朱虹明 唐炎釗 肖雄輝
摘 要:社會(huì)地位感知是人們生活與工作的一股強(qiáng)大力量,深刻影響著個(gè)體行為表現(xiàn)以及創(chuàng)業(yè)者的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾。選取中國勞動(dòng)力動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)查(China Labor-force Dynamic Survey,CLDS)數(shù)據(jù),基于時(shí)空比較視角,從主觀社會(huì)地位、地位感知偏差、地位鄰里比較、主觀流動(dòng)感和流動(dòng)預(yù)期5個(gè)方面考察社會(huì)地位感知對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):主觀社會(huì)地位偏低的創(chuàng)業(yè)者表現(xiàn)出較高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾;創(chuàng)業(yè)者地位感知偏差越小,創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾越高;具備向上流動(dòng)感的創(chuàng)業(yè)者擁有更高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾;當(dāng)感知地位低于鄰里平均水平時(shí),創(chuàng)業(yè)者表現(xiàn)出較高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾。研究結(jié)論有助于拓展創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾前因研究,對(duì)于激發(fā)創(chuàng)業(yè)者高水平努力提供了一定實(shí)踐啟示。
關(guān)鍵詞:創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位;創(chuàng)業(yè)者地位感知;創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾;時(shí)空比較
DOI:10.6049/kjjbydc.2021110711
中圖分類號(hào):F272.2
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1001-7348(2023)09-0001-11
0 引言
在“大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)、萬眾創(chuàng)新”時(shí)代背景下,創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)是驅(qū)動(dòng)實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)的重要引擎,創(chuàng)業(yè)者是創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵主體。創(chuàng)業(yè)者面臨資源匱乏、合法性欠缺等困境,如何激發(fā)創(chuàng)業(yè)者群體激情成為重要議題。創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾作為事業(yè)追求和情感投入的綜合表征,反映創(chuàng)業(yè)者認(rèn)同并投入新企業(yè)創(chuàng)建的程度[1],對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)者個(gè)體成長和成就以及新創(chuàng)企業(yè)生存與發(fā)展具有重要影響,是促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力。探索創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾來源,識(shí)別創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾前因,既是學(xué)者的興趣焦點(diǎn),也是創(chuàng)業(yè)實(shí)踐者關(guān)注的重要議題[2]。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),創(chuàng)業(yè)者個(gè)人特征與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾存在密切聯(lián)系,如年齡、創(chuàng)業(yè)動(dòng)機(jī)、過度自信、創(chuàng)業(yè)警覺、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)感知、創(chuàng)業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)等[3]。
然而,現(xiàn)有研究大多從人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)特征和個(gè)體創(chuàng)業(yè)特質(zhì)出發(fā)探討個(gè)體因素對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響,缺乏對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位感知及創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的關(guān)注。心理學(xué)、教育學(xué)和社會(huì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域相關(guān)研究表明,社會(huì)地位感知是人們生活與工作的一股強(qiáng)大力量[4],影響個(gè)體判斷和決策[5]。創(chuàng)業(yè)者作為一類特殊群體,表征創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位的財(cái)富、權(quán)力、聲望存在巨大差異[6],這種差異會(huì)誘發(fā)創(chuàng)業(yè)者認(rèn)知和決策差異[5],并對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)者個(gè)體和新生組織產(chǎn)生深刻影響[7]。因此,探究創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位感知對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響具有重要意義。
創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位感知既包括對(duì)自身社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的感知,也包含對(duì)環(huán)境和機(jī)會(huì)的認(rèn)知;既包含對(duì)當(dāng)前地位的感知,也包含對(duì)過去地位的印記及未來預(yù)期[8]。為深入挖掘社會(huì)地位感知所隱含的復(fù)雜信號(hào),剖析創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的深層次心理動(dòng)機(jī),本文在當(dāng)前社會(huì)地位這一傳統(tǒng)研究視角的基礎(chǔ)上,基于時(shí)空比較視角,補(bǔ)充對(duì)社會(huì)地位感知?jiǎng)討B(tài)性和比較性的有限理解。首先,創(chuàng)業(yè)是一個(gè)漫長而復(fù)雜的過程,個(gè)體認(rèn)知和行為呈動(dòng)態(tài)變化特征。Uy等[9]認(rèn)為,當(dāng)人們努力實(shí)現(xiàn)不確定性和復(fù)雜性的長期目標(biāo)時(shí),相比于實(shí)際進(jìn)步,感知進(jìn)步對(duì)后續(xù)創(chuàng)業(yè)行為的預(yù)測作用更顯著。然而,現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)對(duì)社會(huì)地位感知?jiǎng)討B(tài)激勵(lì)機(jī)制的探討較少;其次,創(chuàng)業(yè)活動(dòng)性質(zhì)和績效在不同空間有所不同,因此應(yīng)重視空間環(huán)境及情境的重要性[10]。組織行為動(dòng)機(jī)理論強(qiáng)調(diào)“比較”對(duì)于激勵(lì)的重要作用,指出個(gè)人通過與環(huán)境的互動(dòng)調(diào)整自身態(tài)度、能力、行為和成就[11]。
綜上所述,本文在現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,從主觀社會(huì)地位、社會(huì)地位感知偏差、社會(huì)地位鄰里比較、社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感和社會(huì)地位流動(dòng)預(yù)期5個(gè)方面出發(fā),探討創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位感知對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響,以期解答如下問題:創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位感知蘊(yùn)含哪些信息?它們對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)者的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾存在哪些影響?本文基于社會(huì)學(xué)和創(chuàng)業(yè)學(xué)跨學(xué)科交叉視角,將社會(huì)地位感知拓展至創(chuàng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域,剖析創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾前因,以創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾為切入點(diǎn),探討社會(huì)地位感知作用方式,有助于豐富社會(huì)學(xué)研究情境,對(duì)于驅(qū)動(dòng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者開展創(chuàng)業(yè)行為進(jìn)而促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展具有一定啟示意義。
1 文獻(xiàn)綜述與研究假設(shè)
1.1 創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾
