張炯炯,鄭彬,沈海幸,陳湛
雄激素受體與腫瘤浸潤淋巴細(xì)胞對(duì)三陰性乳腺癌預(yù)后影響的相關(guān)性分析
張炯炯1,鄭彬1,沈海幸1,陳湛2
1.慈溪市人民醫(yī)院甲乳外科,浙江慈溪 315300;2.慈溪市人民醫(yī)院病理科,浙江慈溪 315300
探討雄激素受體(androgen receptor,AR)與腫瘤浸潤淋巴細(xì)胞(tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes,TILs)在三陰性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer,TNBC)的表達(dá)特征和相關(guān)性及對(duì)預(yù)后的影響。收集2011年6月至2021年12月慈溪市人民醫(yī)院收治的70例TNBC患者資料,免疫組化法檢測(cè)AR表達(dá),蘇木精–伊紅染色評(píng)估間質(zhì)TILs表達(dá)水平,隨訪術(shù)后生存情況,分析AR表達(dá)和TILs表達(dá)水平與臨床病理特征的關(guān)系,TILs與AR相關(guān)性及預(yù)后的關(guān)系。TNBC中AR表達(dá)與增殖指數(shù)Ki-67、是否有脈管癌栓密切相關(guān)(<0.05),TILs浸潤水平與增殖指數(shù)Ki-67、是否復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)(<0.05),Spearman秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn)提示AR表達(dá)與TILs浸潤水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)(=-0.344,=0.004)。單因素Cox回歸分析,TNBC脈管癌栓、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、AR表達(dá)、TILs浸潤水平對(duì)無病生存期(disease-free survival,DFS)有影響(<0.05),多因素Cox回歸分析示淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)DFS有影響(<0.05)。AR在低Ki-67、有脈管癌栓的TNBC中表達(dá)率高,TILs在高Ki-67、無復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的TNBC中浸潤水平高,TNBC中AR表達(dá)與TILs浸潤水平呈負(fù)相關(guān),淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是影響TNBC預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素,AR和TILs及脈管癌栓是可能的預(yù)后因素,需要更多研究證實(shí),提示TNBC可根據(jù)AR表達(dá)和TILs浸潤水平進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)治療。
三陰性乳腺癌;雄激素受體;腫瘤浸潤淋巴細(xì)胞;預(yù)后
乳腺癌是我國女性發(fā)病率首位、死亡率居前的惡性腫瘤,隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,預(yù)計(jì)我國的乳腺癌疾病負(fù)擔(dān)將持續(xù)加重[1]。三陰性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer,TNBC)是雌激素受體(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受體(progesterone receptor,PR)和人表皮生長因子受體2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER-2)均為陰性的乳腺癌,占乳腺癌的15%~20%。TNBC因其異質(zhì)性大,侵襲性強(qiáng),缺乏治療靶點(diǎn),治療手段單一,易復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移,是乳腺癌中預(yù)后較差的一個(gè)亞型[2-3]。面對(duì)診治困境,臨床需要新的生物標(biāo)志物細(xì)分TNBC,尋找治療靶點(diǎn)提高療效。
現(xiàn)有研究提示雄激素受體(androgen receptor,AR)表達(dá)與TNBC的發(fā)生發(fā)展及預(yù)后相關(guān),但相關(guān)結(jié)論并不一致[4-5]。而腫瘤浸潤淋巴細(xì)胞(tumor- infiltrating lymphocytes,TILs)在TNBC中的高浸潤水平提示相對(duì)好的預(yù)后[6-7]。本研究分析TNBC中的AR表達(dá)和TILs浸潤水平及其相關(guān)性和預(yù)后影響。
收集2011年6月至2021年12月慈溪市人民醫(yī)院初診并手術(shù)的70例TNBC患者的臨床資料,術(shù)后免疫組化ER陰性(<1%細(xì)胞核染色),PR陰性(<1%細(xì)胞核染色),HER-2陰性(免疫組化結(jié)果0或1+或2+且熒光原位雜交檢測(cè)陰性)[8-9]?;颊吣挲g31~84歲,平均(53.3±11.6)歲。所有納入研究者均行根治性手術(shù)(改良根治術(shù)或保乳根治術(shù)),按照術(shù)后評(píng)估進(jìn)行輔助放化療。
病例納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):在慈溪市人民醫(yī)院初診行根治性手術(shù)的TNBC患者;術(shù)后按當(dāng)時(shí)的診療規(guī)范予以輔助放化療,未進(jìn)行新輔助治療;具備完整的臨床病歷資料,保存完整的術(shù)后病理標(biāo)本;常規(guī)進(jìn)行術(shù)后復(fù)查隨訪。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):合并其他惡性腫瘤,手術(shù)時(shí)合并轉(zhuǎn)移情況,術(shù)后未進(jìn)行推薦輔助治療,術(shù)后未定期復(fù)查或失聯(lián)。本研究經(jīng)慈溪市人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(倫理審批號(hào):2019-LP-14)。
