李嚴(yán)棠 覃軍 李捷 傅翔 李波
基金項(xiàng)目:1.深圳市龍崗區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)與科技發(fā)展專項(xiàng)資金醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):LGWJ2022105);2.龍崗區(qū)醫(yī)學(xué)重點(diǎn)學(xué)科建設(shè)經(jīng)費(fèi)資助項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):深龍衛(wèi)健通〔2024〕1號(hào))
作者簡(jiǎn)介:李嚴(yán)棠(1992.10-),男,廣東雷州人,碩士,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事圍術(shù)期疼痛管理及臨床骨科麻醉研究
摘要:目的? 探討右美托咪定復(fù)合低濃度羅哌卡因單次股神經(jīng)阻滯在老年患者膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的鎮(zhèn)痛效果及對(duì)術(shù)后肌力恢復(fù)的影響。方法? 選取深圳市龍崗區(qū)骨科醫(yī)院2020年3月-2021年9月在喉罩插管全麻下行膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(TKA)患者60例,采用數(shù)字表法隨機(jī)分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組(DR組)和對(duì)照組(R組)各30例。DR組與R組分別以0.15%羅哌卡因+1 μg/kg右美托咪啶、0.15%羅哌卡因超聲引導(dǎo)下股神經(jīng)阻滯,術(shù)后兩組均行患者自控靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛(PCIA)。比較兩組患者術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)(4、8、12、18、24、48 h)疼痛程度(VAS)及股四頭肌肌力。記錄兩組患者術(shù)后PCIA首次按壓時(shí)間、術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)各時(shí)間間隔PCA按壓次數(shù)、相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,以及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果? DR組術(shù)后8、12、24 h靜息狀態(tài)VAS評(píng)分及運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)VAS評(píng)分均低于R組(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后股四頭肌肌力比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);DR組患者首次PCA按壓時(shí)間為(5.64±1.73)h,長(zhǎng)于R組的(3.15±1.52)h,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);DR組術(shù)后4~8 h、8~12 h、12~24 h時(shí)間間隔PCA按壓次數(shù)少于R組(P<0.05);兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論? 與單純羅哌卡因相比,右美托咪定復(fù)合低濃度羅哌卡因能增強(qiáng)阻滯效果,延長(zhǎng)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間,對(duì)術(shù)后肌力恢復(fù)的影響較小,且不會(huì)增加不良反應(yīng),能為TKA患者提供更好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果。
關(guān)鍵詞:右美托咪啶;股神經(jīng)阻滯;全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換;術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛
中圖分類號(hào):R614? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.09.021
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2024)09-0112-06
Effect of Single Femoral Nerve Block with Dexmedetomidine Combined with Low Concentration Ropivacaine on Knee Arthroplasty in Elderly Patients
LI Yan-tang1,QIN Jun1,LI Jie2,F(xiàn)U Xiang1,LI Bo1
(Department of Anesthesiology1,Department of Orthopaedics2,Shenzhen Longgang Orthopaedics Hospital,
Shenzhen 518116,Guangdong,China)
Abstract:Objective? To investigate the effect of single femoral nerve block with dexmedetomidine combined with low concentration ropivacaine on postoperative analgesia and postoperative muscle strength recovery in elderly patients after knee arthroplasty.Methods? A total of 60 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) under general anesthesia with laryngeal mask intubation from March 2020 to September 2021 in Shenzhen Longgang Orthopaedics Hospital were selected and randomly divided into experimental group (DR group) and control group (R group), with 30 patients in each group. DR group and R group were treated with 0.15% ropivacaine+1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.15% ropivacaine for ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block, respectively. Postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) was performed in both groups. The pain degree (VAS) and quadriceps muscle strength at different time points (4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48 h) after operation were compared between the two groups. The first pressing time of PCIA after operation, the times of PCA pressing at each time interval within 48 h after operation, related complications and adverse reactions were recorded in the two groups.Results? The VAS score of resting state and motion state at 8,12 and 24 h after operation in DR group was lower than that in R group (P<0.05).The first PCA pressing time of DR group was (5.64±1.73)h, which was longer than (3.15±1.52)h of R group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The times of PCA pressing at 4-8 h, 8-12 h and 12-24 h after operation in DR group were less than those in R group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion? Compared with ropivacaine alone, dexmedetomidine combined with low concentration ropivacaine can enhance the block effect, prolong the postoperative analgesia time, have less effect on the recovery of postoperative muscle strength, and will not increase the adverse reactions, which can provide better analgesic effect for TKA patients.