創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾包含情感承諾、行為承諾和持續(xù)承諾3個(gè)維度[1],反映創(chuàng)業(yè)者發(fā)現(xiàn)機(jī)會(huì)與成功創(chuàng)業(yè)的決心[12],是創(chuàng)業(yè)競爭力的重要組成部分。創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾是創(chuàng)業(yè)者開展高水平創(chuàng)業(yè)行為的動(dòng)力,表現(xiàn)為情感、智力和體力投入[13]。創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)能力的形成具有乘數(shù)效應(yīng),二者構(gòu)成創(chuàng)業(yè)競爭力或創(chuàng)業(yè)資本,對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)績效具有重大影響[12-13]。因此,創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾是一種強(qiáng)大的力量,影響個(gè)體發(fā)展和企業(yè)創(chuàng)建與成長。國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾影響因素進(jìn)行了廣泛研究,主要集中在以下兩個(gè)方面[3]:①創(chuàng)業(yè)者個(gè)體特征,如年齡、創(chuàng)業(yè)動(dòng)機(jī)、過度自信、創(chuàng)業(yè)警覺、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)感知、創(chuàng)業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)等。Hayward等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),過度自信驅(qū)使創(chuàng)業(yè)者對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)投入過多;Tang[1]的研究表明,創(chuàng)業(yè)警覺正向影響創(chuàng)業(yè)者情感承諾、行為承諾和持續(xù)承諾;Vohora等[15]指出,新生創(chuàng)業(yè)者的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾較低;②創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境特征,如經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境、勞動(dòng)力市場、社會(huì)支持等。Petrakis[16]指出,理想的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾持續(xù)時(shí)間受微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)、長期和短期宏觀環(huán)境的影響,創(chuàng)業(yè)者以此對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行識(shí)別。
現(xiàn)有關(guān)于創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾個(gè)體特征的研究側(cè)重于將創(chuàng)業(yè)視為一種經(jīng)濟(jì)行為,重點(diǎn)探討創(chuàng)業(yè)特質(zhì)對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響。然而,個(gè)體創(chuàng)業(yè)活動(dòng)的開展通?;诙嘣?jiǎng)訖C(jī)而不只是經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)機(jī)。社會(huì)地位對(duì)于個(gè)體心理和行為具有較強(qiáng)預(yù)測作用,其有可能對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾產(chǎn)生重要影響。因此,本文從社會(huì)地位感知視角切入,以期拓展創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾前因研究。
1.2 社會(huì)地位感知
社會(huì)地位感知指個(gè)體對(duì)自身與他人在社會(huì)分層中所處位置的主觀評(píng)價(jià)[17]。除自我評(píng)估外,社會(huì)地位還包括客觀社會(huì)地位,受個(gè)體財(cái)富、職業(yè)、教育、聲望等因素的影響[18]。社會(huì)地位感知理論包含三大理論源流[19]:①社會(huì)事實(shí)理論認(rèn)為,個(gè)體主觀社會(huì)地位是客觀社會(huì)地位的直接映射;②參照群體理論指出,個(gè)體主觀社會(huì)地位受參照群體的影響,因而主觀社會(huì)地位和客觀社會(huì)地位并非高度一致;③事實(shí)—參照混合理論認(rèn)為,個(gè)體物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和經(jīng)歷塑造其感知自身所處相對(duì)位置的方式,個(gè)體主觀社會(huì)地位受客觀社會(huì)地位和心理素質(zhì)的影響。目前,學(xué)者普遍認(rèn)為社會(huì)地位是一種主觀感知和評(píng)價(jià),相比于客觀社會(huì)地位,主觀社會(huì)地位對(duì)于個(gè)體心理和行為的影響作用更顯著[17,20]。社會(huì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域一直對(duì)社會(huì)地位議題保持高度關(guān)注,相關(guān)研究表明,社會(huì)地位對(duì)個(gè)體身心健康、行為取向和成長具有顯著預(yù)測作用[21]。社會(huì)地位較高的個(gè)體身體更加健康、長壽[22],幸福指數(shù)更高[23],更有可能獲得成功[24]。在組織領(lǐng)域,社會(huì)地位相關(guān)研究較少,部分研究指出其對(duì)于組織行為具有重要影響。Kish-Gephart & Campbell等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CEO社會(huì)階層背景影響CEO風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好,從而對(duì)組織戰(zhàn)略決策具有顯著影響;馬駿等[25]證實(shí)私營企業(yè)主的主觀社會(huì)地位可以預(yù)測企業(yè)創(chuàng)新投入;馬凌遠(yuǎn)和李曉敏[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),私人企業(yè)主社會(huì)地位感知對(duì)于個(gè)人慈善捐贈(zèng)行為具有積極影響;陳鋼和王棟[26]指出,社會(huì)地位越高的企業(yè)面臨的融資約束越小。
上述研究為本文提供了重要理論基礎(chǔ)。然而,現(xiàn)有研究多從當(dāng)前社會(huì)地位主觀自我評(píng)價(jià)這一靜態(tài)、單一維度出發(fā),未充分挖掘其所隱含的多重信息。部分研究基于動(dòng)態(tài)、比較視角對(duì)社會(huì)地位感知進(jìn)行研究[19,27],本文借鑒這一思路,深入探討創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位感知這一心理事實(shí)。
1.3 社會(huì)地位感知與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾
1.3.1 社會(huì)地位靜態(tài)感知與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾
現(xiàn)有研究多以主觀社會(huì)地位作為社會(huì)地位感知狀態(tài)。總體而言,主觀社會(huì)地位較低的創(chuàng)業(yè)者通常擁有較高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾,主要原因如下:第一,高水平愿望驅(qū)動(dòng)。根據(jù)貧困陷阱理論[28],社會(huì)地位較低的創(chuàng)業(yè)者更加渴望逃離當(dāng)前所處環(huán)境,對(duì)成功的預(yù)期更強(qiáng)烈,他們會(huì)抓住一切機(jī)會(huì)改變現(xiàn)狀并持續(xù)投入精力。第二,資源劣勢認(rèn)知驅(qū)動(dòng)。社會(huì)地位較低的創(chuàng)業(yè)者在經(jīng)濟(jì)資源、社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等方面存在較大劣勢,作為弱勢創(chuàng)業(yè)者[29],為在充滿不確定性的創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境中生存與發(fā)展,他們需要付出比普通創(chuàng)業(yè)者更多的努力。第三,勤奮和堅(jiān)韌印記的驅(qū)動(dòng)。社會(huì)地位較低的創(chuàng)業(yè)者通常會(huì)面臨更多挫折和挑戰(zhàn),培養(yǎng)了他們勤奮、韌性、創(chuàng)造性解決問題的能力。根據(jù)烙印理論,個(gè)人在敏感期內(nèi)形成的個(gè)人特征將會(huì)持續(xù)存在,并對(duì)個(gè)人成長產(chǎn)生長期影響[30],因此在創(chuàng)業(yè)過程中他們會(huì)表現(xiàn)出更高的韌性水平,并擁有更高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾。據(jù)此,本文提出以下假設(shè):
H1:當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者主觀社會(huì)地位較低時(shí),其表現(xiàn)出較高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾。
1.3.2 社會(huì)地位空間比較與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾
(1)本文對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)者當(dāng)前主觀社會(huì)地位與客觀社會(huì)地位進(jìn)行比較,從社會(huì)地位主觀感知偏差視角分析。社會(huì)地位主觀感知偏差指創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位主觀評(píng)價(jià)與實(shí)際社會(huì)地位之間的不匹配、不一致程度,若前者高于后者,則產(chǎn)生向上偏差;反之,則產(chǎn)生向下偏差[27]。心理學(xué)家指出,個(gè)體總是尋求最大化的積極情緒體驗(yàn)、最小化的消極情緒體驗(yàn),這種樂觀主義心態(tài)是動(dòng)機(jī)心理學(xué)的核心[31]。個(gè)體更傾向于善待自己[32],這種動(dòng)機(jī)被稱為自我保護(hù)機(jī)制。自我保護(hù)常在自我強(qiáng)化失效時(shí)出現(xiàn),當(dāng)人們無法客觀提升自身能力時(shí),他們會(huì)通過改變自己對(duì)事件的感知或解釋來尋求安慰、避免焦慮[33]。主觀感知社會(huì)地位高于實(shí)際社會(huì)地位很大程度上來源于心理學(xué)中的自我保護(hù)機(jī)制,個(gè)體以此緩解緊張和焦慮,防御危機(jī)和挫折,以便更好地適應(yīng)環(huán)境。這種認(rèn)知偏差越大,個(gè)體越有可能安于現(xiàn)狀,從而不利于提升創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾。據(jù)此,本文提出以下假設(shè):
