周春曉 武智敏 吳春燕 趙新東 顧華麗 吳少玲
[摘要]目的探討原發(fā)性血小板增多癥繼發(fā)骨髓纖維化(PET-MF)的臨床特點(diǎn)及診治方法。方法報(bào)告1例PET-MF病人,結(jié)合相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí),總結(jié)其臨床特點(diǎn)及診治經(jīng)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果病人有原發(fā)性血小板增多癥病史9年,期間給予羥基脲、干擾素、阿司匹林治療,疾病進(jìn)展至骨髓纖維化后,給予蘆可替尼治療一度有效,后病人血小板計(jì)數(shù)持續(xù)增高,出現(xiàn)劇烈骨痛,在原來(lái)方案基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合塞利尼索治療,病人骨痛感消失、脾臟縮小,治療效果明顯。結(jié)論P(yáng)ET-MF病人疾病進(jìn)展后會(huì)出現(xiàn)骨痛、發(fā)熱,使用包括JAK2抑制劑蘆可替尼在內(nèi)的傳統(tǒng)治療方案效果不佳時(shí),可考慮聯(lián)合新藥核輸出蛋白1抑制劑塞利尼索控制疾病進(jìn)展及緩解病人癥狀。
[關(guān)鍵詞]血小板增多,原發(fā)性;骨髓纖維化;塞利尼索;核輸出蛋白1抑制劑;治療學(xué);病例報(bào)告
[中圖分類號(hào)]R558.3;R551.3[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]B[文章編號(hào)]2096-5532(2023)03-0442-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2023.59.089[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版]https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/detail/37.1517.R.20230801.1100.001.html;2023-08-0114:51:29
SELINEXOR FOR THE TREATMENT OF POST-ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA MYELOFIBROSIS: A CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW ZHOU Chunxiao, WU Zhimin, WU Chunyan, ZHAO Xindong, GU Huali, WU Shaoling (Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China)
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis (PET-MF). MethodsThis article reports a case of PET-MF and summarizes its clinical features and the expe-rience in diagnosis and treatment with reference to related articles. ResultsThe patient had a history of essential thrombocythemia for 9 years and were treated with hydroxyurea, interferon, and aspirin, and after the disease progressed to myelofibrosis, ru-xolitinib was given and showed a certain effect. Then the patient experienced a continuous increase in platelet count and intense bone pain and was given selinexor in addition to the original treatment regimen, which showed a marked therapeutic effect by alleviating bone pain and reducing the size of the spleen. ConclusionPatients with PET-MF may develop bone pain and pyrexia after di-sease progression, and when the traditional treatment regimen containing the JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib shows a poor effect, the new drug selinexor, an exportin 1 inhibitor, can be considered to curb disease progression and alleviate symptoms.
