国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

免疫沉淀分離外泌體對(duì)PC12細(xì)胞上清中α-syn含量的影響

2023-08-26 19:15:02楊桐桐王曉婷謝俊霞宋寧
青島大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版) 2023年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:外泌體

楊桐桐 王曉婷 謝俊霞 宋寧

[摘要]目的探討采用免疫沉淀方法分離PC12多巴胺能細(xì)胞上清中外泌體對(duì)細(xì)胞上清中α-突觸核蛋白(α-syn)含量的影響。方法利用多西環(huán)素誘導(dǎo)PC12細(xì)胞高表達(dá)α-syn,培養(yǎng)24 h后收集細(xì)胞上清液,采用免疫沉淀方法進(jìn)行外泌體的分離純化,采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測(cè)定方法測(cè)定外泌體分離前后細(xì)胞上清中α-syn的含量。結(jié)果采用免疫沉淀方法可以分離出細(xì)胞上清中的外泌體,分離出的外泌體表達(dá)特異性標(biāo)記物alix和CD63。外泌體分離后,上清中α-syn的含量從(2 999.0±193.0)ng/L下降為(2 276.0±81.8)ng/L,降低了(723.0±111.2)ng/L(t=4.580,P<0.05)。結(jié)論免疫沉淀分離外泌體能夠降低PC12細(xì)胞上清中α-syn的水平。

[關(guān)鍵詞]α突觸核蛋白;外泌體;免疫沉淀法;PC12細(xì)胞

[中圖分類號(hào)]R338.2[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A[文章編號(hào)]2096-5532(2023)03-0329-04

doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2023.59.087[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)]

[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版]https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/detail/37.1517.R.20230731.1057.003.html;2023-07-3115:48:26

EFFECT OF EXOSOME ISOLATION BY IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ON Α-SYNUCLEIN LEVEL IN THE SUPERNATANT OF PC12 CELLS? YANG Tongtong, WANG Xiaoting, XIE Junxia, SONG Ning (Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266071, China)

[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of isolation of exosomes from the supernatant of PC12 dopaminergic cells by immunoprecipitation on the α-synuclein (α-syn) level in cell supernatant. MethodsDoxycycline was used to induce α-syn over-expression in PC12 cells. After 24 h of culture, the supernatant was collected, and the exosomes were isolated and purified by immunoprecipitation. The level of α-syn in the supernatant before and after exosome isolation was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ResultsExosomes in cell supernatant could be isolated by immunoprecipitation, and specific markers alix and CD63 were expressed in the isolated exosomes. After exosome isolation, the level of α-syn in the supernatant decreased from (2 999.0±193.0) ng/L to (2 276.0±81.8) ng/L by (723.0±111.2) ng/L (t=4.580,P<0.05). ConclusionExosome isolation by immunoprecipitation can reduce the level of α-syn in the supernatant of PC12 cells.

[KEY WORDS]alpha-synuclein; exosomes; immunoprecipitation; PC12 cells

帕金森病(PD)是一種常見的神經(jīng)退行性疾病,遺傳、環(huán)境以及年齡因素均可能參與PD發(fā)病[1-2]。PD的主要病理學(xué)表現(xiàn)為黑質(zhì)中多巴胺能神經(jīng)元的丟失以及黑質(zhì)殘存多巴胺能神經(jīng)元中形成路易小體和路易神經(jīng)突,路易小體的主要成分是聚集形式的α-突觸核蛋白(α-syn)。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),α-syn具有阮病毒樣特征,可以在細(xì)胞間傳播[3]。外泌體是一種直徑30~150 nm的囊泡,可以攜帶包括α-syn在內(nèi)的細(xì)胞內(nèi)成分在細(xì)胞間進(jìn)行傳遞[4]。由于外泌體特殊的脂膜結(jié)構(gòu),其內(nèi)含有的致病蛋白更不容易被細(xì)胞間隙的蛋白酶水解且容易被細(xì)胞攝取,因此值得進(jìn)一步研究[5]。然而,對(duì)于在細(xì)胞間傳播的外泌體形式的α-syn所占比例仍存在較大爭(zhēng)議。有研究表明,利用免疫沉淀方法可以從細(xì)胞上清中分離外泌體[6-7]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)旨在探討采用免疫沉淀方法分離PC12多巴胺能細(xì)胞上清中外泌體對(duì)細(xì)胞上清中α-syn含量的影響。