Key words:Dexmedetomidine;Femoral nerve block;Total knee arthroplasty;Postoperative analgesia
隨著我國(guó)人口老齡化,膝關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎和類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎等膝關(guān)節(jié)疾病患者不斷增多,而這一類疾病終末期最常見及最有效的治療手段則是全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total kneearthroplasty, TKA)[1]。但全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,可引起術(shù)后感染和急性疼痛[2],影響患者術(shù)后早期康復(fù)和延遲出院時(shí)間[3],最后發(fā)展為慢性疼痛。研究證實(shí)股神經(jīng)阻滯可有效改善TKA術(shù)后急性疼痛,有利于早期關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉和術(shù)后康復(fù)[2,4,5]。但單次股神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉時(shí)效有限,增加局麻藥劑量和濃度會(huì)影響術(shù)后肌力恢復(fù),而濃度過(guò)低往往導(dǎo)致鎮(zhèn)痛效果欠佳。雖連續(xù)股神經(jīng)阻滯可改善這一問(wèn)題,但可能因?qū)Ч芤莆?、阻塞、漏液、輸液泵故障及?dǎo)管相關(guān)性神經(jīng)刺激、感染、局麻藥中毒等因素導(dǎo)致鎮(zhèn)痛失敗[4,6]。因此如何延長(zhǎng)神經(jīng)阻滯時(shí)效和增強(qiáng)麻醉效果成為近些年臨床的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。右美托咪定是一種高選擇性的α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)劑,研究證實(shí)右美托咪定作為局麻藥佐劑可延長(zhǎng)神經(jīng)阻滯時(shí)間,改善鎮(zhèn)痛效果[7,8]。但目前國(guó)內(nèi)尚缺乏關(guān)于右美托咪定復(fù)合低濃度羅哌卡因股神經(jīng)阻滯,在TKA中鎮(zhèn)痛效果及對(duì)術(shù)后肌力影響的大量研究。因此本研究以老年全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換患者作為研究對(duì)象,評(píng)估右美托咪啶復(fù)合低濃度羅哌卡因單次股神經(jīng)阻滯在老年TKA中的臨床應(yīng)用效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料? 選取深圳市龍崗區(qū)骨科醫(yī)院2020年3月-2021年9月?lián)衿谛袉蝹?cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的老年患者60例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為羅哌卡因組(R組)和右美托咪定復(fù)合羅哌卡因組(DR組),各30例。兩組患者性別、年齡、體質(zhì)指數(shù)(body mass index, BMI)、ASA分級(jí)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見表1。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡65~89歲,性別不限,BMI<30 kg/m2,美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)為Ⅰ~Ⅲ級(jí)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):存在麻醉禁忌;既往有神經(jīng)或精神系統(tǒng)疾??;嚴(yán)重心動(dòng)過(guò)緩或病態(tài)竇房結(jié)綜合征;合并嚴(yán)重心肺、肝腎功能障礙或腦血管疾?。粚?duì)本研究涉及藥物過(guò)敏;凝血功能障礙;穿刺點(diǎn)感染;無(wú)法配合及理解疼痛評(píng)估。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),均與患者及家屬簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法? 兩組患者術(shù)前禁食8 h,均未使用術(shù)前用藥。入室后常規(guī)建立靜脈通路,監(jiān)測(cè)心率(heart rate, HR)、心電圖(electrocardiogram, ECG)、血氧飽和度(oxygen saturation, SpO2)、無(wú)創(chuàng)血壓(non-invasive blood pressure, NIBP)及腦電雙頻指數(shù)(bispectral index, BIS)。兩組患者麻醉前均由同一資深醫(yī)師行超聲引導(dǎo)下單次股神經(jīng)阻滯。