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基于CT測(cè)定的細(xì)胞外體積分?jǐn)?shù)對(duì)結(jié)腸腺癌術(shù)前病理分級(jí)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值

2024-04-30 05:12:33王慶慧高飛王錫明
關(guān)鍵詞:X線計(jì)算機(jī)體層攝影術(shù)結(jié)腸癌

王慶慧 高飛 王錫明

[摘要] 目的:探討CT測(cè)定的細(xì)胞外體積分?jǐn)?shù)(ECV)預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)可行性。方法:選取經(jīng)手術(shù)病理證實(shí)的結(jié)腸腺癌患者380例,術(shù)前均行腹部多期動(dòng)態(tài)CT增強(qiáng)掃描。結(jié)腸癌病灶的ECV通過(guò)平掃和平衡期圖像在ROI測(cè)量計(jì)算。根據(jù)病理分級(jí)將患者分為高級(jí)別組100例和低級(jí)別組280例,比較2組影像特征及臨床特征。ECV與結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)的相關(guān)性行二元logistic回歸分析。采用ROC曲線評(píng)價(jià)ECV對(duì)結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)的診斷效能。結(jié)果:多因素logistic回歸分析顯示,ECV是結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,OR值為1.380(95%CI 1.289~1.477)。ROC曲線顯示:ECV對(duì)結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)的診斷效能較好,AUC為0.898(95%CI 0.851~0.947),敏感度為90.0%,特異度為91.4%。結(jié)論:基于CT測(cè)定的ECV有助于預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)腸腺癌的病理分級(jí),且對(duì)個(gè)體化治療具有一定意義。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 結(jié)腸癌;細(xì)胞外體積分?jǐn)?shù);體層攝影術(shù),X線計(jì)算機(jī);病理分級(jí)

Predictive value of the extracellular volume fraction based on CT in the preoperative pathological grading of colon adenocarcinoma

[Abstract] Objective:To investigate the feasibility of the extracellular volume fraction (ECV) determined using CT to predict the pathologic grade of colon adenocarcinoma. Methods:A total of 380 patients with pathologically proven colon adenocarcinoma were selected. Pre-operative multi-phase dynamic enhanced CT scans were conducted for all patients. The ECVs of colon cancer lesions were calculated using ROI measurements on unenhanced and equilibrium-phase CT images. According to pathological grade,the patients were divided into a high-grade group (100 patients) and a low-grade group (280 patients). The imaging features and clinical data between the two groups were compared. The correlation between ECV and the pathological grade of colon adenocarcinoma was analyzed with binary logistic regression. ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency. Results:The multi-factor logistic regression analysis showed that ECV was an independent predictor for the pathological grade of colon adenocarcinoma,with OR of 1.380(95%CI 1.289~1.477). The ROC curve demonstrated that ECV had better diagnostic accuracy in predicting the pathologic grade of colon adenocarcinoma,with the AUC of 0.898(95%CI 0.851~0.947),the sensitivity of 90.0% and the specificity of 91.4%. Conclusion:The ECV determined using enhanced CT is helpful for predicting the pathological grade of colon adenocarcinoma and may contribute to personalized treatment.

[Key words] Colon cancer;Extracellular volume fraction;Tomography,X-ray computed;Pathologic grade

結(jié)腸癌是臨床常見(jiàn)且致死率較高的惡性腫瘤之一[1],其中結(jié)腸腺癌最常見(jiàn),約占結(jié)腸癌的90%以上[2]。研究表明,結(jié)腸腺癌的分化程度是影響預(yù)后的重要因素[3]。WHO消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤分類(lèi)第五版將結(jié)腸腺癌分為高級(jí)別和低級(jí)別2種類(lèi)型[4]。高級(jí)別結(jié)腸腺癌在腫瘤切除術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,預(yù)后較差[5]。細(xì)胞外體積分?jǐn)?shù)(extracellular volume fraction,ECV)是血管外細(xì)胞體積分?jǐn)?shù)與血管內(nèi)空間分?jǐn)?shù)之和,能反映微血管密度和基質(zhì)纖維化程度,充分反映腫瘤微環(huán)境[6]。Takumi等[7]證實(shí)CT上ECV越高,胸腺上皮腫瘤的分化程度越低。Adams等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)MRI確定的ECV可準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)高、低級(jí)別腎透明細(xì)胞癌,但目前臨床很少將其應(yīng)用于結(jié)腸腺癌的病理分級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)。因此,本研究旨在探討基于CT測(cè)量的ECV對(duì)結(jié)腸腺癌術(shù)前病理分級(jí)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。