1材料和方法

1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)材料

可誘導(dǎo)高表達(dá)α-syn PC12細(xì)胞由DAVID C. RUBINSZTEIN教授饋贈(zèng);DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)液購自Hyclone公司;胎牛血清和馬血清購自依科賽公司;多西環(huán)素購自Sigma公司;CD63抗體購自Novus公司;蛋白A/G瓊脂糖珠購自Santa Cruz公司;flotillin-1抗體購自Abcam公司;alix抗體購自Cell Signaling Technology公司;酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測(cè)定(ELISA)試劑盒購于Biolegend公司;ECL發(fā)光液購于雅酶公司。

1.2高表達(dá)α-syn PC12細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)和細(xì)胞上清液的收集

將狀態(tài)良好的PC12細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)后接種于6孔板中,待其密度達(dá)到60%左右時(shí),加入2 mg/L 多西環(huán)素作用24 h誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞高表達(dá)α-syn。更換為無血清培養(yǎng)液,再次培養(yǎng)24 h細(xì)胞密度達(dá)到90%~95%,收集上清液。上清液在4 ℃下以3 500 r/min離心15 min,去除細(xì)胞碎片和死細(xì)胞。

1.3免疫沉淀分離細(xì)胞上清中的外泌體

將牛血清清蛋白(BSA)溶解于磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)中,配制成2 g/L緩沖液。取500 μL PBS/BSA緩沖液稀釋50 μL蛋白A/G瓊脂糖珠并在4 ℃下孵育過夜。以PBS洗滌珠子3次后重懸于100 μL抗flotillin-1抗體(用2 g/L PBS/BSA緩沖液以1∶100比例稀釋)中,4 ℃孵育4 h。以PBS洗滌珠子3次后收集蛋白A/G瓊脂糖珠,加入離心后的細(xì)胞上清液200 μL,4 ℃孵育3 h。在4 ℃下以1 000 r/min離心1 min,去除蛋白A/G瓊脂糖珠后收集上清液。

1.4ELISA檢測(cè)

采用ELISA法測(cè)定外泌體分離前后細(xì)胞上清中α-syn的含量,嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒要求進(jìn)行操作。

1.5蛋白質(zhì)免疫印跡檢測(cè)

用10 g/L SDS細(xì)胞裂解液洗脫上述的瓊脂糖珠,用于免疫印跡檢測(cè)。蛋白質(zhì)用80 g/L SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳分離,并轉(zhuǎn)移到硝酸纖維素膜上。膜在4 ℃下孵育過夜,使用外泌體特異標(biāo)記蛋白一抗alix(1∶1 000)和CD63(1∶1 000)檢驗(yàn)免疫沉淀的效果,加辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的山羊抗小鼠二抗(1∶10 000)孵育,用ECL發(fā)光液顯影。使用Image J軟件進(jìn)行條帶灰度值分析。

1.6統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

應(yīng)用Prism 5軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,所得計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以±s表示,采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行兩組均數(shù)的比較,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1免疫沉淀分離外泌體的鑒定

用flotillin-1抗體下拉細(xì)胞上清液中的外泌體,使用外泌體標(biāo)記蛋白alix和CD63進(jìn)行免疫印跡檢測(cè)。結(jié)果顯示,未經(jīng)免疫沉淀處理的細(xì)胞上清液無蛋白質(zhì)印跡,瓊脂糖珠洗脫液有明顯的蛋白質(zhì)富集,表明采用免疫沉淀方法可以從細(xì)胞上清中分離外泌體。見圖1。

2.2分離外泌體對(duì)PC12細(xì)胞上清中α-syn含量的影響

ELISA檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,外泌體分離前后的細(xì)胞上清液中α-syn的濃度分別為(2 999.0±193.0)、(2 276.0±81.8)ng/L,外泌體分離后較分離前降低了(723.0±111.2)ng/L,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=4.580,P<0.05)。