H2:社會(huì)地位感知偏差與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾負(fù)相關(guān),創(chuàng)業(yè)者感知偏差越大,其創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾越低。
(2)鄰里人群是個(gè)體地位感知最常見的參照群體,個(gè)體行為很大程度上受鄰里比較的影響。依據(jù)社會(huì)比較理論[11]和前景理論[34],以鄰里社會(huì)地位平均水平作為參照物,當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者認(rèn)為自身社會(huì)地位高于鄰里平均水平時(shí),其便會(huì)產(chǎn)生安全錯(cuò)覺[35]和獲益框架效應(yīng),對(duì)潛在失敗更加敏感,更傾向于規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因而創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾更低[36];相反,當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者認(rèn)為自身社會(huì)地位低于鄰里平均水平時(shí),其便會(huì)產(chǎn)生緊張焦慮和損失框架效應(yīng),然后想方設(shè)法地彌補(bǔ)差距、減少損失,因而表現(xiàn)出較高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾?!案檄偹剐?yīng)”理論指出,人們會(huì)關(guān)心與自己密切相關(guān)的參照群體(鄰居、親戚)在社會(huì)等級(jí)中的地位,當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己落后于參照群體時(shí),便會(huì)努力追上他們[37-38]。當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者認(rèn)為自身社會(huì)地位低于鄰里平均水平時(shí),他們會(huì)表現(xiàn)出更高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾以追趕甚至超越鄰里平均水平。據(jù)此,本文提出以下假設(shè):
H3:當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位高于鄰里平均水平時(shí),其會(huì)表現(xiàn)出較低的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾;當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位低于鄰里平均水平時(shí),其會(huì)表現(xiàn)出較高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾。
1.3.3 社會(huì)地位時(shí)間比較與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾
(1)當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者認(rèn)為自身當(dāng)前社會(huì)地位高于歷史社會(huì)地位時(shí),其會(huì)產(chǎn)生向上流動(dòng)感;反之,則會(huì)產(chǎn)生向下流動(dòng)感。依據(jù)自我效能理論,過去的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)有助于增強(qiáng)個(gè)體自我效能[39],具備向上流動(dòng)感的創(chuàng)業(yè)者因?yàn)閾碛羞^去社會(huì)流動(dòng)的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),因此具備更高的自我效能感。自我效能感對(duì)于個(gè)體努力、堅(jiān)持等具有積極影響[40],自我效能感低的人遇到困難很容易放棄,而自我效能感高的人則會(huì)想方設(shè)法地戰(zhàn)勝困難[40-41]。因此,自我效能感高的創(chuàng)業(yè)者會(huì)充分調(diào)動(dòng)自身情感、智力和體力,表現(xiàn)出更高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾[42-43]。也即,向上流動(dòng)感能夠給創(chuàng)業(yè)者充電,鼓勵(lì)他們接受新挑戰(zhàn),激發(fā)其向上流動(dòng)意愿,由此形成動(dòng)態(tài)循環(huán)正反饋效應(yīng)[44];反之則反。據(jù)此,本文提出以下假設(shè):
H4:社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾正相關(guān),具備向上流動(dòng)感的創(chuàng)業(yè)者創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾更高,具備向下流動(dòng)感的創(chuàng)業(yè)者創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾更低。
(2)社會(huì)地位流動(dòng)預(yù)期代表創(chuàng)業(yè)者的目標(biāo)或抱負(fù)。依據(jù)目標(biāo)設(shè)定理論[45],制定適當(dāng)難度的目標(biāo)有助于維持個(gè)體高水平努力,而超過個(gè)體能力的目標(biāo)則會(huì)使其產(chǎn)生失望感和非效能感,從而降低個(gè)體投入動(dòng)機(jī)。Genicot & Ray[46]指出,最好的愿望是那些與個(gè)人當(dāng)前狀況保持適度距離的愿望,其既能激勵(lì)個(gè)體創(chuàng)業(yè),又不至于引起挫敗感。因此,當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者沒有向上流動(dòng)預(yù)期時(shí),他們對(duì)潛在失敗更加敏感,更傾向于采取保守策略,因而創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾更低;當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者具有適度向上流動(dòng)預(yù)期時(shí),其更具有創(chuàng)業(yè)拼搏意愿,創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾也更高;而當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者向上流動(dòng)預(yù)期過度時(shí),個(gè)體有可能會(huì)采取冒險(xiǎn)行為,并增加創(chuàng)業(yè)失敗風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而減少創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾。據(jù)此,本文提出以下假設(shè):
H5:社會(huì)地位流動(dòng)預(yù)期與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾呈倒U型關(guān)系,即適度的期望水平有助于提升創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾,而過高的期望水平則會(huì)導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾下降。
綜上所述,本文構(gòu)建理論框架,如圖1所示。
2 研究設(shè)計(jì)與統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
2.1 數(shù)據(jù)來源
本研究數(shù)據(jù)來源于“中國勞動(dòng)力動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)查”(China Labor-force Dynamics Survey,簡稱 CLDS)數(shù)據(jù)庫,CLDS是一項(xiàng)全國性以勞動(dòng)力為主題的大型跨學(xué)科追蹤調(diào)查,樣本覆蓋中國內(nèi)地29個(gè)省、自治區(qū)、直轄市(由于西藏、海南數(shù)據(jù)不全,故未納入統(tǒng)計(jì)),調(diào)查對(duì)象為15~64歲的勞動(dòng)人口。調(diào)查內(nèi)容包含勞動(dòng)力個(gè)體、家庭和社區(qū)3個(gè)層次,以勞動(dòng)力個(gè)體教育、就業(yè)、社會(huì)地位、職業(yè)流動(dòng)、職業(yè)滿足感、幸福感等現(xiàn)狀和變遷為核心,同時(shí)涵蓋勞動(dòng)力所在社區(qū)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展,以及所在家庭人口結(jié)構(gòu)、家庭財(cái)產(chǎn)與收入、家庭消費(fèi)、家庭捐贈(zèng)等眾多議題,調(diào)查內(nèi)容豐富、全面,非常適合創(chuàng)業(yè)者個(gè)體研究,并能滿足本文跨學(xué)科研究要求。CLDS于2012年完成基線調(diào)查,之后每兩年開展一次追蹤調(diào)查,目前2016年為最新公開數(shù)據(jù)。因此,本研究采用2016年數(shù)據(jù),包括個(gè)體和家庭兩個(gè)層面,剔除異常值、缺漏值樣本,最終篩選出1 549名創(chuàng)業(yè)者作為研究樣本。
2.2 變量設(shè)置
(1)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾。創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾測量主要有主觀法和客觀法兩種方式,本文參照Yang & Chang[47]的研究,采用客觀測量法,以創(chuàng)業(yè)者每月投入工作的小時(shí)數(shù)衡量。