[KEY WORDS]thrombocythemia, essential; myelofibrosis; selinexor; exportin 1 inhibitor; therapeutics; case reports
骨髓纖維化(MF)是一種復(fù)雜的血液系統(tǒng)疾病,腫瘤克隆細(xì)胞過(guò)度增殖引起粒細(xì)胞和巨核細(xì)胞增生,造血細(xì)胞和基質(zhì)細(xì)胞之間相互作用的變化導(dǎo)致纖維化的發(fā)展,病人常表現(xiàn)為血細(xì)胞減少、脾大和衰弱[1]。目前的治療方法既側(cè)重于預(yù)防又強(qiáng)調(diào)控制疾病進(jìn)展,這些方法顯著改善了疾病癥狀和控制了疾病發(fā)展。由于疾病的不可逆性,傳統(tǒng)的治療方法包括蘆可替尼雖然為部分病人帶來(lái)益處,但最終會(huì)出現(xiàn)耐藥,因此需要聯(lián)合新的藥物來(lái)減緩疾病進(jìn)展,提高病人生存質(zhì)量。核輸出蛋白1(XPO1)抑制劑塞利尼索于2021年7月在中國(guó)上市,有研究表明,該藥作為第一代核輸出抑制劑對(duì)MF細(xì)胞具有殺傷作用[2]。目前,塞利尼索治療難治性MF的Ⅰ期臨床試驗(yàn)也正在準(zhǔn)備中。本文報(bào)告了我國(guó)首例聯(lián)合應(yīng)用塞利尼索治療有效的原發(fā)性血小板增多癥繼發(fā)骨髓纖維化(PET-MF)病人,以期為該病的臨床治療提供經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
1病例報(bào)告
病人,男,75歲,以“血小板(PLT)增多9年余”為主訴來(lái)我科就診。2013年12月病人查體首次發(fā)現(xiàn)PLT計(jì)數(shù)增高,PLT 846×109/L,白細(xì)胞(WBC)14.96×109/L,血紅蛋白(HB)150 g/L,因無(wú)癥狀未行診治。2015年3月于青島市市立醫(yī)院確診為原發(fā)性血小板增多癥(ET),既往病人有高血壓及痛風(fēng)病史,全血細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)顯示PLT增多(1 240×109/L)和WBC增多(15.99×109/L)。B超檢查示脾臟增大。骨髓涂片檢查:骨髓有核細(xì)胞少見,不除外骨髓增殖性腫瘤(MPN);骨髓組織內(nèi)紅髓明顯增多(約占70%),增生明顯活躍,以巨核系、粒系增生為著,巨核系中可見大量成熟、分葉過(guò)多、胞漿豐富的巨核細(xì)胞成團(tuán)分布,考慮ET?;驒z測(cè)結(jié)果顯示:JAK2-V617F 50%突變,BCR-ABL P210融合基因陰性。遂給予病人羥基脲(0.5 g,每日1次)以及阿司匹林(100 mg,每日1次)治療。出院時(shí)PLT降至432×109/L,WBC及HB均降至正常水平。定期復(fù)查顯示,PLT波動(dòng)在(500~800)×109/L。2015年10月超聲檢查顯示,脾厚徑
3期周春曉,等. 塞利尼索治療PET-MF 1例報(bào)告并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)443
3.8 cm,長(zhǎng)徑11.2 cm。2020年5月復(fù)查骨髓常規(guī)提示三系增生伴PLT增多骨髓象。骨髓活檢顯示:骨髓組織增生活躍(紅髓約占70%),粒紅比例減小;粒系各階段細(xì)胞可見,以中幼及以下階段細(xì)胞為主;紅系各階段細(xì)胞可見,以中、晚幼紅細(xì)胞為主;巨核細(xì)胞易見,散在或簇狀分布,分葉核為主,可見散在核深染濃集的巨核細(xì)胞;網(wǎng)狀纖維染色MF 1級(jí)。免疫組化檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示:CD34(-),CD117個(gè)別(+),髓過(guò)氧化物酶粒細(xì)胞(+),Lysozyme粒細(xì)胞(+),E-cadhe-rin少量紅系細(xì)胞(+),CD61巨核細(xì)胞(+),F(xiàn)actorⅧ巨核細(xì)胞(+),CD20和CD3少量淋巴細(xì)胞(+),CD138漿細(xì)胞(+)。外周血流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)示髓系原始細(xì)胞群0.29%。基因檢測(cè):JAK2-V617F定量43.24%,未檢測(cè)到其他突變。超聲檢查顯示脾大約8個(gè)肋單元。繼續(xù)給予羥基脲(每次0.5 g,每日2次)、干擾素(每次300萬(wàn)U,每周3次)和阿司匹林(每次100 mg,每日1次)治療。