1? 資料與方法

1.1? 一般資料

回顧性分析2019年6月至2023年6月于山東省立醫(yī)院經(jīng)手術(shù)病理學(xué)證實(shí)的結(jié)腸腺癌患者380例,男240例,女140例;年齡17~87歲,平均(60.9±11.6)歲。其中高級(jí)別組100例,男61例,女39例,平均年齡(61.7±11.3)歲;低級(jí)別組280例,男179例,女101例,平均年齡(60.6±11.8)歲。術(shù)前均行腹部CT增強(qiáng)掃描。收集患者的臨床資料,包括腹痛腹脹、便血、腸梗阻、腹部包塊、便秘、大便性狀的改變情況及血細(xì)胞比容值。本研究經(jīng)山東省立醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),并放棄書(shū)面知情同意。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①均經(jīng)術(shù)后病理證實(shí)為結(jié)腸腺癌;②術(shù)前均行常規(guī)腹部CT增強(qiáng)掃描;③臨床資料及生化檢查信息完整。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)前行新輔助化療;②圖像未見(jiàn)腫瘤;③圖像質(zhì)量差;④合并其他惡性腫瘤。

1.2? 儀器與方法

所有患者均行全腹部常規(guī)CT平掃及增強(qiáng)掃描。采用Somatom Force CT掃描儀,掃描前禁食6~8 h,掃描范圍從膈肌頂部至恥骨聯(lián)合下緣。掃描參數(shù):120 kV,250~400 mA(自動(dòng)管電流調(diào)節(jié)技術(shù)),旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間0.5 s,探測(cè)器準(zhǔn)直0.625 mm,矩陣512×512,螺距1.0。對(duì)比劑采用碘海醇,劑量1.5 mL/kg體質(zhì)量,注射流率 3~4 mL/s,于注射后30、60、180 s行動(dòng)脈期、靜脈期、平衡期掃描。

1.3? 圖像分析

將數(shù)據(jù)傳送至PACS工作站,行圖像后處理,獲得冠狀位、矢狀位MPR,必要時(shí)重組VR圖像。所有圖像均由2位放射科醫(yī)師雙盲閱片,觀察腫瘤的大?。?5/≥5 cm)、邊界(腸壁增厚/腸腔腫塊)、周?chē)鹃g隙(清晰/模糊)、腹部腫大淋巴結(jié)(短徑>1 cm)等,意見(jiàn)不統(tǒng)一時(shí),經(jīng)討論取得一致。選取病灶最大層面,分別在平掃、平衡期手動(dòng)繪制ROI,并測(cè)量結(jié)腸癌實(shí)性病灶及同層面主動(dòng)脈的CT值,測(cè)量3次,取平均值(圖1,2)。注意勾畫(huà)ROI時(shí)避開(kāi)壞死、囊變、鈣化及出血部位。ECV計(jì)算公式如下:ECV(%)=(1-血細(xì)胞比容)×(ΔHU腫瘤/ΔHU主動(dòng)脈)×100%。其中ΔHU腫瘤是病灶實(shí)性部分平衡期CT值減去相應(yīng)平掃CT值,ΔHU主動(dòng)脈是主動(dòng)脈平衡期CT值減去相應(yīng)平掃CT值。

1.4? 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

采用SPSS 26.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。計(jì)量資料采用Shapiro-

Wilk法行正態(tài)分布檢驗(yàn)。正態(tài)分布、方差均勻數(shù)據(jù)的組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);否則采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。變量組間比較行χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用單因素和多因素logistic回歸分析確定ECV與結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)的相關(guān)性。采用ROC曲線評(píng)價(jià)ECV對(duì)結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)的診斷效能。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2? 結(jié)果

2.1? 2組臨床特征比較(表1)

高級(jí)別組腹痛腹脹的發(fā)生率高于低級(jí)別組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。2組年齡、性別、便血、腸梗阻、腹部包塊、大便性狀改變及血細(xì)胞比容的發(fā)生率差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)。

2.2? 2組影像特征及ECV比較(表2)

高級(jí)別組平掃密度低于低級(jí)別組,≥5 cm腫瘤及腹部腫大淋巴結(jié)的發(fā)生率高于低級(jí)別組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。2組腫瘤邊界為腸腔腫塊型、腹部脂肪間隙模糊的發(fā)生率差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)。

2.3? 單因素和多因素logistic回歸分析(表3)

單因素logistic回歸分析示,ECV與結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)密切相關(guān)。高級(jí)別組ECV是低級(jí)別組的1.39倍。將單因素logistic分析中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的參數(shù),即ECV、腹痛腹脹、腫瘤大小、腹部腫大淋巴結(jié)、平掃密度,行多因素logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果表明ECV是結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子(P<0.001)。