(2)社會(huì)地位感知。本文設(shè)置主觀社會(huì)地位、社會(huì)地位感知偏差、社會(huì)地位鄰里比較、社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感、社會(huì)地位流動(dòng)預(yù)期5個(gè)細(xì)分變量。第一,主觀社會(huì)地位。CLDS采用Adler等[48]學(xué)者開發(fā)的十級(jí)階梯自我錨定量表對(duì)受訪者進(jìn)行調(diào)研,受訪者根據(jù)卡片提示自我定位。如“在我們的社會(huì)里,有些人居于頂層,有些人則在底層??ㄆ嫌幸粋€(gè)從上往下的梯子,最高的‘10分代表最頂層,最低的‘1分代表最底層。您認(rèn)為您自己目前在哪個(gè)等級(jí)上”。本文依據(jù)該量表,采用兩種方式對(duì)主觀社會(huì)地位進(jìn)行測量:一是直接采用十級(jí)階梯量表調(diào)查結(jié)果;二是將調(diào)查結(jié)果分為低主觀地位(1~5分)和高主觀地位(6~10分)兩類。第二,社會(huì)地位感知偏差。本文借鑒陳衛(wèi)民和李曉晴[27]的研究,利用兩種方式測量社會(huì)地位感知偏差。第一種測量方式為社會(huì)地位感知偏差的絕對(duì)值,計(jì)算公式為:社會(huì)地位感知偏差=主觀社會(huì)地位-客觀社會(huì)地位。其中,客觀社會(huì)地位采用學(xué)者廣泛使用的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位指數(shù)衡量,具體采用李春玲[49]關(guān)于社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位指數(shù)的計(jì)算方程,即社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位指數(shù)=10.868+3.496*教育年限+0.589*平均月收入(百元)。然后,按照十級(jí)階梯錨定法,將社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位指數(shù)等距劃分為10個(gè)等級(jí);第二種測量方式為感知偏差類型,分為高向下偏差、低向下偏差、無偏差、低向上偏差和高向上偏差5種類型,分別用-2~2的5個(gè)數(shù)值表示。個(gè)體主觀社會(huì)地位與客觀社會(huì)地位相差兩級(jí)及以上屬于高偏差,相差一級(jí)屬于低偏差,二者相同屬于無偏差。第三,社會(huì)地位鄰里比較。參照Ritterman等[50]的研究,以社區(qū)平均社會(huì)地位為參照物,對(duì)社會(huì)地位鄰里比較進(jìn)行測量。根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)可得性,采用以下兩種測量方式:一是采用CLDS中受訪者與鄰居生活水平差距量表,取值1~5,分別表示低很多、低一些、差不多、高一些、高很多;二是比較個(gè)體主觀社會(huì)地位與同社區(qū)所有受訪者平均主觀社會(huì)地位,計(jì)算公式為:社會(huì)地位鄰里比較=個(gè)體當(dāng)前主觀社會(huì)地位等級(jí)—社區(qū)平均主觀社會(huì)地位等級(jí)。第四,社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感。參照陳云松和范曉光[19]的研究,采用目前社會(huì)地位相比于過去社會(huì)地位的變化程度測量,具體方式如下:一是使用主觀社會(huì)地位變化的絕對(duì)值,計(jì)算公式為:社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感=當(dāng)前主觀社會(huì)地位等級(jí)(您認(rèn)為自己目前在哪個(gè)等級(jí))-5年前主觀社會(huì)地位等級(jí)(您認(rèn)為5年前在哪個(gè)等級(jí));二是劃分主觀流動(dòng)感,包含高向下流動(dòng)感、低向下流動(dòng)感、無流動(dòng)感、低向上流動(dòng)感和高向上流動(dòng)感,取值-2~2。當(dāng)前主觀社會(huì)地位等級(jí)與5年前主觀社會(huì)地位等級(jí)相差兩級(jí)及以上屬于高流動(dòng)感,相差一級(jí)屬于低流動(dòng)感,二者相同屬于無流動(dòng)感。第五,社會(huì)地位流動(dòng)預(yù)期。借鑒陳衛(wèi)民和李曉晴[27]的研究,比較5年后社會(huì)地位預(yù)期和當(dāng)前社會(huì)地位,測量方式如下:第一種使用流動(dòng)預(yù)期的絕對(duì)值,計(jì)算公式為:社會(huì)地位流動(dòng)預(yù)期=5年后主觀社會(huì)地位等級(jí)(您認(rèn)為5年后將會(huì)在哪個(gè)等級(jí)上)-當(dāng)前主觀社會(huì)地位等級(jí)(您認(rèn)為自己目前在哪個(gè)等級(jí)上)。第二種劃定流動(dòng)預(yù)期類型,包括高向下流動(dòng)預(yù)期、低向下流動(dòng)預(yù)期、無流動(dòng)預(yù)期、低向上流動(dòng)預(yù)期和高向上流動(dòng)預(yù)期,取值-2~2。5年后主觀社會(huì)地位等級(jí)與當(dāng)前主觀社會(huì)地位等級(jí)相差兩級(jí)及以上屬于高流動(dòng)預(yù)期,相差一級(jí)屬于低流動(dòng)預(yù)期,二者相同屬于無流動(dòng)預(yù)期。
(3)控制變量。本文借鑒陳建安等[3]的做法,遵循數(shù)據(jù)可得性原則,將影響創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾個(gè)體和環(huán)境層面的多種因素納入控制變量,其中個(gè)體層面控制變量包括性別、年齡、所在城市、社區(qū)類型、婚姻狀況、受教育程度、健康水平、創(chuàng)業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn),環(huán)境層面控制變量包括創(chuàng)業(yè)行業(yè)、工作滿意度、家庭和諧度。
綜上所述,本文變量匯總?cè)绫?所示。
2.3 描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
表2列示了主要變量描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)及相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果。可以看出,創(chuàng)業(yè)者平均主觀社會(huì)地位系數(shù)為4.56,說明大部分創(chuàng)業(yè)者處于中下階層。社會(huì)地位感知偏差系數(shù)為負(fù),說明創(chuàng)業(yè)者感知到的社會(huì)地位低于實(shí)際社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位。創(chuàng)業(yè)者主觀流動(dòng)感、流動(dòng)預(yù)期系數(shù)分別為0.46和0.77,鄰里比較系數(shù)為2.92,表明創(chuàng)業(yè)者認(rèn)為自身社會(huì)地位與鄰居、親戚相差不大。
圖2和圖3展示了詳細(xì)的創(chuàng)業(yè)者分布情況。從圖2可以看出,創(chuàng)業(yè)者中位認(rèn)同占絕大多數(shù),主觀社會(huì)地位為5和6的創(chuàng)業(yè)者超過50%,低位認(rèn)同創(chuàng)業(yè)者數(shù)量高于高位認(rèn)同,主觀社會(huì)地位低于4的創(chuàng)業(yè)者約占38%,高于7的創(chuàng)業(yè)者僅為10%左右。這與陳云松和范曉光[19]的結(jié)論一致,即中國人自我階層定位呈保齡球狀態(tài),低位認(rèn)同主導(dǎo)特征明顯。
從圖3可以看出,創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位表現(xiàn)出顯著向下偏差特征,有超過50%的創(chuàng)業(yè)者主觀社會(huì)地位比客觀社會(huì)地位低,49.77%的創(chuàng)業(yè)者認(rèn)為自己在過去5年社會(huì)地位未發(fā)生改變,40%的創(chuàng)業(yè)者感受到向上流動(dòng),僅有9%的創(chuàng)業(yè)者感受到向下流動(dòng),且有超過56%的創(chuàng)業(yè)者對(duì)未來5年表現(xiàn)出向上流動(dòng)預(yù)期,表明創(chuàng)業(yè)對(duì)于社會(huì)流動(dòng)具有較強(qiáng)拉動(dòng)作用。從社會(huì)地位鄰里比較看,接近70%的創(chuàng)業(yè)者認(rèn)為自己與鄰里社會(huì)地位相差不大,約18%的創(chuàng)業(yè)者認(rèn)為自己社會(huì)地位較低,約12%的創(chuàng)業(yè)者認(rèn)為自己社會(huì)地位更高,這是創(chuàng)業(yè)者中位認(rèn)同占多數(shù)的潛在原因。一般而言,個(gè)體通常會(huì)選擇跟自身關(guān)系密切的鄰居進(jìn)行比較。
由表2相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果可知,創(chuàng)業(yè)者主觀社會(huì)地位、社會(huì)地位感知偏差、社會(huì)地位鄰里比較與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾均顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。另外,創(chuàng)業(yè)者主觀社會(huì)地位與其它4個(gè)感知維度顯著正相關(guān),說明創(chuàng)業(yè)者當(dāng)前主觀社會(huì)地位越高,社會(huì)地位感知偏差越大,主觀流動(dòng)感越強(qiáng),對(duì)未來社會(huì)地位流動(dòng)的預(yù)期越低,鄰里比較優(yōu)勢越明顯。
3 結(jié)果分析
3.1 主觀社會(huì)地位對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響
由于本文中的因變量為連續(xù)變量,故采用OLS回歸模型對(duì)假設(shè)H1進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果如表3模型1、模型2和模型3所示。模型1結(jié)果顯示,主觀社會(huì)地位與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(beta=-5.565,p<0.01),表明創(chuàng)業(yè)者主觀社會(huì)地位越高,其創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾越低,假設(shè)H1得到驗(yàn)證。模型2結(jié)果顯示,低主觀社會(huì)地位與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾顯著正相關(guān)(beta=14.059,p<0.05),表明創(chuàng)業(yè)者低主觀社會(huì)地位能夠正向預(yù)測高創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾,假設(shè)H1再次得證。模型3將客觀社會(huì)地位設(shè)為自變量進(jìn)行回歸分析,結(jié)果未發(fā)現(xiàn)其與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾之間的顯著關(guān)系,這與先前研究中關(guān)于主觀社會(huì)地位比客觀社會(huì)地位預(yù)測效力更強(qiáng)的結(jié)論一致。
