鞏玉香
(山東省平邑縣曾子學校)
2022 新高考Ⅰ卷較往年試卷在用詞方面特色更鮮明,考查考生綜合素養(yǎng)方向更清晰。據(jù)粗略統(tǒng)計,全卷有2 812 個詞,實際用詞約967 個(不計重復)。在這960 多詞中,涌現(xiàn)了約130 個“非課標詞”(未在課標詞匯表中出現(xiàn)的詞語)。這些“非課標詞”在新高考中不算“生詞”,是有意為考查學生英語核心素養(yǎng)而設置的“關卡”。這些非課標詞匯在以往主要出現(xiàn)在text(文章)中,但讓人吃驚的是,在2022 新高考中卻多次出現(xiàn)在test(試題)中(包括閱讀、完形填空和語法填空),這是新高考的一個“新動向”。筆者大膽預測,今后這種現(xiàn)象會成為一種常態(tài)。
2022 新高考Ⅰ卷中使用“非課標詞匯”設題的情況可歸結為五種類型,為考生設置了“五道關”。高三同學備戰(zhàn)高考若過了這“五道關”,就能掃除詞匯障礙,在高考中獲得滿意的成績。
在2022 新高考英語I 卷中,利用構詞法衍生出的“非課標詞”最多,有110 詞,這類“非課標詞”較往年試題偏多,幾乎每個題型都有這類詞的身影。在語法填空中尤為明顯,有兩題涉及構詞法考查,其中一題涉及縮略詞。
猜測這類“非課標詞”的詞義并非都很簡單。譬如有些派生詞經(jīng)過多次變化而來,猜義就有點難,如think →thinking →unthinking →unthinkingly(不假思索地);再如英語中單詞多為多義詞,其派生詞意思也就不唯一,譬如mind(頭腦;注意力;智慧;心思),由此派生出的形容詞mindful 是何意呢?這就需要費一番心思并且結合上下文去推斷了。
【典型例題1】(除特別說明外,本文例題均出自2022 新高考Ⅰ卷)Like most of us,I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula(芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad,rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed,the arugula went bad.Even worse,I had unthinkingly bought way too much;I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
24.What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A.We pay little attention to food waste.
B.We waste food unintentionally at times.
C.We waste more vegetables than meat.
D.We have good reasons for wasting food.
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。本題涉及兩個“難詞”,即文中的unthinkingly 和選項中的unintentionally。
unintentionally 是由課標詞intention經(jīng)過3次變化而來,intention 為多義詞,結合語境可判斷unintentionally 意為“無意地”。文中的unthinkingly 為副詞,其意為“不假思索地”,這與選項中的unintentionally 對應,為同義關系,這是解題的關鍵點。
【答案】B。
Tips: 對于“派生詞”,可采用“剝洋蔥法”猜測詞義,也就是一層一層地去掉詞綴顯露“真面目(詞根詞)”的方式,然后根據(jù)語境和詞根詞的詞義推測出派生詞的詞義。請看:
unintentionally adv.→intentionally adv.→intentional adj.→intention n.→intend v.(打算;想要;計劃)
對于“合成詞”,我們可以采用“拆分法”,如wellbeing 可拆分為well+being(好+生存)=福祉;幸福。而該詞正是28 題解題所依附的關鍵詞,即wellbeing 對應試題中的welfare。
【典型例題2】The project was dreamed up by a local charity(慈善組織)to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing.It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia,a serious illness of the mind.Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
28.What is the purpose of the project?
A.To ensure harmony in care homes.
B.To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C.To raise money for medical research.
D.To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
但實際上,有些考生對wellbeing 的理解不到位,不能與welfare 建立對應,主要原因在于他們對be 作“生存”的用法不熟悉。
【答案】D。
【典型例題3】...No luck.We were stuck in the middle of the lake with a dead motor.As we all sat there 52 ,a fisherman pulled up,threw us a rope and towed(拖)us back.We were safe.
