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大果少核椪柑新品種華柑3號的選育

2024-04-30 04:49:07解凱東陳昊伍小萌謝宗周郭文武
果樹學(xué)報(bào) 2024年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:多倍體柑橘新品種

解凱東 陳昊 伍小萌 謝宗周 郭文武

摘? ? 要:華柑3號是通過鄂柑1號椪柑珠心胚實(shí)生苗倍性變異而培育的四倍體大果少核椪柑新品種。果實(shí)扁圓形,果實(shí)大,平均橫徑74.08 mm,縱徑62.63 mm,平均單果質(zhì)量179.94 g,平均果皮厚度3.45 mm。果肉橙黃色,肉質(zhì)脆嫩,酸甜爽口,風(fēng)味濃,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為14.49%,可滴定酸含量為1.16%,可食率為71.6%,化渣性好;種子少,平均2.7?!す?1;樹勢中等偏強(qiáng),樹姿較直立,結(jié)果母枝以春梢和秋梢為主;在湖北武漢地區(qū),12月中下旬果實(shí)成熟,可掛樹至翌年1月;豐產(chǎn)性中等,按3.0 m × 4.0 m密度定植的5年生樹,每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量可達(dá)1500 kg;適宜在年均溫度16 ℃左右,冬季無霜凍、絕對最低溫度在-5 ℃以上的區(qū)域種植。

關(guān)鍵詞:柑橘;新品種;華柑3號;多倍體;無核育種

中圖分類號:S666.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)03-0543-04

A new ponkan cultivar Huagan No. 3 with large fruits and few seeds

XIE Kaidong, CHEN Hao, WU Xiaomeng, XIE Zongzhou, GUO Wenwu*

(College of Horticulture & Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University//National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China)

Abstract: Huagan No. 3 is a new tetraploid citrus cultivar, derived from the seedlings of Egan No. 1 ponkan. It was first identified in 2007 through the morphological pre-screening and ploidy determination by using the flow cytometry. SSR molecular analysis confirmed its status as an autotetraploid (or doubled diploid) plant resulting from the spontaneous chromosome doubling of the nucellar cell of Egan No. 1 ponkan. Grafted onto Poncirus trifoliate rootstocks in 2008, Huagan No. 3 first blossomed in 2013. Over five consecutive years from 2014 to 2018, fruit quality and fertility of Huagan No. 3 were evaluated in comparison with its diploid parent, Egan No. 1 ponkan. It was found that Huagan No. 3 exhibited larger leaf, flower and fruit size, along with higher total soluble solid and titratable acid contents. However, the seed number in the fruits of Huagan No. 3 was significantly lower than that of Egan No. 1 ponkan. These characteristics of larger fruit and fewer seeds remained consistent across different years, indicating that Huagan No. 3 was a promising new citrus cultivar with good economic value. In 2021, Huagan No. 3 was granted the Plant New Variety Right (CNA20191005407) by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. The tree of Huagan No. 3 is erect and medium vigorous, with an oval and upright shape. The spring and autumn shoots are the main types of fruit-bearing base branches. The leaves are broadly lanceolate, with a deep green color and a gradually pointed tip at the apex. The leaf length and width are 91.3 mm and 39.7 mm, respectively. The flowers are white and bloom once a year. The petals are long, boat-shaped, and the filaments are separate. The anthers are light yellow and the style is upright with a globular stigma. The fruit of Huagan No. 3 is oblate, with a fruit shape index of approximately 0.85, and average transverse and longitudinal diameters of 74.08 mm and 62.63 mm, respectively. Huagan No. 3 fruits are larger than those of Egan No. 1 ponkan, with an average fruit weight of 179.94 g. The fruit peel of Huagan No. 3 is thicker than that of Egan No. 1 with an average thickness of 3.45 mm. Similar to other ponkan mandarins, Huagan No. 3 has orange-yellow flesh, crispy and soft texture, sweet and sour taste and strong flavor. The pulp has a total soluble solid content of 14.49% and a titratable acid content of 1.16%, both of which are higher than those of Egan No. 1 ponkan. The average seed number in Huagan No. 3 fruits is significantly lower, with an average of 2.7 seeds per fruit. In the Wuhan area, Huagan No. 3 fruits typically begin to turn yellow in late October, with the mature period extending from the middle to late December. The yield of Huagan No. 3 is moderate, with five-year-old trees planted at a density of 3.0 m × 4.0 m and being capable of producing 1500 kg per 666.7 m2. Huagan No. 3 exhibits wide adaptability and is well-suited for cultivation in most citrus-producing areas in China, particularly in areas suitable for ponkan cultivation (the annual average temperature ≥ 16 ℃; absolute minimum temperature ≥ -5 ℃; effective annual accumulated temperature (≥ 10 ℃) ≥ 5500 ℃; frost-free period ≤ 280 days; and annual precipitation ≥ 1000 mm).