3.2 社會(huì)地位感知偏差對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響
本研究采用OLS回歸模型檢驗(yàn)社會(huì)地位感知偏差對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響,結(jié)果如表3模型4和模型5所示。模型4采用取值為1~5的有序變量,根據(jù)社會(huì)地位感知偏差設(shè)置向下偏差、無偏差、低向上偏差和高向上偏差4個(gè)虛擬變量,將其中3個(gè)虛擬變量納入回歸模型。結(jié)果顯示,社會(huì)地位感知偏差與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(beta=-4.161,p<0.05),說明社會(huì)地位感知偏差越大,創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾越低。而在模型5中,只有高向上偏差對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾具有顯著負(fù)向影響(beta=-22.252,p<0.01),這與上述分析一致,說明自我認(rèn)知偏差過高會(huì)降低個(gè)體創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾。總體而言,兩個(gè)模型得出一個(gè)共同結(jié)論,即社會(huì)地位感知偏差對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾具有負(fù)向影響,假設(shè)H2得到驗(yàn)證。
3.3 社會(huì)地位鄰里比較對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響
進(jìn)一步,采用OLS回歸模型檢驗(yàn)社會(huì)地位鄰里比較對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響,結(jié)果如表4模型6、模型7和模型8所示。其中,模型6中的自變量采用創(chuàng)業(yè)者自我報(bào)告的社會(huì)地位鄰里比較,而模型10中的自變量采用創(chuàng)業(yè)者自評(píng)社會(huì)地位與社區(qū)平均社會(huì)地位比較。模型8根據(jù)社會(huì)地位鄰里比較設(shè)置4個(gè)虛擬變量,分別為低于鄰里、差不多、高一些和高很多,將其中3個(gè)虛擬變量納入回歸模型。模型6結(jié)果顯示,社會(huì)地位鄰里比較與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(beta=-9.864,p<0.05),即當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者感知到社會(huì)地位高于鄰里平均水平時(shí),創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾更低,反之則反。模型7也得到一致結(jié)論(beta=-4.258,p<0.01)。模型8結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位比鄰里平均水平高一些時(shí),其對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾具有顯著負(fù)向影響(beta=-20.872,p<0.05);而當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位比鄰里平均水平高很多時(shí),雖然也會(huì)對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾產(chǎn)生負(fù)向影響,但這種影響作用不顯著。這可能是因?yàn)?,?dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位比鄰里平均水平高很多時(shí),其參照群體相應(yīng)也會(huì)發(fā)生改變。但總體而言,3個(gè)模型結(jié)論趨于一致,即當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位高于鄰里平均水平時(shí),其表現(xiàn)出較低的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾;當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位低于鄰里平均水平時(shí),其表現(xiàn)出較高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾,假設(shè)H3得到驗(yàn)證。
3.4 社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響
社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響結(jié)果如表5模型9和模型10所示。其中,模型9中的自變量采用社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感,模型10根據(jù)社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感設(shè)置4個(gè)虛擬變量,分別為向下流動(dòng)、無流動(dòng)、低向上流動(dòng)和高向上流動(dòng),將其中3個(gè)虛擬變量納入回歸模型。模型9結(jié)果顯示,社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾顯著正相關(guān)(beta=4.701,p<0.1),說明創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感越強(qiáng),創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾越高。在模型10中,高向上流動(dòng)對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾具有顯著正向影響(beta=23.122,p<0.05),表明高流動(dòng)感對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾具有顯著促進(jìn)作用??傮w而言,兩個(gè)模型得出一個(gè)共同結(jié)論,即社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾具有顯著正向影響,假設(shè)H4得到驗(yàn)證。
3.5 社會(huì)地位流動(dòng)預(yù)期對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響
本文采取與社會(huì)地位感知偏差和社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感相同的方式檢驗(yàn)社會(huì)地位流動(dòng)預(yù)期對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響,結(jié)果未發(fā)現(xiàn)二者之間的顯著性關(guān)系。為直觀對(duì)比不同類型社會(huì)地位流動(dòng)預(yù)期對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的差異化影響,本研究使用轉(zhuǎn)換矩陣將流動(dòng)預(yù)期劃分為負(fù)預(yù)期、無預(yù)期、低預(yù)期和高預(yù)期4個(gè)水平,并將創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾劃分為低承諾、中承諾和高承諾3個(gè)水平,結(jié)果如表6所示。從中可見,當(dāng)流動(dòng)預(yù)期為負(fù)時(shí),高創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾者占32.86%;當(dāng)流動(dòng)預(yù)期為非負(fù)時(shí),高創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾者占比增至36%,低預(yù)期與高預(yù)期之間無顯著差別。這說明,負(fù)預(yù)期對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾具有一定負(fù)向影響,但正預(yù)期對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾無促進(jìn)作用,假設(shè)H5未得到驗(yàn)證。
4 結(jié)語
4.1 研究結(jié)論
創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾是促進(jìn)個(gè)體發(fā)展的主要?jiǎng)恿Γ瑒?chuàng)業(yè)承諾前因既是學(xué)者的興趣焦點(diǎn),也是創(chuàng)業(yè)實(shí)踐者的現(xiàn)實(shí)關(guān)切。然而,現(xiàn)有研究大多關(guān)注人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)特征和創(chuàng)業(yè)特質(zhì)的影響,忽視了個(gè)體自我認(rèn)知的重要作用。本文在社會(huì)地位靜態(tài)感知維度的基礎(chǔ)上,拓展社會(huì)地位感知空間維和時(shí)間維,從主觀社會(huì)地位、社會(huì)地位感知偏差、社會(huì)地位鄰里比較、社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感和社會(huì)地位流動(dòng)預(yù)期5個(gè)方面考察社會(huì)地位感知對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響,借鑒自我保護(hù)理論、自我效能理論、前景理論、社會(huì)比較理論剖析社會(huì)地位感知激發(fā)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的內(nèi)在機(jī)理,采用CLDS數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行實(shí)證檢驗(yàn),得出如下研究結(jié)論:
(1)當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者主觀社會(huì)地位較低時(shí),其表現(xiàn)出較高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾,主要受高水平愿望的驅(qū)動(dòng)、資源劣勢認(rèn)知驅(qū)動(dòng)以及勤奮和堅(jiān)韌等印記驅(qū)動(dòng)的影響。