52.A.patiently B.tirelessly
C.doubtfully D.helplessly
【解析】本題既考查原文理解也考查副詞辨析。從選項看,這四個副詞均為非課標詞,除A 外,B、C、D 都有多次變化,猜測詞義有一定難度??衫们懊娼榻B的“剝洋蔥法”逐步分解猜測:
patiently(耐心地)→patient [課標詞]
tirelessly(不知疲倦地)→tireless →tire →tired [課標詞]
doubtfully(懷疑地)→doubtful →doubt [課標詞]
helplessly(無助地)→helpless →help [課標詞]
知道了選項的詞義,就可結合語境選擇答案了。由上文提到的“馬達熄火,我們被困在湖中央”可推知,“我們”無助地(helplessly)坐在那里。這也與下文漁夫用繩子把“我們”拖上岸相呼應。
【答案】D。
在高考真題中,影響文本閱讀和理解的“生詞”通常會帶漢語注釋(只提供詞義,不提供詞性)。新高考試題十分“珍惜”加注漢語的詞,尤其在閱讀中,這些詞也成為試題的“題眼”。譬如2020 新高考Ⅰ卷6 題線索中含關鍵詞sacrificed(動詞);2022 新高考Ⅰ卷26 題線索中含關鍵詞blemished。
可是,在2022 新高考Ⅰ卷中,這類詞的應用又出現(xiàn)了“新變化”,那就是在試題中使用了它們的轉(zhuǎn)化詞和派生詞等,讓許多考生感覺“生疏”,這無疑增加了一定的難度。
【典型例題4】They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(對齊),making it hard to produce labiodentals,which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.Later,our jaws changed to an overbite structure(結構),making it easier to produce such sounds.
33.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B.They could not open and close their lips easily.
C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
【解析】推理判斷題。本題涉及純生詞labiodental,還有加注漢語單詞structure。但選項C 中的structured 是動詞過去分詞,而文中structure 為名詞[...an overbite structure(結構)]。顯然這是考查轉(zhuǎn)化法。根據(jù)文中所給漢語注釋的意思,再結合語境可推斷,structure(vt.)的意思是“建造,使形成”。
由語境“現(xiàn)代人很容易發(fā)這些音,因為我們的下巴改變了咬合結構”可推知,古代成年人下巴構造不便(發(fā)這些音),故選C。
【答案】C。
Tips: 如果在試題中遇到帶漢語注釋的生詞的派生詞或轉(zhuǎn)化詞,要從其詞形和在題干和選項中所充當?shù)某煞滞茢嗥湓~性和詞義,尤其要注意結合構詞法相關知識進行判斷。
【溫馨提示】在閱讀時,對帶漢語注釋的生詞所在句子要特別留意,很可能這個句子就是解題線索,或理解該詞所在語句就可順藤摸瓜找到答案。如26 題涉及blemished(有瑕疵的)(見【典型例題6】,該詞與選項D 中的unwanted 相呼應),33 題還涉及aligned(對齊)等。
【典型例題5】(2022 新高考Ⅱ卷)Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy.Participants were randomly divided into two groups.The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic(無氧)exercise — balance training and weight training—three times a week.The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.After two years,the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,”says Levine...
34.What does Levine’s research find?
A.Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B.High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C.It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D.The more exercise we do,the stronger our hearts get.
【解析】推理判斷題。本題涉及陌生詞語high-intensity 和aerobic。這兩個詞中,前者重復使用文中high-intensity;后者aerobic 是由已給漢語注釋的nonaerobic(non+aerobic)變化而來的。
文中提到第二組志愿者在教練的指導下每周進行高強度有氧運動兩年后,他們的心臟健康狀況有了顯著改善,后一段指出了受實驗者的心臟更年輕了(took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts)。由以上信息可推知,萊文的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)通過有氧運動中年人的心臟會變得更年輕。
【答案】A。
以上“兩關”是基礎關,難度較小,但真正考驗考生英語素養(yǎng)和心理素質(zhì)的是下面這“三關”。事實上,有不少考生都敗在下面這“三關”上。
2022 新高考Ⅰ卷中有兩道含完全生詞的閱讀理解題,這在以往是鮮見的。與加注漢語生詞一樣,含這類完全生詞或純生詞的題目僅出現(xiàn)在閱讀(第一節(jié))中,這是閱讀的一種新探索,目的是檢測學生的核心素養(yǎng)。完全生詞在試題中既可以其本身形式出現(xiàn)(指與文中該詞的詞性和詞義相同),也可以其派生詞或逆生詞的形式出現(xiàn),難度較大。
【典型例題6】...Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time—but for him,it’s more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days.Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington,D.C.,which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.Last year it recovered more than 807 500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的)produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash,cut,and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
26.What does Curtin’s company do?
A.It produces kitchen equipment.
B.It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C.It helps local farmers grow fruits.
D.It makes meals out of unwanted food.
【解析】推理判斷題。本題明考文本理解,暗考詞義猜測。除了arugula,unwanted 之外,還涉及一個完全生詞rotten,若不弄清詞義,必然會給解題造成障礙。從詞形和在句中的位置和作用來看,rotten 與文中的rotted 同根,且是形容詞。
從文中...it recovered...that otherwise would have rotted in fields 提供的語境,以及rotted 與recovered的反義關系,不難猜出rot 的含義。與rot(腐爛)同根的rotten,則為形容詞,其意為“腐爛的”,在選項B 中作定語,修飾arugula。
【答案】D。
【典型例題7】This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300 000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,”said Steven Moran,a member of the research team.