3討論

α-syn主要存在于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(CNS),尤其在皮質(zhì)、海馬、紋狀體、丘腦和小腦等腦區(qū)高度表達(dá)。據(jù)報(bào)道,α-syn能調(diào)節(jié)突觸膜的各種生理過程和性質(zhì),例如囊泡的大小,突觸囊泡的運(yùn)輸、對(duì)接和回收以及神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放等[8-9]。生理?xiàng)l件下,α-syn呈舒展的可溶性結(jié)構(gòu),但基因突變、α-syn翻譯后修飾、α-syn濃度升高以及環(huán)境因素都可能引起α-syn聚集形成寡聚體或者不溶性的纖維結(jié)構(gòu)[1]。α-syn的聚集是PD最明顯的神經(jīng)病理學(xué)特征,目前研究認(rèn)為,α-syn的病理改變?cè)赑D的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起著核心作用[10-12]。越來越多來自PD病人、動(dòng)物模型以及培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞的證據(jù)表明,α-syn可以在細(xì)胞之間傳播,而且細(xì)胞外α-syn在PD發(fā)生發(fā)展的過程中起著重要作用[13-14]。

外泌體是由多種細(xì)胞分泌的小囊泡,可以攜帶包括α-syn在內(nèi)的多種細(xì)胞內(nèi)成分在細(xì)胞之間進(jìn)行傳遞[4,15]。早期內(nèi)體膜向內(nèi)出芽形成的管腔內(nèi)泡(ILVs)逐漸成熟為多泡體(MVBs),MVBs與質(zhì)膜融合,被釋放到細(xì)胞外的ILVs即為外泌體[16-18]。外泌體從各種細(xì)胞分泌并釋放到細(xì)胞外空間,參與了細(xì)胞間的物質(zhì)傳遞,許多致病蛋白已被證實(shí)與外泌體有關(guān),例如阿爾茨海默病中的β淀粉樣蛋白(Aβ)[19-20]和tau[21]、PD中的α-syn[22-23]。此外,狹小的空間可以使大分子處于高濃度狀態(tài),從而產(chǎn)生“大分子擁擠現(xiàn)象”,可以促進(jìn)致病蛋白的聚集,因此通過外泌體形式進(jìn)行傳播的致病蛋白致病效率更高、更值得關(guān)注[24]。

外泌體α-syn是細(xì)胞外α-syn在細(xì)胞間傳播的重要形式。有研究顯示,使用來自PD病人腦脊液的外泌體處理H4細(xì)胞,在受體細(xì)胞內(nèi)誘導(dǎo)了α-syn的進(jìn)一步聚集,表明了腦脊液外泌體α-syn在疾病進(jìn)展中的可能作用[22]。該研究還表明,腦脊液中外泌體形式的α-syn含量只占到2.17%,大部分的α-syn都是以游離形式存在。另外一項(xiàng)研究表明,與健康對(duì)照相比,PD病人腦脊液外泌體中總α-syn和聚集形式的α-syn含量均顯著降低,這通常被認(rèn)為是α-syn在腦內(nèi)過度沉積的證明[25]。然而,血漿中CNS來源的外泌體形式的α-syn含量增加[26]。這可能是由于PD病人CNS中過量有害的α-syn外排清除導(dǎo)致的。α-syn一般在溶酶體降解,據(jù)報(bào)道PD病人的溶酶體功能降低[27]。這些需要溶酶體降解的蛋白進(jìn)入MVBs,MVBs與質(zhì)膜融合,將外泌體釋放到胞外,這可能是病理?xiàng)l件下,神經(jīng)元清除α-syn的機(jī)制[28]。最近有研究報(bào)道,血漿外泌體α-syn還可用于PD、多系統(tǒng)萎縮(MSA)等神經(jīng)變性疾病的診斷,例如PD病人血漿中神經(jīng)細(xì)胞來源的外泌體α-syn顯著升高[26],MSA病人血漿中少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞來源的外泌體α-syn顯著降低[29]。由于血漿來源的外泌體更易獲得,因此血漿外泌體中α-syn或其他致病蛋白的水平變化,可能是神經(jīng)相關(guān)疾病診斷的新靶點(diǎn)[30-32]。