免疫組化法測(cè)定AR表達(dá),對(duì)70例石蠟包埋組織進(jìn)行切片,使用AR抗體進(jìn)行染色,AR陽性閾值定為1%(圖1)[10]。按照國際乳腺癌TILs工作組共識(shí),用蘇木精–伊紅染色評(píng)估間質(zhì)TILs浸潤程度,定義TILs浸潤程度<10%為低浸潤,≥10%且<40%為中浸潤,≥40%為高浸潤(圖2)[11]。
圖1 TNBC中AR表達(dá)情況(SP×100)
A.AR陽性;B.AR陰性
圖2 TNBC中TILs浸潤情況(HE×100)
A.低浸潤;B.中浸潤;C.高浸潤
記錄患者的臨床病理特征,包括年齡、腫瘤直徑、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、Ki-67、脈管癌栓、腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、AR表達(dá)及TILs浸潤情況。隨訪周期:兩年內(nèi)每3個(gè)月隨訪1次,兩年后每半年隨訪1次,以復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移為終點(diǎn),計(jì)作無病生存期(disease-free survival,DFS),隨訪截止時(shí)間為2022年12月,中位隨訪時(shí)間57個(gè)月。
采用SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)(百分率)[(%)]表示,采用2檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行簡單關(guān)聯(lián)性檢驗(yàn)(多組率比較20%理論頻數(shù)<5或存在理論頻數(shù)<1時(shí)取Fish確切概率法;兩組率比較存在1≤理論頻數(shù)<5時(shí)作連續(xù)性修正,理論頻數(shù)<1時(shí)取Fish確切概率法),分析AR和TILs在臨床病理特征上的表達(dá)特點(diǎn);采用Spearman秩相關(guān)分析AR表達(dá)與TILs浸潤程度的相關(guān)性;用Kaplan-Meier繪制生存曲線,Log-rank檢驗(yàn)比較DFS;應(yīng)用單因素和多因素Cox回歸分析影響DFS的因素,<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
AR陰性48例(68.6%),AR陽性22例(31.4%);TILs高浸潤18例(25.7%),中浸潤24例(34.3%),低浸潤28例(40%);復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移13例(18.6%),無病生存57例(81.4%)。
TILs浸潤水平與Ki-67值密切相關(guān)(2=7.548,=0.023),與是否復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)(2=6.343,=0.038),見表1;AR表達(dá)與Ki-67值密切相關(guān)(2=9.291,=0.002),與有無脈管癌栓密切相關(guān)(2=4.822,=0.028),見表2。TILs更傾向在高Ki-67、無復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的TNBC中高浸潤;AR更傾向在低Ki-67、有脈管癌栓的TNBC中表達(dá)。
表1 TNBC的TILs浸潤水平與臨床病理特征的關(guān)系[n(%)]
表2 TNBC的AR表達(dá)與臨床病理特征的關(guān)系[n(%)]
由表1知,TILs浸潤水平與AR表達(dá)密切相關(guān)(2=8.389,=0.015),采用Spearman秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn),TILs浸潤水平與AR表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān)(=–0.344,=0.004),見表3。
表3 TILs浸潤水平與AR表達(dá)的相關(guān)性分析[n(%)]
AR陰性患者較AR陽性患者有更好的DFS,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Log-rank=0.031),見圖3。TILs浸潤程度的DFS生存曲線在中段存在交叉,對(duì)后期可能存在正相關(guān),但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Log-rank=0.060),見圖4。
圖3 AR與TNBC無病生存期的Kaplan-Meier分析
圖4 TILs與TNBC無病生存期的Kaplan-Meier分析
對(duì)年齡、腫瘤直徑、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、Ki-67、脈管癌栓、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、AR表達(dá)及TILs浸潤程度,逐一構(gòu)建單因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型,見表4。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),脈管癌栓對(duì)DFS的影響具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=5.155,95%:1.718~15.470,=0.003);淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)DFS的影響具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=5.849,95%:1.904~17.965,=0.002);AR表達(dá)對(duì)DFS的影響具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=3.147,95%:1.051~9.422,=0.040);TILs浸潤程度對(duì)DFS的影響具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=0.427,95%:0.188~0.970,=0.042)。
表4 影響TNBC無病生存期的單因素Cox回歸分析
注:*為對(duì)照組
納入脈管癌栓、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、AR表達(dá)及TILs浸潤程度,構(gòu)建多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)DFS的影響具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=8.358,95%:2.168~32.214,=0.002);其余變量對(duì)DFS的影響均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表5。