2020年12月病人復(fù)查骨髓涂片:有核細(xì)胞數(shù)尚可;粒系以中性分葉核粒細(xì)胞為主,嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞比例增高;紅系罕見,成熟紅細(xì)胞形態(tài)尚可;淋巴及單核細(xì)胞均為成熟細(xì)胞;全片僅見3個(gè)成熟無(wú)PLT形成巨核細(xì)胞;PLT呈小堆、大堆大片分布,多見。外周血細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)分析:WBC計(jì)數(shù)增高;粒細(xì)胞比例增高,淋巴細(xì)胞比例減低;嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞比例明顯增高;分類100個(gè)細(xì)胞,未見原始及幼稚細(xì)胞;成熟紅細(xì)胞以及PLT的描述同骨髓。綜合檢查結(jié)果,診斷為ET、PET-MF(IPSS 1分,DIPSS 1分,MPN-10 20分)。血常規(guī)檢查示:WBC 20.05×109/L,HB 112 g/L,PLT 1 673×109/L。給予羥基脲(每次0.5 g,每日2次)、蘆可替尼(每次15 mg,每日2次)、阿司匹林(100 mg,每晚睡前1次)治療,治療期間檢測(cè)血常規(guī),PLT穩(wěn)定在(800~850)×109/L,WBC穩(wěn)定在(12~15)×109/L,HB水平恢復(fù)正常。2021年12月,病人PLT升至916×109/L,考慮羥基脲耐藥,停用羥基脲,換用干擾素治療(每次500萬(wàn)U,每周2次,連用5周)。隨訪過(guò)程中,病人分別于2021年4月和6月出現(xiàn)支氣管感染,伴發(fā)熱,經(jīng)對(duì)癥治療后好轉(zhuǎn)。2022年3月復(fù)查胸部CT示:雙肺少許慢性炎癥;脾大。
2022年4月,病人因腰痛伴腿麻2年、加重6個(gè)月于我院脊柱外科就診,外院骨三維成像結(jié)果顯示頸椎、胸椎、腰骶椎骨髓源性病變改變,多發(fā)性骨髓瘤待排。2022年5月病人自覺骨痛加重,需要用強(qiáng)效止痛藥物,故行骨髓穿刺及PET-CT檢查排除多發(fā)性骨髓瘤。骨髓穿刺顯示:原始粒細(xì)胞占3%,幼稚粒細(xì)胞占25%,淚滴形紅細(xì)胞偶見。病理診斷:考慮ET伴MF。特殊染色顯示:普魯士藍(lán)染色(-),網(wǎng)狀纖維染色MF 3級(jí),Masson染色膠原化分級(jí)3級(jí)。血免疫球蛋白輕鏈檢測(cè)、免疫球蛋白分型電泳結(jié)果均未見異常。PET-CT檢查:右肺上葉尖段小結(jié)節(jié),邊界清,伴分葉及毛刺,代謝增高,SUVmax約4.5,提示肺腫瘤可能;胸骨、肩胛骨、雙側(cè)肋骨、脊柱、骨盆諸骨彌漫性小斑片狀低密度影,未見明顯異常代謝;L3椎體左側(cè)部斑片狀低密度灶,邊界清,代謝缺損;雙側(cè)髂骨多發(fā)斑片狀磨玻璃樣密度增高影,代謝增高,SUVmax約2.3;脾大,代謝增高,SUVmax約3.6。臨床上排除了多發(fā)性骨髓瘤,考慮MF進(jìn)展導(dǎo)致骨痛。繼續(xù)應(yīng)用蘆可替尼(每次20 mg,每日2次)和阿司匹林(每次100 mg,每晚1次),同時(shí)加用塞利尼索(每次60 mg,每周1次)治療。2周后,病人腰痛消失,乳酸脫氫酶下降,PLT和WBC平穩(wěn)可控,見表1。在此期間查肝腎功能、心肌酶譜、血糖、電解質(zhì)均正常,病人生活狀態(tài)良好。另外,病人脾臟較服用塞利尼索前有所減?。▓D1)。隨訪期間病人出現(xiàn)輕微貧血、高尿酸血癥、惡心、嘔吐等不良反應(yīng),給予升血、降尿酸、止吐等對(duì)癥處理后好轉(zhuǎn)。目前病人正在臨床隨訪中,情況良好。