有研究認(rèn)為,外泌體α-syn只占分泌至細(xì)胞外α-syn的一小部分,對(duì)疾病的傳播沒有顯著影響[24]。但如上所述,少量腦脊液中的外泌體α-syn足以引起受體細(xì)胞內(nèi)源性α-syn聚集[22]。因此有理由認(rèn)為,PD病人腦脊液外泌體中α-syn的含量雖然很低,但足以在疾病進(jìn)展中起到關(guān)鍵作用。另一項(xiàng)研究在體外培養(yǎng)過表達(dá)α-syn的SH-SY5Y多巴胺能細(xì)胞系,利用免疫磁珠從細(xì)胞上清液中特異性分離外泌體,發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞上清液中大約75%的α-syn來源于外泌體[6]。在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,通過免疫磁珠分離外泌體后,上清液中α-syn下降了大約30%。這些結(jié)果表明,外泌體α-syn在細(xì)胞外液中的比例可能與不同細(xì)胞類型有關(guān),對(duì)比腦脊液,可能體外培養(yǎng)的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞系上清中外泌體形式的α-syn比例更高。但無論細(xì)胞外液中外泌體α-syn的比例高低,由于在各種體液成分中容易獲得,外泌體α-syn在包括PD在內(nèi)神經(jīng)變性疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)制、早期診斷和治療策略中的作用都值得進(jìn)一步關(guān)注。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]HAYES M T. Parkinsons disease and Parkinsonism[J]. The American Journal of Medicine, 2019,132(7):802-807.

[2]JANKOVIC J. Parkinsons disease: clinical features and diagnosis[J]. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 2008,79(4):368-376.

[3]EMMANOUILIDOU E, MELACHROINOU K, ROUME-LIOTIS T, et al. Cell-produced alpha-synuclein is secreted in a calcium-dependent manner by exosomes and impacts neuronal survival[J]. The Journal of Neuroscience: the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2010,30(20):6838-6851.

[4]YUAN L, LI J Y. Exosomes in Parkinsons disease: current perspectives and future challenges[J]. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 2019,10(2):964-972.

[5]GUPTA A, PULLIAM L. Exosomes as mediators of neuroinflammation[J]. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 2014,11:68.

[6]ALVAREZ-ERVITI L, SEOW Y, SCHAPIRA A H, et al. Lysosomal dysfunction increases exosome-mediated alpha-synuclein release and transmission[J]. Neurobiology of Disease, 2011,42(3):360-367.

[7]BENJAMINS J A, NEDELKOSKA L, TOUIL H, et al. Exosome-enriched fractions from MS B cells induce oligodendrocyte death[J]. Neurology (R) Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, 2019,6(3):e550.

[8]IWAI A, MASLIAH E, YOSHIMOTO M, et al. The precursor protein of non-a beta component of Alzheimers disease amyloid is a presynaptic protein of the central nervous system[J]. Neuron, 1995,14(2):467-475.

[9]GALVIN J E, SCHUCK T M, LEE V M, et al. Differential expression and distribution of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein in the developing human substantia nigra[J]. Experimental Neurology, 2001,168(2):347-355.

[10]SPILLANTINI M G, SCHMIDT M L, LEE V M, et al. Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies[J]. Nature, 1997,388(6645):839-840.

[11]MEHRA S, SAHAY S, MAJI S K. α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation: implications in Parkinsons disease pathoge-nesis[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Proteins and Proteomics, 2019,1867(10):890-908.

[12]J??KO H, LENKIEWICZ A M, WILKANIEC A, et al. The interplay between parkin and alpha-synuclein; possible impli-cations for the pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease[J]. ActaNeurobiologiae Experimentalis, 2019,79(3):276-289.

[13]GEORGE S, REY N L, TYSON T, et al. Microglia affect α-synuclein cell-to-cell transfer in a mouse model of Parkinsons disease[J]. Molecular Neurodegeneration, 2019,14(1):34.

[14]ATIK A, STEWART T, ZHANG J. Alpha-synuclein as a biomarker for Parkinsons disease[J]. Brain Pathology, 2016,26(3):410-418.

[15]PEGTEL D M, GOULD S J. Exosomes[J]. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 2019,88:487-514.

[16]KALLURI R, LEBLEU V S. The biology,? function,? and biomedical applications of exosomes[J]. Science, 2020,367(6478):eaau6977.

[17]HEIJNEN H F, SCHIEL A E, FIJNHEER R, et al. Activated platelets release two types of membrane vesicles: microvesicles by surface shedding and exosomes derived from exocytosis of multivesicular bodies and alpha-granules[J]. Blood, 1999,94(11):3791-3799.

[18]HOWITT J, HILL A F. Exosomes in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2016,291(52):26589-26597.

[19]WANG Y P, BALAJI V, KANIYAPPAN S, et al. The release and trans-synaptic transmission of Tau via exosomes[J]. Molecular Neurodegeneration, 2017,12(1):5.