本研究TNBC的AR陽性率31.4%,與既往研究的陽性率10%~43%相符[12]。AR在TNBC中的臨床病理特征關(guān)系和預(yù)后的研究很多,AR與年齡、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、Ki-67、區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)、脈管癌栓等存在相關(guān)性,但結(jié)論各異。有研究顯示AR表達(dá)與低Ki-67、較低的組織學(xué)分級(jí)等低侵襲性臨床病理特征相關(guān),也有研究顯示在AR陽性的TNBC中淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)量要多于AR陰性TNBC[13-14]。而AR作為TNBC預(yù)后指標(biāo)的研究結(jié)論也不一致[15]。究其原因:一方面是TNBC的高度異質(zhì)性及分型差異,研究質(zhì)量參差不齊,AR陽性閾值并不統(tǒng)一;另一方面是AR的復(fù)雜作用機(jī)制及各種旁路信號(hào)交叉影響,AR可與ER、HER-2等通路、免疫微環(huán)境存在串?dāng)_機(jī)制,成為一個(gè)復(fù)雜多變的角色。
本研究顯示AR更傾向在低Ki-67、有脈管癌栓的TNBC中表達(dá),生存曲線提示AR陰性具有更好的預(yù)后。單因素回歸提示AR陽性對(duì)DFS的不良影響有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而多因素回歸沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,此結(jié)論與既往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相符。
TILs是腫瘤免疫微環(huán)境的重要組成部分,是腫瘤免疫原性的重要標(biāo)志物,分為巢內(nèi)和間質(zhì)內(nèi),研究間質(zhì)TILs更有臨床意義。間質(zhì)TILs免疫成分復(fù)雜,包括CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞、CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞、自然殺傷細(xì)胞、CD4+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg)、樹突狀抗原呈遞細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞等,其類型和浸潤水平和預(yù)后密切相關(guān),可幫助TNBC療效評(píng)估及預(yù)后判斷,既往研究提示TNBC中TILs高水平浸潤,治療反應(yīng)更好,預(yù)后更好[16-17]。
本研究提示TILs更傾向在高Ki-67和無復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的TNBC中高浸潤,生存曲線TILs在中段存在交叉,后段可能存在正相關(guān),無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。單因素回歸分析提示TILs、AR、脈管癌栓、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)DFS的影響具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,納入多因素后,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)DFS的影響具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,其余因素失去統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這種情況需考慮混雜因素及中介變量的影響,采用兩因素分析探討影響TILs的干擾因素,發(fā)現(xiàn)AR和脈管癌栓對(duì)TILs有影響。采用去因素法建模,剔除AR和脈管癌栓,則多因素分析提示TILs對(duì)DFS影響有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;剔除AR,多因素分析TILs對(duì)DFS影響有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;剔除脈管癌栓,多因素分析TILs對(duì)DFS影響也有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。而從理論和既往文獻(xiàn)考慮,AR和脈管癌栓是需要列入模型的暴露因素或混雜因素,不建議剔除,本研究只能從單因素分析角度推測(cè)AR和TILs是可能的預(yù)后因素。本研究TILs的預(yù)后意義與既往研究的差異可能與樣本量相對(duì)較小有關(guān),故需要更大的樣本量,減少不均衡的混雜因素,提高回歸建模效率得出更可靠的結(jié)論。
TNBC中AR與TILs存在負(fù)相關(guān)線性關(guān)系,符合既往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,在前列腺癌中這一關(guān)系也是成立的,AR可通過MHC-Ⅰ影響TILs浸潤水平,提示可通過嘗試抑制AR來改善腫瘤免疫微環(huán)境,調(diào)高腫瘤免疫,甚至加用免疫治療達(dá)到改善預(yù)后的目的[18]。
TNBC是近年來的研究熱點(diǎn)。2019年復(fù)旦大學(xué)提出TNBC復(fù)旦分型,將其分為腔面雄激素受體型(luminal androgen receptor,LAR)、免疫調(diào)節(jié)型(immunomodulatory,IM)、基底樣免疫抑制型(basal-like immune-suppressed,BLIS)和間質(zhì)型(mesenchymal-like,MES)4個(gè)亞型[19]。本研究的AR及TILs可對(duì)應(yīng)其LAR及IM型,涉及抗AR治療和免疫治療。在Future精準(zhǔn)臨床試驗(yàn)中,IM型應(yīng)用免疫治療可明顯改善TNBC患者的預(yù)后,LAR型的抗AR治療卻令人失望[20]。這說明TILs在TNBC中提示免疫微環(huán)境對(duì)精準(zhǔn)治療、療效評(píng)估、預(yù)后提示意義重大,而AR在乳腺癌中的作用機(jī)制復(fù)雜交互,多種串?dāng)_機(jī)制并存,需要進(jìn)一步深入研究。