Key words: Citrus; New cultivar; Huagan No. 3; Polyploids; Seedless breeding

椪柑(Citrus reticulata Blanco)為中國特色寬皮柑橘[1],面積和產(chǎn)量均占世界椪柑總面積和產(chǎn)量的95%以上。椪柑果實(shí)主要用于鮮食,風(fēng)味獨(dú)特,春節(jié)前后上市,有廣闊的消費(fèi)市場。但中國現(xiàn)有椪柑品種多數(shù)果實(shí)偏?。ㄏM(fèi)者更加青睞橫徑大于70 mm的大果無核或少核椪柑),且有核甚至多核,成為影響椪柑銷售價(jià)格的主要限制因素。因此,培育品質(zhì)優(yōu)、果實(shí)大且無核或少核的椪柑新品種是振興中國椪柑產(chǎn)業(yè)的重要需求。華柑3號是華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)通過實(shí)生播種從鄂柑1號椪柑珠心胚實(shí)生苗發(fā)掘獲得的同源四倍體[2]。該品種與對照親本相比,果實(shí)變大,種子數(shù)減少,果實(shí)可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量顯著增加[3],具有較高的食用和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。

1 選育經(jīng)過

華柑3號是從鄂柑1號椪柑珠心胚實(shí)生苗發(fā)掘獲得的四倍體變異。2007年通過實(shí)生播種、幼苗形態(tài)學(xué)初選結(jié)合倍性鑒定,從鄂柑1號椪柑實(shí)生幼苗篩選獲得1株四倍體;SSR分子標(biāo)記鑒定其為鄂柑1號椪柑珠心細(xì)胞自然加倍形成的同源四倍體(雙二倍體)。2008年以枳為砧將四倍體嫁接至田間,共6株樹;2013年,四倍體首次開花結(jié)果,2014—2018年連續(xù)5 a(年)對其育性和果實(shí)品質(zhì)進(jìn)行綜合評價(jià),與二倍體對照親本相比,四倍體表現(xiàn)出葉片、花與果實(shí)均變大,種子數(shù)明顯減少,果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量顯著增加的特點(diǎn),不同年份間性狀穩(wěn)定,具有較高的食用和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值;該品種育性正常,作為親本培育三倍體無核椪柑等柑橘新品種將具有較好的應(yīng)用前景,將其定為優(yōu)系,命名華柑3號(圖1),2021年獲農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部植物新品種權(quán)(品種權(quán)號:CNA20191005407)。

2 主要性狀

2.1 植物學(xué)特征

樹勢中等偏強(qiáng),樹冠橢圓形,樹姿較直立,枝細(xì)而密集;葉片闊披針形,長度91.3 mm,寬度39.7 mm,顏色濃綠,全緣葉,葉尖漸尖,葉基楔形,翼葉不明顯;花一年開放一次,白色,完全花,多為單花;花瓣較長,多為5瓣花,船形,花絲呈分離狀態(tài),花藥黃色,花柱直立,柱頭為球形。

2.2 物候期

在武漢地區(qū),一年可抽生3~4次梢。3月中旬至4月下旬抽生春梢,6月上旬至7月下旬抽生夏梢,秋梢發(fā)生期在8月上中旬,9月上中旬偶爾抽生晚秋梢。4月上旬現(xiàn)蕾,4月下旬盛花期;以春梢和秋梢結(jié)果為主,第一次生理落果期在5月中旬,第二次生理落果期在6月上旬。膨果期主要在7—8月,10月下旬果面開始轉(zhuǎn)色,11月中下旬可完全轉(zhuǎn)色,12月中下旬果實(shí)成熟,可掛樹至翌年1月。豐產(chǎn)性中等,無明顯大小年現(xiàn)象。按3.0 m × 4.0 m密度定植,5年生樹每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量可達(dá)1500 kg,盛果期每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量可達(dá)2000 kg。

2.3 生長結(jié)果特性

果實(shí)扁圓形,果實(shí)平均橫徑74.08 mm,縱徑62.63 mm,果形指數(shù)0.85,單果質(zhì)量179.94 g;果面橙黃色、較光滑,果頂微凹,果蒂突起有放射溝;果皮中等厚,厚度3.45 mm,易剝離;中心柱空,囊瓣長腎形、整齊,易分離;果肉橙黃色,肉質(zhì)細(xì)軟,酸甜爽口,風(fēng)味濃,化渣;種子少,平均2.7粒·果-1,子葉綠色,多胚;成熟果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為14.49%,可滴定酸含量為1.16%,可食率為71.6%。華柑3號與其二倍體親本鄂柑1號椪柑的果實(shí)品質(zhì)相比,華柑3號果實(shí)明顯增大、種子數(shù)少,可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量也顯著高于其二倍體親本(表1)。

2.4 抗逆性

抗凍性較強(qiáng),可在柑橘北緣地區(qū)種植;耐高溫能力也較強(qiáng),盛花期溫度在30 ℃以上仍能正常開花結(jié)實(shí);高抗炭疽病、瘡痂病,較耐潰瘍病。