R組阻滯藥物為0.15%鹽酸羅哌卡因注射液(廣東嘉博制藥有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20133178,規(guī)格:10 ml∶100 mg)20 ml,DR組阻滯藥物為1 μg/kg右美托咪定(國(guó)藥集團(tuán)工業(yè)有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20193217,規(guī)格:2 ml∶200 μg)+0.15%鹽酸羅哌卡因注射液20 ml。阻滯方法:患者取仰臥位,常規(guī)消毒鋪巾,使用高頻線陣探頭(超聲機(jī)型:邁瑞M9CV;5.0~13.0 MHz)平行于腹股溝放置于大腿根部,以股動(dòng)脈為目標(biāo),滑動(dòng)探頭尋找股動(dòng)脈顯影,在股動(dòng)脈外側(cè)旁確定股神經(jīng)位置(圖1)。選擇合適穿刺點(diǎn),采用平面內(nèi)技術(shù)穿刺,通過(guò)超聲機(jī)顯影待針尖到達(dá)股神經(jīng)目標(biāo)位置后,回抽無(wú)異常,在股神經(jīng)周圍緩慢注入阻滯藥物(圖2),顯示股神經(jīng)被藥物完全包裹(圖3),觀察無(wú)不良反應(yīng)后,確定股神經(jīng)阻滯效果。兩組患者均采用血漿濃度靶控輸注(Target-controlledinfusion, TCI)丙泊酚(山西普德藥業(yè)有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20193318,規(guī)格:20 ml∶200 mg)1~3 μg/ml,瑞芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè),國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20180319,規(guī)格:1 mg)1~3 ng/ml喉罩插管全麻。待患者麻醉達(dá)到插管深度,置入喉罩(型號(hào):男性4#,女性3#)成功后連接麻醉機(jī)。麻醉維持BIS值為40~60閉環(huán)輸注。術(shù)畢,兩組患者均使用一次性患者自控靜脈電子鎮(zhèn)痛泵(patient controlled intravenous analgesia, PCIA),配藥方案均為舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè),國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20170126,規(guī)格:1 ml∶50 μg )2 μg/kg+托烷司瓊(山西普德藥業(yè)有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20180601,規(guī)格:5 ml∶5 mg)10 mg +生理鹽水稀釋至100 ml,設(shè)置背景劑量為2 ml/h,自控給液量2 ml/15 min。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)? 主要觀察指標(biāo):①記錄患者術(shù)后4、8、12、24、48 h靜息及運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)時(shí)疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue score, VAS)(總分0~10分,0分為無(wú)痛,10分為劇痛),術(shù)前宣教患者VAS評(píng)分評(píng)價(jià)靜息和活動(dòng)疼痛程度;②記錄術(shù)后4、8、12、24、48 h術(shù)側(cè)股四頭肌肌力分級(jí)(0級(jí):肌肉無(wú)收縮;1級(jí):有輕微收縮但不能移動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié);2級(jí):關(guān)節(jié)可水平方向運(yùn)動(dòng),但不能夠?qū)沟匦囊Γ?級(jí):能對(duì)抗下肢重力但不能對(duì)抗阻力;4級(jí):能對(duì)抗下肢重力且能夠?qū)挂欢ㄗ枇Γ?級(jí)能對(duì)抗強(qiáng)大的阻力進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng));③PCIA首次按壓時(shí)間;④術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)各時(shí)間間隔PCA按壓次數(shù)。次要觀察指標(biāo):患者術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥及不良反應(yīng)(惡心嘔吐、呼吸抑制、血壓心率降低等)發(fā)生情況。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法? 采用SPSS 22.0軟件統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料采用(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,兩組間比較采用?字2檢驗(yàn);等級(jí)資料采用[M(Q1,Q3)]表示,組間比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)各時(shí)間點(diǎn)靜息與運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)VAS評(píng)分比較? DR組術(shù)后4、48 h靜態(tài)VAS評(píng)分低于R組,術(shù)后4 h運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)VAS評(píng)分低于R組,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);DR組術(shù)后8、12、24 h靜息狀態(tài)VAS評(píng)分低于R組,術(shù)后8、12、24、48 h運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)VAS評(píng)分低于R組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2、表3。