35.What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A.It is key to effective communication.
B.It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C.It is a complex and dynamic system.
D.It drives the evolution of human beings.
【解析】推理判斷題。這是典型的“一題多考”。本題涉及effective,cultural,diversity 等三個派生詞和一個完全生詞evolution。顯然猜測evolution 的詞義是解答本題的關鍵因素之一。
在文中也有evolve 和其派生詞evolution。從文章語境,尤其是not necessarily remained stable,...of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution(從300 000年前到現(xiàn)在,未必一成不變……)可推知,evolve 應與stable 意思相反,與change 同義,且指在300 000年間的變化,其意應為“演變”或“進化”。
需要特別指出的是,本題D 項為干擾項,因為該選項說的是“語音”的演變,而不是人類自身的進化。
【答案】C。
Tips: 在試題中遇到完全生詞或純生詞時,僅從題中很難猜測詞義,需要返回到文中斟酌,運用語境,弄清楚線索和關系,如根據(jù)舉例、反義關系或同義關系等順藤摸瓜,猜測詞義。如33 題中的labiodentals 就是通過舉例猜出詞義的:...speech sounds called labiodentals,such as“f”and“v”,were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods。
【溫馨提示】對那些與試題無關的完全生詞,除非必要,否則不要分散過多的精力去研究和推測詞義。我們提倡“先看試題再看文章”的閱讀方式,以減少不必要的“無用功”。
熟詞生義是歷年高考中很常見的現(xiàn)象,2022 年新高考Ⅰ卷也不例外。所謂熟詞生義,是相對新課標詞匯表而言的。2022 新高考Ⅰ卷中,這類有生義的熟詞也不少,至少有三道閱讀理解題的解題線索中含有這類詞,如way(adv.非常;很)就出現(xiàn)在24 題的關鍵詞信息源中。這種有生義的“熟詞”也出現(xiàn)在語法填空中,給考生帶來不少壓力。譬如62 題(population)。2022 全國甲卷61 題(journey n.→vi.)也是這種情況。
【典型例題8】Such methods seem obvious,yet so often we just don’t think.“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,”Curtin says.
27.What does Curtin suggest people do?
A.Buy only what is needed.
B.Reduce food consumption.
C.Go shopping once a week.
D.Eat in restaurants less often.
【解析】推理判斷題。本題中,專有名詞Curtin 提示從最后一段中尋找線索。在該部分中涉及熟詞生義(side)。the side dish 指“配菜”;其中side為形容詞,意為“主菜外附加的;額外的”。
【答案】A。
【典型例題9】The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate 62 (population)and homes of giant pandas,and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
【解析】本題考查名詞population 的用法。有些同學不敢填populations,問及原因,他們說,“沒見過population 加-s 的情形”,所以直接填寫了原形。
其實,population 作“人口”解時,是不可數(shù)名詞,但也有(have)a population of...的用法。在本題中,population 指“種群”,是可數(shù)名詞,由空前的separate 可知,此處應用復數(shù)形式,且在形式上應與后面的homes 一致。
【答案】populations。
【拓展】在詞典中有時把這種具有生義的“熟詞”當作“新詞”看待,譬如way 在詞典中就占兩個詞條,即way1和way2,其中way2就是介紹其作副詞時的用法。還有2021 全國乙卷中考查到的given,在詞典中單獨占一個詞條,而不是放在give 詞條中。
Tips: 遇到熟詞生義,可借助其詞形和其所在句子中所作成分或所起作用來判斷其詞性和詞義。具體來說,熟詞生義可分兩種情況,一是詞性不變或微調(diào)(如名詞由不可數(shù)變成可數(shù)或動詞由不及物變成及物等),如click(n.點擊→倒吸氣音),run(an article)(vi.→vt.發(fā)表),travel(the world)(vi.→vt.環(huán)游,走遍)等;另一類是詞性發(fā)生變化,如round,near 由形容詞(或副詞、介詞等)變成動詞。round(vi.)和near(vt.)等轉(zhuǎn)化詞對解答24 題和26 題有一定的影響。
在高考試題中,新短語主要指兩種,一是由“熟詞+小品詞out/in/on/up 等”構成的短語,在教材或平時學習中鮮為見到,如round out(見24 題解析);二是由“生詞+小品詞out/on/in/up 等”構成的短語,如embark on。這類“全新短語”有時影響很大,譬如2022 全國乙卷中出現(xiàn)的rule out影響54 和55 兩題的解答。
【典型例題10】Wendy Wilson,extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street,one of the first to embark on the project,said,“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
30.What do the underlined words“embark on”mean in Paragraph 7?