3 分子標(biāo)記鑒定

利用簡單序列重復(fù)(simple sequence repeat,SSR)分子標(biāo)記對華柑3號及鄂柑1號椪柑進(jìn)行分子鑒定。采用CTAB法分別提取華柑3號和鄂柑1號葉片基因組DNA,利用3對多態(tài)性SSR引物CAT01[4]、Ci01C07[5]、Csin0341[6]進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,采用毛細(xì)管凝膠電泳進(jìn)行條帶分析。如圖2所示,華柑3號在3個(gè)SSR位點(diǎn)處的擴(kuò)增條帶與鄂柑1號椪柑完全一致,表明華柑3號為鄂柑1號椪柑珠心細(xì)胞自然加倍形成,為同源四倍體。

4 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)

4.1 適宜區(qū)域

適宜中國大多數(shù)柑橘主產(chǎn)區(qū)栽培,特別是椪柑主產(chǎn)區(qū),土壤土層深厚、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量高的土壤果實(shí)品質(zhì)好。適宜生長的氣候條件:年均溫度16 ℃左右,絕對最低溫度 ≥ -5 ℃,但持續(xù)時(shí)間不能太長,年日照1100 h以上,≥ 10 ℃的年積溫5500 ℃以上,無霜期不低于280 d;空氣相對濕度<75%,年降水量在1000 mm以上。

4.2 定植

園地選擇參照鄂柑1號椪柑的要求,高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建園,合理布局,綜合配套,修筑必要的排灌和蓄水設(shè)施,實(shí)行山、水、田、林、路等綜合治理。合理稀植,有利于對果園施行機(jī)械化和半機(jī)械化操作,定植密度建議3.0 m × 4.0 m。

4.3 整形修剪和花果管理

可采用自然圓頭形樹形,主干高30~40 cm,主枝3~4個(gè),均勻分布,基角50°~60°。幼樹期注意培養(yǎng)主枝,促使幼樹多發(fā)新梢,迅速擴(kuò)大樹冠,疏除或削弱臨近競爭枝。盛果期后,重點(diǎn)對著生在主側(cè)枝上的枝組和輔養(yǎng)枝進(jìn)行修剪,一般在冬季采果后至春季萌發(fā)前進(jìn)行冬剪,主要疏剪枯枝、病蟲害枝、衰弱枝、衰退的結(jié)果枝和結(jié)果母枝等,一般不進(jìn)行小枝修剪。豐產(chǎn)性中等,大小年不明顯,一般無需進(jìn)行疏花疏果。

4.4 其他管理

華柑3號的土肥水管理和主要病蟲害防治與鄂柑1號椪柑一致,無特殊要求。

5 綜合評價(jià)

經(jīng)連續(xù)多年對華柑3號果實(shí)性狀和育種價(jià)值分析,其果實(shí)品質(zhì)優(yōu)良,果實(shí)大和少核性狀穩(wěn)定;其育性正常,可作為核心種源和倍性雜交親本用于培育三倍體無核椪柑等新品種,具有較高的研究價(jià)值和育種應(yīng)用潛力。

參考文獻(xiàn) References:

[1] 吳巨勛,張雅菁,伊華林,謝宗周,鄧秀新. 無核柑橘新品種華柑4號的選育[J]. 果樹學(xué)報(bào),2022,39(3):495-498.

WU Juxun,ZHANG Yajing,YI Hualin,XIE Zongzhou,DENG Xiuxin. Breeding report of a new seedless ponkan cultivar Huagan No. 4[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2022,39(3):495-498.

[2] GUO W W,LIANG W J,XIE K D,XIA Q M,F(xiàn)U J,GUO D Y,XIE Z Z,WU X M,XU Q,YI H L,DENG X X. Exploitation of polyploids from 39 citrus seedling populations[J]. Acta Horticulturae,2016(1135):11-16.

[3] TAN F Q,ZHANG M,XIE K D,F(xiàn)AN Y J,SONG X,WANG R,WU X M,ZHANG H Y,GUO W W. Polyploidy remodels fruit metabolism by modifying carbon source utilization and metabolic flux in Ponkan mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)[J]. Plant Science,2019,289:110276.

[4] BARKLEY N A,ROOSE M L,KRUEGER R R,F(xiàn)EDERICI C T. Assessing genetic diversity and population structure in a citrus germplasm collection utilizing simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs)[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2006,112(8):1519-1531.

[5] FROELICHER Y,DAMBIER D,BASSENE J B,COSTANTINO G,LOTFY S,DIDOUT C,BEAUMONT V,BROTTIER P,RISTERUCCI A M,LURO F,OLLITRAULT P. Characterization of microsatellite markers in mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco)[J]. Molecular Ecology Resources,2008,8(1):119-122.

[6] XU Q,CHEN L L,RUAN X A,CHEN D J,ZHU A D,CHEN C L,BERTRAND D,JIAO W B,HAO B H,LYON M P,CHEN J J,GAO S,XING F,LAN H,CHANG J W,GE X H,LEI Y,HU Q,MIAO Y,WANG L,XIAO S X,BISWAS M K,ZENG W F,GUO F,CAO H B,YANG X M,XU X W,CHENG Y J,XU J,LIU J H,LUO O J,TANG Z H,GUO W W,KUANG H H,ZHANG H Y,ROOSE M L,NAGARAJAN N,DENG X X,RUAN Y J. The draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)[J]. Nature Genetics,2013,45:59-66.

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