2.2兩組患者術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)PCA按壓次數(shù)比較? DR組與患者術(shù)后首次PCA按壓鎮(zhèn)痛泵的時(shí)間為(5.64±1.73)h,長(zhǎng)于R組的(3.15±1.52)h,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),DR組明顯延遲。術(shù)后48 h內(nèi),DR組術(shù)后4~8 h、8~12 h、12~24 h時(shí)間間隔PCA按壓次數(shù)少于R組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表4。
2.3兩組患者術(shù)后股四頭肌肌力評(píng)估比較? 兩組患者術(shù)后股四頭肌肌力評(píng)估比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表5。
2.4兩組患者術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況比較? 兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(?字2=0.271,P>0.05),見表6。兩組患者均未發(fā)生局部血腫、神經(jīng)損傷、穿刺點(diǎn)感染、局麻藥中毒等并發(fā)癥,未發(fā)生呼吸抑制、低血壓等不良反應(yīng)。
3討論
老年骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎終末期最佳的治療手段是TKA,但TKA創(chuàng)傷大,術(shù)后往往需要大劑量阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥抑制疼痛,進(jìn)而增加許多全身性不良反應(yīng)。多項(xiàng)研究表明[7,9],股神經(jīng)阻滯可有效完善TKA術(shù)后患者的鎮(zhèn)痛,減少阿片類藥物使用及相關(guān)副作用。然而,局麻藥的時(shí)效限制了股神經(jīng)阻滯用于術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的持續(xù)時(shí)間。羅哌卡因常用于神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉,其時(shí)效約為6~8 h。而術(shù)后急性疼痛高峰期多于術(shù)后24~48 h[10,11],單次羅哌卡因神經(jīng)阻滯并不能滿足術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的需求。
右美托咪定已被大量研究證實(shí)可作為局麻藥的佐劑,改善周圍神經(jīng)阻滯的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,延長(zhǎng)鎮(zhèn)痛持續(xù)時(shí)間[12,13]。右美托咪定復(fù)合羅哌卡因用于臂叢、硬膜外等周圍神經(jīng)能加快起效時(shí)間,延長(zhǎng)作用時(shí)間[14,15]。本研究?jī)山M患者行股神經(jīng)均可有效緩解TKA患者術(shù)后疼痛,兩組術(shù)后4 h靜息和運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)鎮(zhèn)痛效果相似(P>0.05);DR組術(shù)后8、12、24 h鎮(zhèn)痛效果優(yōu)于R組(P<0.05),表明右美托咪定能增強(qiáng)鎮(zhèn)痛效果,延長(zhǎng)低濃度羅派卡因的鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)效。Dai W等[16]的研究中同樣表明,與單純羅哌卡因相比,羅哌卡因中加入右美托咪定具有更好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,起效時(shí)間短,持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。雖然兩組患者術(shù)后4 h鎮(zhèn)痛效果相似,但R組患者首次使用PCA輔助疼痛的時(shí)間更早(P<0.05),術(shù)后4~8、8~12、12~24 h時(shí)間間隔DR組PCA按壓次數(shù)少于R組(P<0.05),同樣表明單純羅哌卡因單次阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間短,復(fù)合右美托咪定可明顯延長(zhǎng)局麻藥的鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間,增強(qiáng)鎮(zhèn)痛效果,減少阿片類藥物使用。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)腹部手術(shù)后腹橫肌平面阻滯(TAP)的研究認(rèn)為[17],在局麻藥中加入右美托咪定減少了24 h阿片類藥物的使用,并延長(zhǎng)鎮(zhèn)痛的總時(shí)間,而不增加不良事件。