A.Improve. B.Oppose.
C.Begin. D.Evaluate.
【解析】詞義猜測題。劃線短語embark on 由“生+on”組成,需要從語境角度考慮解答。根據(jù)Wilson 說的話“居民們非常歡迎這個項目的想法和這些有創(chuàng)造性的活動。我們期待這個項目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣 ”,結合畫線部分可推知,畫線短語所在的句子意思是“第一批開始這個項目的人之一”。整個句子意思弄清楚了,畫線短語的意思也就清楚了,即“開始”。
【答案】C。
Tips: 當碰到陌生短語時,不要望詞生義,如round out 不能理解為“使在圈外”或“跳出圓圈”,其本意為“使變圓”或“完成”等意思。再如rule out(2022全國乙卷)不是“跳出規(guī)則”,而是“排除;不考慮”的意思。實際上,有些短語的意思雖陌生但可根據(jù)上下文猜出,這就需要我們平時注意通過語篇學習短語,掌握猜測短語意思的技巧。
以上介紹了新高考在詞匯方面的“新趨勢”,限于篇幅不再贅例。但這啟發(fā)我們在高三復習時要重點關注以下幾點:
在高三復習中,“課標—教材—高考真題”三位一體為首選。在詞匯方面,《新課標》提供了指導思想和基本詞匯(3 000),但不提供詞性和詞義,這為“自由命題”提供了寬泛的空間;教材則是對這3 000 詞的詮釋和細化,包括音、性、義和用法,而新高考真題則是依據(jù)《新課標》精神對這3 000 詞的檢測和評價,考查考生的學習潛能和綜合運用能力,同時又對高考復習有反哺作用,影響著復習的方向。
新高考選用的文章原汁原味,是用于溫故知新、查漏補缺的好“原料”。譬如在travel the world,nearing their last few years 一句中,travel 和near 的用法在教材中很難見到。還有period(課時,學時)、click(吸氣音)、weight(啞鈴)等。
新高考閱讀中的細節(jié)理解題使用的同義轉(zhuǎn)換和完形填空中的同義復現(xiàn)等手段,為復習詞匯提供了依據(jù),我們可以從同義和反義角度來聯(lián)想擴展詞匯,如hold,seat,contain,accommodate,change,vary,transform,evolve,exchange 等。這啟發(fā)我們要高度重視新高考真題材料的再利用。
構詞法的學習始終貫穿在英語學習之中,不可因高三時間緊而忽略構詞法學習。莫要簡單重復老路,可借助新高考出現(xiàn)的由構詞法推導出的詞語來溫習構詞法。如通過overturn,overbite 和interplay 歸納前綴over-和inter-的用法。
再如,在復習depend 和succeed 時,可多次拓展:
depend—dependence—dependent—dependently—independence—independent—independently
succeed—success—successful—successfully—unsuccess —unsuccessful—unsuccessfully
在高三階段,若仍沿襲教材詞匯表的順序,從“音—性—義”單獨識記詞語,效率頗低。正確的方法是與句、段甚至篇章結合記憶,因為只有在句子中單詞才有具體的詞性、詞義和用法,包括搭配等。譬如I had unthinkingly bought way too much.若不結合句子,我們就不知道way 還有副詞用法,可修飾too much;而unthinkingly 的意思也較多,只有在句中才能判斷其具體含義。
再如,patient 有名詞和形容詞兩種用法,放在句子中才能確定其具體的詞性和詞義。譬如在to find how best to help her patients 中,patient 是可數(shù)名詞,指“病人”。
在新高考中,純生詞、低頻詞和熟詞生義現(xiàn)象等主要出現(xiàn)在說明文體中,如閱讀D 篇和語法填空。有關“語音”的話題教材中較少,可借助這篇閱讀進行歸納和“補缺”。
語音術語:speech,sound,click(熟詞生義),language,bite(熟詞生義),labiodental(純生詞),upper and lower teeth,lip,jaw,overbite,structure(漢語注釋),development,chew,jawbone,overturn,evolve(純生詞),appearance,product,evolution
另外,近幾年的全國卷也可作為復習借鑒,如我們在2021 全國甲卷中看到small fry,學習到fry 表示“小魚;魚苗”的用法,所以small fry 就表示“小魚小蝦”,即“不重要的人(或事物)”。