表5 影響TNBC無病生存期的多因素Cox回歸分析
注:*為對(duì)照組
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Correlation analysis of the effects of androgen receptor and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes on the prognosis of triple negative breast cancer
ZHANG Jiongjiong, ZHENG Bin, SHEN Haixing, CHEN Zhan
1.Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Cixi People’s Hospital, Cixi 315300, Zhejiang, China; 2.Department of Pathology, Cixi People’s Hospital, Cixi 315300, Zhejiang, China
To discuss the expression characteristics of androgen receptor (AR) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), the correlation between the AR and TILs, and the correlation analysis between them on the prognosis of TNBC.Clinical data of 70 patients with TNBC from Cixi People’s Hospital between June 2011 and December 2021 were collected. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of AR, Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to evaluate the degree of TILs infiltration,patients were followed up their health status whether recurrence or metastasis occurred. The relationship among AR, TILs and clinicopathological parameters were determined. The correlation between AR and TILs and clinical outcome were evaluated.The expression of AR was significantly associated with Ki-67 expression, whether there was vascular tumor thrombus in TNBC (<0.05); The degree of TILs infiltration was significantly associated with Ki-67 expression, whether recurrence or metastasis occurred in TNBC (<0.05); Spearman correlation analysis showed that the expression of AR and the degree of TILs infiltration were negative related (=–0.344,=0.004). Univariate Cox regression analysis showed whether there was vascular tumor thrombus, whether recurrence or metastasis occurred, AR expression and TILs infiltration in TNBC had an impact on disease-free survival (DFS) (<0.05); Multivariate Cox analysis showed regional lymphatic in TNBC had an impact on DFS (<0.05).AR has a high expression rate in TNBC with low Ki-67 expression and the presence of vascular tumor thrombi, TILs have a high degree infiltration in TNBC with high Ki-67 expression and no recurrence or metastasis. The expression of AR in TNBC is negatively correlated with the degree of TILs infiltration. Regional lymphatic is independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of TNBC. AR expression, TILs infiltration and vascular tumor thrombi are possible prognostic factors, needs more data to be conformed, indicating TNBC can be treated according AR expression and TILs infiltration degree.
Triple negative breast cancer; Androgen receptor; Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; Prognosis
R737
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2023.27.013
慈溪市農(nóng)業(yè)和社會(huì)發(fā)展類科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(CN2019010)
張炯炯,電子信箱:jojo@zju.edu.cn
(2023–03–29)
(2023–09–09)