本研究結(jié)果中兩組患者術(shù)后股四頭肌肌力比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),表明右美托咪定作為局麻藥佐劑對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯影響較小。Song ZG等[5]比較地塞米松和右美托咪定作為局麻藥佐劑對(duì)神經(jīng)阻滯的影響的RCT研究結(jié)果表明,右美托咪定和地塞米松作為佐劑具有相似的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,但右美托咪定對(duì)感覺阻滯起效更快,持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),而地塞米松對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。
右美托咪定是一種高選擇性的α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)劑,可作為輔助劑應(yīng)用于臨床麻醉與鎮(zhèn)痛[18-20]。對(duì)于右美托咪定作為佐劑用于神經(jīng)阻滯的機(jī)制尚未明確,目前認(rèn)為通過(guò)阻滯激活的超極化陽(yáng)離子電流,阻斷電流導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)的長(zhǎng)期超極化,但其作用似乎對(duì)無(wú)髓鞘的C纖維更為明顯[21]。這一說(shuō)法也解釋了右美托咪定對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯影響小。因此右美托咪定輔助低濃度局麻藥可避免對(duì)TKA患者術(shù)后運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的阻滯,同時(shí)避免大劑量高濃度局麻藥導(dǎo)致的不良反應(yīng)。在本研究中未發(fā)生低血壓、呼吸抑制等不良反應(yīng),DR組有2例患者出現(xiàn)心動(dòng)過(guò)緩,但組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),術(shù)后隨訪未出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)損傷。雖有報(bào)道右美托咪定作為局麻藥佐劑可能增加心動(dòng)過(guò)緩、低血壓和嗜睡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[13],但與阿片類藥物相比,右美托咪定可減少瘙癢、惡心嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)[22]。而目前右美托咪定作為局麻藥佐劑對(duì)神經(jīng)毒性的影響尚不完全清楚,在一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[23]中顯示,較高劑量(3 μg/ml)右美托咪定可增加神經(jīng)毒性,而低劑量(1和2 μg/ml)則未出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)毒性損傷。Yu ZY等[24]在對(duì)比兩種劑量的右美托咪定作為羅哌卡因佐劑的療效及其對(duì)神經(jīng)毒性的保護(hù)作用的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,相比單純羅哌卡因,加入右美托咪定可減少半胱氨酸酶依賴性的坐骨神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡,顯著減輕了羅哌卡因引起的神經(jīng)毒性;相比低劑量(6 μg/kg),高劑量(20 μg/kg)作用更有效。亦有學(xué)者[25]認(rèn)為右美托咪定具有神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,作用機(jī)制可能與抑制活化的核因子NF-κB有關(guān)。因此在臨床應(yīng)用中右美托咪定作為局麻藥佐劑時(shí),應(yīng)考慮藥物的劑量和安全性,選擇合適的劑量使在增強(qiáng)鎮(zhèn)痛效果,延長(zhǎng)阻滯時(shí)間的同時(shí),較少出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)。
本研究也存在一定局限性:①樣本量偏小,可能存在偏倚;②研究中PCA鎮(zhèn)痛可能影響術(shù)后VAS評(píng)分;③對(duì)患者神經(jīng)毒性損害缺乏遠(yuǎn)期評(píng)估。
綜上所述,與單純羅派卡因比較,右美托咪定復(fù)合低濃度羅派卡因單次股神經(jīng)阻滯,能改善TKA患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,延長(zhǎng)鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間,可減少阿片類藥物使用,同時(shí)不影響股四頭肌肌力,有利于早期康復(fù),值得在臨床上應(yīng)用。
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收稿日期:2023-05-11;修回日期:2023-06-21
編輯/肖婷婷