增長而不可避免地出現(xiàn)的對社會環(huán)境和生理環(huán)境適應(yīng)能力的進(jìn)行性降低,機(jī)體逐漸老化并趨向死亡的一種自然現(xiàn)象,出現(xiàn)的主要生理變化是機(jī)體組織細(xì)胞的老化,各器官系統(tǒng)功能的障礙,各種退行性疾病,組織相應(yīng)構(gòu)成物質(zhì)的流失等。40多年前,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)機(jī)體衰老過程與免疫系統(tǒng)功能的下降有關(guān),這種狀態(tài)稱為免疫衰老。目前,隨著與衰老相關(guān)的細(xì)胞和分子變化有關(guān)的研究越來越多,免疫衰老這一生理現(xiàn)象已受到越來越多學(xué)者的重視。1970年,美國科學(xué)家Herberman教授發(fā)現(xiàn)NK細(xì)胞是身體早期防御的重要部分,具有強(qiáng)大的細(xì)胞毒活性,伴隨著機(jī)體衰老過程N(yùn)K細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)出活性下降,分泌的穿孔素、細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子受體有明顯變化等現(xiàn)象。
NK細(xì)胞亞群在免疫衰老過程中存在表型和功能的變化,表現(xiàn)在NK細(xì)胞亞群由CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群向成熟的CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群發(fā)生生物學(xué)變化,同時NK細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)功能也由免疫調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)向細(xì)胞活性發(fā)生變化。在老年人群中,由于NK細(xì)胞大多是CD56dimNK細(xì)胞亞群而少見CD56brightNK細(xì)胞亞群,從而減少了細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子的調(diào)控,導(dǎo)致NK細(xì)胞免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能降低,進(jìn)而使NK細(xì)胞毒的活性降低,NK細(xì)胞亞群的這些變化體現(xiàn)在整個生命周期中,并且與機(jī)體的衰老密切相關(guān)。
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[收稿日期]2022-12-30
本文引用格式:秦紅,鄒霓霞,王啟華.人NK細(xì)胞亞群的生物學(xué)變化與機(jī)體衰老的關(guān)系[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2024,33(4):191-194.