2討論
MF是一種慢性MPN,可分為真性紅細(xì)胞增多癥、ET、原發(fā)性MF以及ET后MF和真性紅細(xì)胞增多癥后MF,隨著人口老齡化,此類疾病發(fā)病率越來(lái)越高,超過(guò)50%的MF與JAK2基因突變有關(guān)。MF對(duì)病人的預(yù)期壽命產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,并有可能轉(zhuǎn)化為急性白血病,ET病人發(fā)展成骨髓增生異常綜合征/急性髓系白血病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最低[3],而且10~20年后轉(zhuǎn)化成MF的概率低于10%[4]。PET-MF是MPN中一種罕見的亞型,這類病人的管理與ET病人相同。本文病人在治療過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)了明顯的晚期并發(fā)癥骨痛,給予強(qiáng)效止痛藥物仍不能緩解,骨三維成像提示全身骨質(zhì)改變和局部破壞,隨后的血清學(xué)檢查及PET-CT檢查排除了多發(fā)性骨髓瘤。研究表明,MF病人存活期為數(shù)月至數(shù)年不等,中位生存期為3.5~5.5年[5]。值得注意的是,ET病人的生存期不受JAK2基因突變的影響[6]。本文病人JAK2-V617F基因突變率在7年的治療期間穩(wěn)定在50%左右,加用塞利尼索2周后病人骨痛感消失、脾臟減小,目前病人正在隨訪中,情況良好。
原發(fā)性MF和ET后MF目前的治療方式相同(因?yàn)樗鼈兙哂泄餐慕M織病理學(xué)特征和臨床表現(xiàn)),包括潛在的治愈策略(如異基因干細(xì)胞移植)以及一系列非疾病根除治療方法[7-12]。關(guān)于MF經(jīng)典的治療手段,羥基脲和阿那格雷等減滅藥物可有效預(yù)防MPN病人的血管事件;JAK2抑制劑已經(jīng)被證明具有減小脾大和其他疾病相關(guān)癥狀的潛力,并且有可能提高M(jìn)F病人的生存率[13];干擾素α有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)部分病人深層分子緩解,其機(jī)制包括誘導(dǎo)造血祖細(xì)胞凋亡和調(diào)節(jié)免疫系統(tǒng)[14-15],特別是對(duì)于攜帶JAK2V-617F基因的病人[16]。異基因造血干細(xì)胞移植是迄今為止唯一可治愈MF的方法,但應(yīng)用有限[17]。盡管在臨床實(shí)踐中,原發(fā)性MF和ET后MF的管理并無(wú)明顯差異,但有證據(jù)表明,在繼發(fā)性MF病人的預(yù)后分層方面,IPSS和DIPSS的預(yù)后模型并不理想[18-19],國(guó)際上迄今尚無(wú)適合ET后MF病人預(yù)后判定的積分系統(tǒng)。研究表明,HB<100 g/L、PLT<100×109/L、外周原始細(xì)胞≥1%和全身癥狀是PET-MF病人的預(yù)后因素[19]。一項(xiàng)單機(jī)構(gòu)研究結(jié)果顯示,在46月隨訪中有約15%的ET病人出現(xiàn)脾大,且脾大與較高的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和較差的生存率相關(guān)[20]。在一項(xiàng)針對(duì)53例病人的研究中,有12例ET后MF病人在蘆可替尼中添加了羥基脲,48周時(shí),33例病人的PLT中位數(shù)由最初的190×109/L降至158×109/L[21]。本文病人進(jìn)展成繼發(fā)性MF,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用JAK2抑制劑蘆可替尼,治療期間病人脾臟有所減小,但后來(lái)PLT再度升高,考慮可能與羥基脲耐藥有關(guān),隨后聯(lián)合應(yīng)用干擾素,PLT水平有所降低。一項(xiàng)基于英國(guó)的開放標(biāo)簽Ⅱ期研究結(jié)果顯示,蘆可替尼最常見的不良事件是再次貧血(45.8%)和PLT減少(37.5%)[22]。本文病人治療過(guò)程中HB總體比較穩(wěn)定,當(dāng)其水平低于95 g/L時(shí),給予促紅細(xì)胞生成素,整個(gè)治療過(guò)程中未出現(xiàn)PLT減少。有研究結(jié)果表明,MF病人在蘆可替尼治療的前6個(gè)月可能會(huì)發(fā)生幾種機(jī)會(huì)性感染,包括肺部感染(13.1%)[23]。本文病人在治療期間出現(xiàn)兩次輕微的肺部感染,經(jīng)抗感染治療癥狀好轉(zhuǎn)。