(2)社會(huì)地位感知偏差與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾負(fù)相關(guān),社會(huì)地位感知偏差越大,創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾越低。這是因?yàn)?,認(rèn)知偏差來源于人們免受焦慮和挫折的自我保護(hù)機(jī)制,個(gè)體認(rèn)知偏差越大,越有可能安于現(xiàn)狀,不利于提高創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾。
(3)當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位高于鄰里平均水平時(shí),其表現(xiàn)出較低的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾;當(dāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位低于鄰里平均水平時(shí),其表現(xiàn)出較高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾。這是因?yàn)?,高于平均水平的安全感使個(gè)體對(duì)潛在失敗更敏感,更傾向于采取風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避行為,而低于平均水平的焦慮感會(huì)促使人們想方設(shè)法地彌補(bǔ)差距、減少損失。
(4)社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感與創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾顯著正相關(guān),即創(chuàng)業(yè)者社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感越強(qiáng),創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾越高。究其原因,具備向上流動(dòng)感的創(chuàng)業(yè)者因擁有過去社會(huì)流動(dòng)的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),因此具備更高的自我效能感,由此激發(fā)出更高的創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾。
(5)社會(huì)地位流動(dòng)預(yù)期對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響不顯著,本研究僅發(fā)現(xiàn)負(fù)預(yù)期對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾具有一定負(fù)向影響,正預(yù)期對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的作用不顯著。
4.2 理論貢獻(xiàn)
(1)從新理論視角拓展創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾前因研究。目前,關(guān)于創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的研究主要關(guān)注年齡、創(chuàng)業(yè)動(dòng)機(jī)、過度自信、創(chuàng)業(yè)警覺、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)感知、創(chuàng)業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)等人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)特征以及創(chuàng)業(yè)特質(zhì)的影響,忽視了創(chuàng)業(yè)者自我認(rèn)知的作用。本研究以社會(huì)地位感知為前因開展理論分析和實(shí)證檢驗(yàn),識(shí)別主觀社會(huì)地位、社會(huì)地位感知偏差、社會(huì)地位鄰里比較和社會(huì)地位主觀流動(dòng)感等影響因素,加深了對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾前因的認(rèn)知。
(2)基于時(shí)空比較視角拓展社會(huì)地位感知分析維度。目前,關(guān)于社會(huì)地位感知的文獻(xiàn)主要基于個(gè)體對(duì)當(dāng)前社會(huì)地位的主觀感知視角[25-26],本研究將創(chuàng)業(yè)者當(dāng)前社會(huì)地位感知置于時(shí)空坐標(biāo)下,從社會(huì)地位主觀感知偏差、主觀流動(dòng)感、流動(dòng)預(yù)期、鄰里比較等多個(gè)感知維度進(jìn)行研究,豐富了社會(huì)地位感知復(fù)雜作用機(jī)理的研究。另外,盡管心理學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)W者強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)地位會(huì)正向預(yù)測個(gè)體健康、幸福及成長,本文卻發(fā)現(xiàn)低主觀社會(huì)地位對(duì)于創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾具有積極影響,豐富了關(guān)于社會(huì)地位作用機(jī)制和效果的復(fù)雜性、多樣性研究。
(3)立足于跨學(xué)科交叉視角,拓展了創(chuàng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域和社會(huì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域研究。社會(huì)地位一直是社會(huì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)議題,伴隨著社會(huì)地位感知在社會(huì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)和教育學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的廣泛應(yīng)用,Kish-Gephart & Campbell[5]呼吁創(chuàng)業(yè)和組織領(lǐng)域也需要關(guān)注社會(huì)地位感知潛在價(jià)值。本研究將社會(huì)地位感知拓展至創(chuàng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域,以創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾為切入點(diǎn),豐富了社會(huì)地位感知研究情境。
4.3 實(shí)踐啟示
全球創(chuàng)業(yè)觀察(GEM)連續(xù)15年的中國創(chuàng)業(yè)調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)顯示,中國創(chuàng)業(yè)者數(shù)量一直占成年人數(shù)量的10%以上,關(guān)注這個(gè)龐大而多元的創(chuàng)業(yè)者群體,對(duì)于推動(dòng)創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展、增強(qiáng)創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動(dòng)能力、激發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展內(nèi)生動(dòng)力具有重要意義。為此,本研究提出如下啟示:首先,政府除為創(chuàng)業(yè)者提供軟硬件支持外,還應(yīng)該關(guān)注創(chuàng)業(yè)者內(nèi)在心理,引導(dǎo)創(chuàng)業(yè)者正確認(rèn)知自身身份和地位,更好地幫助創(chuàng)業(yè)者提高創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾,戰(zhàn)勝困難和挑戰(zhàn),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)業(yè)成功;其次,創(chuàng)業(yè)者應(yīng)掌握創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾與社會(huì)感知演進(jìn)規(guī)律,增強(qiáng)自身創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾,通過高水平創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾強(qiáng)化自我認(rèn)知,由此形成動(dòng)態(tài)循環(huán)正反饋效應(yīng),實(shí)現(xiàn)拼搏奮斗與向上流動(dòng)的良性循環(huán)。
4.4 不足與展望
本文存在如下不足:①僅選取社會(huì)地位感知和創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾互動(dòng)關(guān)系演進(jìn)中的一個(gè)方向,即社會(huì)地位感知對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾的影響,未來應(yīng)聚焦創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾對(duì)社會(huì)地位感知的影響,利用跟蹤調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)互動(dòng)演進(jìn)的另一個(gè)方向進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn);②采用客觀測量法對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾進(jìn)行測量,僅反映了創(chuàng)業(yè)行為承諾的一個(gè)方面,未檢驗(yàn)情感承諾和持續(xù)承諾的作用,未來應(yīng)加入主觀測量法,對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾進(jìn)行深入研究。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] TANG J. Environmental munificence for entrepreneurs: entrepreneurial alertness and commitment [J]. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 2008, 14(3): 128-151.