2.4? ECV診斷結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)的ROC曲線(圖3)

ECV評(píng)估結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)的AUC為0.898(95%CI 0.851~0.947),敏感度和特異度分別為90.0%、91.4%。

3? 討論

病理分級(jí)是結(jié)腸癌的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素,結(jié)腸腺癌患者的5年生存率與腫瘤分期、分級(jí)密切相關(guān),分期、分級(jí)越高,預(yù)后越差[9]。不同病理分級(jí),可能需要不同的治療方法[10-13]。治療前區(qū)分高、低級(jí)別結(jié)腸腺癌,識(shí)別復(fù)發(fā)高?;颊撸瑢?duì)實(shí)施個(gè)體化治療、提高療效至關(guān)重要[14]。結(jié)腸鏡活檢通常用于結(jié)直腸癌的診斷,可提供腫瘤分級(jí)的部分信息,但其具有出血、結(jié)腸穿孔和腹痛等不足[15-16]。此外,活檢也存在定位不佳、瘤內(nèi)異質(zhì)性、樣本質(zhì)量差等缺點(diǎn)。MRI費(fèi)用較高,在臨床中的應(yīng)用較CT少。CT已被常規(guī)應(yīng)用于結(jié)腸癌患者的術(shù)前分期[17-19]。Huang等[14]開(kāi)發(fā)了一種基于CT的放射組學(xué)模型來(lái)區(qū)分高、低級(jí)別結(jié)腸癌;該模型在訓(xùn)練數(shù)據(jù)集和驗(yàn)證數(shù)據(jù)集上均表現(xiàn)出良好的識(shí)別能力。雙能譜CT雖能定量分析結(jié)腸癌的分化程度[20],但輻射劑量較大。

ECV在臨床中應(yīng)用廣泛,通過(guò)CT或MRI確定的ECV與病理性纖維化體積相關(guān),ECV已被很好地應(yīng)用于心臟和肝臟纖維化的評(píng)估[21-22]。Fukukura等[23]報(bào)道通過(guò)CT增強(qiáng)掃描測(cè)定的腫瘤ECV是一種有價(jià)值的影像學(xué)生物標(biāo)志物,可預(yù)測(cè)胰腺癌患者化療后的生存率。然而,很少有關(guān)于ECV與結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)關(guān)系的研究。因此,本研究應(yīng)用基于CT測(cè)定的ECV來(lái)鑒別高、低級(jí)別結(jié)腸腺癌,通過(guò)單因素和多因素logistic回歸分析,證明ECV是結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,AUC為0.898,敏感度、特異度分別為90.0%、91.4%,具有較好的診斷效能。

基于CT的ECV測(cè)定具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):①相對(duì)于組織學(xué)檢查,ECV無(wú)創(chuàng)、易于測(cè)定且能避免組織學(xué)檢查帶來(lái)的并發(fā)癥;②與MRI相比,CT掃描速度快,空間分辨力高,可評(píng)估MRI禁忌證的患者,如體內(nèi)有金屬植入、幽閉恐懼癥等;③與雙能譜CT比較,基于常規(guī)CT的ECV輻射劑量小、臨床應(yīng)用廣泛。

本研究中,腹痛腹脹多見(jiàn)于高級(jí)別結(jié)腸腺癌,原因可能是高級(jí)別結(jié)腸腺癌較低級(jí)別腫瘤周?chē)h(huán)境更易發(fā)生變化,造成血管和神經(jīng)的浸潤(rùn),從而引發(fā)腹痛腹脹。高級(jí)別結(jié)腸腺癌腫瘤大小?!? cm,多伴腹部淋巴結(jié)腫大;腫瘤分化程度低,更易發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[24];較低級(jí)別腫瘤平掃密度低,可能與腫瘤惡性程度高、生長(zhǎng)速度快、易發(fā)生壞死囊變有關(guān)。

本研究存在的不足:為回顧性研究,存在選擇偏倚;樣本量較小,尤其是高級(jí)別結(jié)腸腺癌,需加大樣本量進(jìn)一步研究;測(cè)量平掃與增強(qiáng)掃描CT值時(shí)存在人工誤差。

綜上所述,基于CT測(cè)定的ECV是結(jié)腸腺癌病理分級(jí)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,具有良好的診斷效能,且無(wú)創(chuàng)、便于臨床推廣,可為結(jié)腸癌患者的個(gè)體治療提供依據(jù)。

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