關(guān)于MF的新型治療手段,溴結(jié)構(gòu)域和超末端結(jié)構(gòu)域、B淋巴細(xì)胞瘤-2、小鼠雙分同源物2和端粒酶抑制劑以及轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β超家族配體的療效目前正在進(jìn)行各種臨床測(cè)試[24];大多數(shù)免疫治療方法未顯示出強(qiáng)大的療效[25];納米醫(yī)學(xué)結(jié)合藥物的方法為MPN的診斷和治療提供了幫助[26]。XPO1抑制劑塞利尼索單藥或聯(lián)合蘆可替尼治療MF的2項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)正在開展,其中一項(xiàng)結(jié)果提示塞利尼索聯(lián)合蘆可替尼治療初治MF病人耐受性良好,不良反應(yīng)可控。這些臨床試驗(yàn)得到了基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果支持,如慢病毒shRNA篩選發(fā)現(xiàn),HEL和SET-2細(xì)胞系以及原代MF細(xì)胞的存活和增殖高度依賴于核細(xì)胞質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn);與健康細(xì)胞相比,塞利尼索選擇性抑制MF CD341細(xì)胞的集落形成,并增強(qiáng)蘆可替尼介導(dǎo)的生長(zhǎng)抑制和凋亡;在JAK2-V617F驅(qū)動(dòng)的MPN小鼠模型中,塞利尼索和蘆可替尼聯(lián)合作用可在體內(nèi)降低疾病負(fù)擔(dān)、減小脾臟體積,并抑制對(duì)JAK抑制劑的耐藥性[2]。本文病人在隨訪過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)疾病進(jìn)展,在排除多發(fā)性骨髓瘤后,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用XPO1抑制劑塞利尼索(每次60 mg,每周1次)治療,同時(shí)給予奧氮平預(yù)防惡心、嘔吐,2周后病人腰痛消失,脾臟縮小,期間查血常規(guī)、肝腎功能、心肌酶譜、血糖、電解質(zhì)均正常。值得注意的是,病人在最近的檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn)CD4+T細(xì)胞和CD8+T細(xì)胞比值升高,提示聯(lián)合免疫療法可能會(huì)對(duì)病情有所幫助。
總之,對(duì)于部分ET后MF病人,傳統(tǒng)的JAK2抑制劑聯(lián)合羥基脲、干擾素最終仍不能逆轉(zhuǎn)疾病進(jìn)展;新型治療手段目前正在進(jìn)行各種臨床測(cè)試,包括XPO1抑制劑塞利尼索。塞利尼索通過(guò)阻斷腫瘤抑制蛋白、生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白、抗炎蛋白和癌蛋白mRNA的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)抑制癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)。本文病人采用經(jīng)典手段治療,疾病進(jìn)展,臨床癥狀加重,于是聯(lián)合應(yīng)用塞利尼索,效果明顯,且藥物不良事件可控,提高了病人的生存和生活質(zhì)量。
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(本文編輯馬偉平)
青島大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2023年3期