[2] TREFFERS T, KLYVER K, NIELSEN M S, et al. Feel the commitment: from situational emotional information to venture goal commitment [J]. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 2018, 37(3): 215-240.
[3] 陳建安, 陶雅, 陳瑞.創(chuàng)業(yè)承諾研究前沿探析與未來展望[J]. 外國經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理, 2014, 36(6): 24-31.
[4] LIU W M, ALI S R, SOLECK G, et al. Using social class in counseling psychology research [J]. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2004, 51(1): 3-18.
[5] KISH-GEPHART J J, CAMPBELL J T. You don′t forget your roots: the influence of CEO social class background on strategic risk taking [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2015, 58(6): 1614-1636.
[6] 范曉光, 呂鵬. 中國私營企業(yè)主的社會(huì)構(gòu)成: 階層與同期群差異[J]. 中國社會(huì)科學(xué), 2017, 38(7): 70-87.
[7] COTE S. How social class shapes thoughts and actions in organizations [J]. Research in Organizational Behavior, 2011, 31: 43-71.
[8] 馬凌遠(yuǎn), 李曉敏. 民營企業(yè)家社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位主觀認(rèn)知與個(gè)人慈善捐贈(zèng)[J]. 統(tǒng)計(jì)研究, 2021, 38(1): 105-118.
[9] UY M A, FOO M-D, ILIES R. Perceived progress variability and entrepreneurial effort intensity: the moderating role of venture goal commitment [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2015, 30(3): 375-389.
[10] ABREU M, ONER O, BROUWER A, et al. Well-being effects of self-employment: a spatial inquiry [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2019, 34(4): 589-607.
[11] FESTINGER L. A theory of social comparison processes [J]. Human Relations, 1954, 7(2): 117-140.
[12] ULRICH D. Intellectual capital= competence × commitment [J]. MIT Sloan Management Review, 1998, 39(4): 15-27.
[13] ERIKSON T. Entrepreneurial capital: the emerging venture′s most important asset and competitive advantage [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2002, 17(3): 275-290.
[14] HAYWARD M L, SHEPHERD D A, GRIFFIN D. A hubris theory of entrepreneurship [J]. Management Science, 2006, 52(2): 160-172.
[15] VOHORA A, WRIGHT M, LOCKETT A. Critical junctures in the development of university high-tech spinout companies [J]. Research Policy, 2004, 33(1): 147-175.
[16] PETRAKIS P E. On the ideal duration of entrepreneurial resources commitment [J]. Technology and Investment, 2010, 1(1): 49-58.
[17] KRAUS M W, PIFF P K, MENDOZA-DENTON R, et al. Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: how the rich are different from the poor [J]. Psychological Review, 2012, 119(3): 546-572.
[18] KRAUS M W, TAN J J X, TANNENBAUM M B. The social ladder: a rank-based perspective on social class [J]. Psychological Inquiry, 2013, 24(2): 81-96.
[19] 陳云松, 范曉光. 階層自我定位、收入不平等和主觀流動(dòng)感知(2003—2013)[J]. 中國社會(huì)科學(xué), 2016,37(12): 109-126,206-207.
[20] SINGH-MANOUX A, MARMOT M G, ADLER N E. Does subjective social status predict health and change in health status better than objective status[J]. Psychosomatic Medicine, 2005, 67(6): 855-861.
[21] 郭永玉, 楊沈龍, 李靜,等. 社會(huì)階層心理學(xué)視角下的公平研究[J]. 心理科學(xué)進(jìn)展, 2015, 23(8): 1299-1311.
[22] WOLFF L S, SUBRAMANIAN S V, ACEVEDO-GARCIA D, et al. Compared to whom? subjective social status, self-rated health, and referent group sensitivity in a diverse us sample [J]. Social Science & Medicine, 2010, 70(12): 2019-2028.
[23] NG W, DIENER E. What matters to the rich and the poor? subjective well-being, financial satisfaction, and postmaterialist needs across the world [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2014, 107(2): 326-338.
[24] STEPHENS N M, MARKUS H R, FRYBERG S A. Social class disparities in health and education: reducing inequality by applying a sociocultural self model of behavior [J]. Psychological Review, 2012, 119(4): 723-744.
[25] 馬駿, 羅衡軍, 肖宵. 私營企業(yè)家地位感知與企業(yè)創(chuàng)新投入[J]. 南開管理評(píng)論, 2019, 22(2): 142-154.
[26] 陳鋼, 王棟. 社會(huì)地位會(huì)影響企業(yè)融資約束嗎——來自A股民營上市公司的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)[J]. 經(jīng)濟(jì)管理, 2020, 42(2): 160-174.
[27] 陳衛(wèi)民, 李曉晴. 階層認(rèn)同和社會(huì)流動(dòng)預(yù)期對(duì)生育意愿的影響——兼論低生育率陷阱的形成機(jī)制[J]. 南開學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版), 2021,27(2): 18-30.
[28] CHIVERS D. Success, survive or escape? aspirations and poverty traps [J]. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2017, 143: 116-132.
[29] MILLER D, BRETON-MILLER I L. Underdog entrepreneurs: a model of challenge-based entrepreneurship [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2017, 41(1): 7-17.
[30] MARQUIS C, TILCSIK A. Imprinting: toward a multilevel theory [J]. The Academy of Management Annals, 2013, 7(1): 195-245.
[31] ALICKE M D, SEDIKIDES C. Self-enhancement and self-protection: what they are and what they do [J]. European Review of Social Psychology, 2009, 20(1): 1-48.
[32] SEDIKIDES C, GREGG A P. Self-enhancement: food for thought [J]. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2008, 3(2): 102-116.
[33] ROTHBAUM F, WEISZ J R, SNYDER S S. Changing the world and changing the self: a two-process model of perceived control [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1982, 42(1): 5-37.
[34] KAHNEMAN D, TVERSKY A. Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk [J]. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1979, 47(2): 263-291.
[35] LARRICK R P, BURSON K A, SOLL J B. Social comparison and confidence: when thinking you′re better than average predicts overconfidence (and when it does not) [J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2007, 102(1): 76-94.
[36] SITKIN S B, PABLO A L. Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior [J]. Academy of Management Review, 1992, 17(1): 9-38.
[37] GUVEN C, SRENSEN B E. Subjective well-being: keeping up with the perception of the joneses [J]. Social Indicators Research, 2011, 109(3): 439-469.
[38] MAURER J, MEIER A. Smooth it like the 'joneses' ? estimating peer-group effects in intertemporal consumption choice [J]. The Economic Journal, 2008, 118(527): 454-476.