[20]RAJENDRAN L, HONSHO M, ZAHN T R, et al. Alzheimers disease beta-amyloid peptides are released in association with exosomes[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006,103(30):11172-11177.

[21]SHI M, KOVAC A, KORFF A, et al. CNS tau efflux via exosomes is likely increased in Parkinsons disease but not in Alzheimers disease[J]. Alzheimers & Dementia: the Journal of the Alzheimers Association, 2016,12(11):1125-1131.

[22]STUENDL A, KUNADT M, KRUSE N, et al. Induction of α-synuclein aggregate formation by CSF exosomes from patients with Parkinsons disease and dementia with Lewy bodies[J]. Brain: a Journal of Neurology, 2016,139(Pt 2):481-494.

[23]DANZER K M, KRANICH L R, RUF W P, et al. Exosomal cell-to-cell transmission of alpha synuclein oligomers[J]. Molecular Neurodegeneration, 2012,7:42.

[24]EMMANOUILIDOU E, VEKRELLIS K. Exocytosis and spreading of normal and aberrant α-synuclein[J]. Brain Patho-logy, 2016,26(3):398-403.

[25]HONG Z, TIAN C, STEWART T, et al. Development of a sensitive diagnostic assay for parkinson disease quantifying α-synuclein-containing extracellular vesicles[J]. Neurology, 2021,96(18):e2332-e2345.

[26]SHI M, LIU C Q, COOK T J, et al. Plasma exosomal α-synuclein is likely CNS-derived and increased in Parkinsons disease[J]. Acta Neuropathologica, 2014,128(5):639-650.

[27]CHU Y P, DODIYA H, AEBISCHER P, et al. Alterations in lysosomal and proteasomal markers in Parkinsons disease: relationship to alpha-synuclein inclusions[J]. Neurobiology of Disease, 2009,35(3):385-398.

[28]LEE T H, DASTI E, MAGNUS N, et al. Microvesicles as mediators of intercellular communication in cancer: the emerging science of cellular ‘debris[J]. Seminars in Immunopathology, 2011,33(5):455-467.

[29]YU Z W, SHI M, STEWART T, et al. Reduced oligodendrocyte exosome secretion in multiple system atrophy involves SNARE dysfunction[J]. Brain: a Journal of Neurology, 2020,143(6):1780-1797.

[30]JIANG C, HOPFNER F, KATSIKOUDI A, et al. Serum neuronal exosomes predict and differentiate Parkinsons di-sease from atypical Parkinsonism[J]. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 2020,91(7):720-729.

[31]MUSTAPIC M, EITAN E, WERNER J K Jr, et al. Plasma extracellular vesicles enriched for neuronal origin: a potential window into brain pathologic processes[J]. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2017,11:278.

[32]DUTTA S, HORNUNG S, KRUAYATIDEE A, et al. α-Synuclein in blood exosomes immunoprecipitated using neuronal and oligodendroglial markers distinguishes Parkinsons disease from multiple system atrophy[J]. Acta Neuropathologica, 2021,142(3):495-511.

(本文編輯馬偉平)

猜你喜歡
外泌體
非小細(xì)胞肺癌A549細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液中外泌體的分離提取及鑒定
外泌體分離提取技術(shù)的研究進(jìn)展
外泌體miRNA在肝細(xì)胞癌中的研究進(jìn)展
前言
——外泌體與老年慢性疾病相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展
間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體在口腔組織再生中的研究進(jìn)展
負(fù)載化療藥物的外泌體對(duì)肝癌的靶向治療研究
循環(huán)外泌體在心血管疾病中作用的研究進(jìn)展
外泌體在病毒性肝炎、肝硬化和肝癌中的作用研究進(jìn)展
超速離心法與QIAGEN膜親和柱法提取前列腺癌細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清外泌體的方法學(xué)比較*
外泌體在腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展
文水县| 宁明县| 新平| 台东市| 乌苏市| 新乡市| 阿鲁科尔沁旗| 台安县| 太康县| 大兴区| 东平县| 大新县| 腾冲县| 临汾市| 泰宁县| 宝丰县| 虞城县| 崇义县| 泰和县| 永新县| 湛江市| 贵州省| 丹凤县| 琼结县| 呈贡县| 延津县| 石楼县| 靖边县| 溆浦县| 平山县| 巴东县| 天峻县| 含山县| 南川市| 共和县| 林西县| 青田县| 遂溪县| 雷州市| 平昌县| 凤庆县|