[39] BANDURA A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change [J]. Psychological Review, 1977, 84(2): 191-215.
[40] HSU D K, WIKLUND J, COTTON R D. Success, failure, and entrepreneurial reentry: an experimental assessment of the veracity of self-efficacy and prospect theory [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2017, 41(1): 19-47.
[41] 周鍵, 徐鳳增.創(chuàng)業(yè)者是天生的嗎——?jiǎng)?chuàng)業(yè)自我效能感的中介效應(yīng)[J]. 科技進(jìn)步與對(duì)策, 2019, 36(19): 74-80.
[42] CHEN C C, GREENE P G, CRICK A. Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1998, 13(4): 295-316.
[43] ZHAO H, SEIBERT S E, HILLS G E. The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2005, 90(6): 1265-1272.
[44] 蘇芳, 毛基業(yè). 應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境變化的戰(zhàn)略路徑轉(zhuǎn)換過程:內(nèi)外部正反饋和管理者刻意行為的影響[J]. 管理世界, 2019, 35(10): 172-185,220.
[45] LOCKE E A.Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives [J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1968, 3(2): 157-189.
[46] GENICOT G, RAY D. Aspirations and inequality [J]. Econometrica, 2017, 85(2): 489-519.
[47] YANG P Y, CHANG Y C. Academic research commercialization and knowledge production and diffusion: the moderating effects of entrepreneurial commitment [J]. Scientometrics, 2009, 83(2): 403-421.
[48] ADLER N E, EPEL E S, CASTELLAZZO G, et al. Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: preliminary data in healthy, white women[J]. Health Psychology, 2000, 19(6): 586.
[49] 李春玲. 當(dāng)代中國社會(huì)的聲望分層——職業(yè)聲望與社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位指數(shù)測量[J]. 社會(huì)學(xué)研究, 2005,20(2): 74-102,244.
[50] RITTERMAN M L, FERNALD L C, OZER E J, et al. Objective and subjective social class gradients for substance use among Mexican adolescents [J]. Social Science & Medicine, 2009, 68(10): 1843-1851.
(責(zé)任編輯:王敬敏)
英文標(biāo)題The Impact of Social Status Perception on Entrepreneurial Commitment: A Comparative Perspective of Temporal and Spatial Dynamics
英文作者Zhu Hongming1, Tang Yanzhao1, Xiao Xionghui2
英文作者單位(1.School of Management, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;2.School of Business, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China)
英文摘要Abstract:As a comprehensive representation of behavioral and emotional engagement, entrepreneurial commitment has a significant impact on the growth and achievement of entrepreneurs, as well as the survival and success of new enterprises. Exploring the source of entrepreneurial commitment is not only a research topic of interest for academics, but also a major concern for entrepreneurs. However, most of the existing studies start from the demographic characteristics and individual personalities to analyze the impact of individual factors on entrepreneurial commitment, such as age, entrepreneurial motivation, overconfidence, entrepreneurial alertness, risk tolerance, entrepreneurial experience, etc. The impact of entrepreneurs′ perceptions of social status as a result of their interactions with the environment on their entrepreneurial commitment has been largely ignored.
Entrepreneurs′ perception of social status encompasses not just objective socio-economic status, but also the perception and cognition of the environment and opportunities; it includes both the perception of current status and the imprint of past status and the expectation of future status. This study employs the spatial-temporal comparison perspective rather than the traditional perspective of current subjective status, to better comprehend the complex signals that underpin social status perception, as well as to supplement our limited understanding of its dynamics and comparability. Specifically, this paper depicts the psychological reality of entrepreneurs′ perception of social status from five aspects: subjective social status, social status perception bias, social status neighborhood comparison, social status subjective mobility and social status mobility expectation. The aim is to address the questions of what information is underlying entrepreneurs′ perceptions of their social status, and what impact they have on entrepreneurs′ entrepreneurial commitment.
Based on the empirical analysis of data from China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS) in 2016, this study has the following findings. First, when the subjective social status is low, entrepreneurs show a higher level of entrepreneurial commitment, which is mainly driven by desperate desire, the cognition of resource disadvantage and the imprint of diligence and resilience. Second, there is a negative correlation between social status perception bias and entrepreneurial commitment. The larger the cognitive bias, the more likely it will bring an illusion of being content with the status quo, which is not conducive to strengthening entrepreneurial commitment. Third, entrepreneurs who believe their social status is higher than the neighborhood average have a lower level of entrepreneurial commitment, whereas those who believe their social status is lower have a higher level of entrepreneurial commitment. Fourth, there is a significant positive relationship between social status mobility and entrepreneurial commitment. Because of their previous experience of successfully accomplishing social mobility, entrepreneurs with a sense of upward mobility will have a better sense of self-efficacy which will stimulate a higher entrepreneurial commitment. Fifth, empirical evidence does not support the impact of social status mobility expectations on entrepreneurial commitment. According to this study, negative expectations have a negative effect on entrepreneurial commitment, but positive expectations have no such effect. Overall, this study enriches the entrepreneurial literature in a variety of ways. First, this study expands the antecedents of entrepreneurial commitment from a new theoretical perspective of social status perception. Important impacting elements such as subjective social status, perception bias, neighbor comparison, and subjective mobility are found and it contributes to? the studies on demographic characteristics and entrepreneurial personalities. Second, based on the perspective of spatial and temporal comparison, this study provides a broadening horizon of social status perception. The majority of previous organizational writing on social status perception is focused on individuals' current social status being perceived in a static manner. This study brings the subjective sense of social status to five dimensions, which contribute to a better understanding of the complicated mechanisms underlying social status perception. Finally, this study adds valuable insights to existing research from an interdisciplinary perspective of entrepreneurship and sociology. Although social status has long been a hot topic in sociology research, it is rarely explored in entrepreneurship studies. This paper complements research on the impact of individual sociality on economic behavior by extending insights related to the? perception of social status to the field of entrepreneurship. At the same time, it enriches the research context of social status perception and contributes to sociology research.
英文關(guān)鍵詞Key Words:Entrepreneur′s Social Status; Entrepreneur′s Status Perception; Entrepreneurial Commitment; Temporal and Spatial Comparison
收稿日期:2021-11-24? 修回日期:2022-03-12
基金項(xiàng)目:中國高校創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)教育改革研究基金項(xiàng)目(2020CCJG01Z002)
作者簡介:朱虹明(1989-),女,重慶奉節(jié)人,廈門大學(xué)管理學(xué)院博士研究生,研究方向?yàn)槿鮿輨?chuàng)業(yè)、數(shù)字創(chuàng)業(yè)、戰(zhàn)略管理、電子商務(wù);唐炎釗(1968-),男,湖北安陸人,博士,廈門大學(xué)管理學(xué)院教授、博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)閯?chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)管理、創(chuàng)業(yè)教育、戰(zhàn)略管理、組織文化;肖雄輝(1990-),男,湖南郴州人,中山大學(xué)管理學(xué)院博士研究生,研究方向?yàn)閿?shù)字創(chuàng)業(yè)、戰(zhàn)略管理、旅游酒店管理。本文通訊作者:唐炎釗。