衛(wèi)義 歐勇 黃嬌嬌 陳曉琳 李娟 彭麗 武卓群 呂倩 范世達(dá) 王堯謙 李勇 聶鈺 王東 任尚青 田景芝
摘 要 目的:回顧性分析機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡經(jīng)腹腔與經(jīng)腹膜外單孔前列腺癌根治術(shù)治療前列腺癌的圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理的療效,探討后者的護(hù)理優(yōu)勢。方法:回顧性分析四川省人民醫(yī)院機(jī)器人微創(chuàng)中心2019年7月—2020年6月接受機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡前列腺癌根治術(shù)的患者142例,其中行機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡經(jīng)腹腔前列腺癌根治術(shù)82例,行機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡經(jīng)腹膜外單孔前列腺癌根治術(shù)60例,所有手術(shù)均為同一術(shù)者完成。術(shù)后隨訪比較兩組患者的手術(shù)切口護(hù)理情況、引流管拔除時(shí)間、疼痛評(píng)分、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、尿管留置時(shí)間、控尿訓(xùn)練的效果、切口愈合情況及美觀度、術(shù)后隨訪患者滿意度。結(jié)果:142例手術(shù)均在機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡下順利完成,無中轉(zhuǎn)開放。經(jīng)腹腔組與經(jīng)腹膜外單孔兩組手術(shù)切口護(hù)理切口感染3例(3.7%)、1例(1.7%),差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);引流管拔除時(shí)間分別為4.8(3~13)d和2.8(1~10)d,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分分別為2.1(1~9)分和1.9(1~8)分,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后住院天數(shù)分別為9.3(8.0~16.0)d和8.4(7.0~13.0)d,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間分別為1.3(0.65~3.0)d和3.4(2.0~7.0)d,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后尿管留置時(shí)間分別為9.0(7.0~21.0)d和6.0(4.0~8.0)d,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后即刻、3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月尿控例數(shù)分別為8例(9.8%)、51例(62.2%)、62例(75.6%)和17例(28.3%)、43例(71.7%)、54例(90.0%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組總切口長度分別為12.1(10.4~13.4)cm和5.6(5.0~6.0)cm,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后滿意度分別為90%和100%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡腹膜外單孔前列腺癌根治術(shù)圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理具有恢復(fù)時(shí)間更短、尿控緩解率更高、切口美觀整潔、術(shù)后滿意度更高的優(yōu)勢,更有利于術(shù)后護(hù)理工作的開展。
關(guān)鍵詞 前列腺癌;圍手術(shù)期;護(hù)理;機(jī)器人手術(shù)
中圖分類號(hào) R737 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 2096-7721(2022)02-0125-07
Abstract Objective: To explore the perioperative nursing advantages of robot-assisted laparoscopic extraperitoneal single-site radical prostatectomy in treating prostate cancer by comparing with transperitoneal approach. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 142 patients who received robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in Department of robotic Minimally Invasive Surgery Center of Sichuan Provincial Peoples Hospital from July 2019 to June 2020, including 82 patients who received robot-assisted laparoscopic transperitoneal radical prostatectomy and 60 patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic extraperitoneal single-site radical prostatectomy. All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon. Surgical incision nursing, drainage tube removing time, postoperative pain score, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative exhaust time, catheter indwelling time, effect of urinary continence training, incision healing and aesthetic degree, and patient satisfaction in postoperative follow-up between the two groups of patients were compared. Results: 142 cases of surgery were successfully completed under robot-assisted laparoscopy with no conversion to open surgery. There were 3 cases (3.7%) of nursing incision infection in transperitoneal group and 1 case (1.7%) in extraperitoneal group, which was no significant difference (P>0.05). Removal time of drainage tube of the two groups were 4.8 (3-13) d and 2.8 (1-10) d respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Postoperative pain scores of the two groups were 2.1 (1-9) and 1.9 (1-8)
respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Postoperative hospital stay of the two groups were 9.3 (8.0-16.0) d and 8.4 (7.0-13.0) d respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Postoperative exhaust time were 1.3 (0.65-3.0) d and 3.4 (2.0-7.0) d respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Postoperative catheter indwelling time were 9.0 (7-21.0) d and 6.0 (4.0-8.0) d respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Urinary continence immediately, 3 months and 6 months after operation of the transperitoneal group were 8 cases (9.8%), 51 cases (62.2%), 62 cases (75.6%) and 17 cases (28.3%), of the extraperitoneal group were 43 cases (71.7%) and 54 cases (90.0%) correspondingly, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The total incision length of the two groups were12.1 (10.4-13.4) cm and 5.6 (5.0-6.0) cm respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Postoperative satisfaction of the two groups were 90% and 100%, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The perioperative nursing of robot-assisted laparoscopic extraperitoneal single-site radical prostatectomy has shorter recovery time, higher urinary continence rate, more beautiful and clean incision and higher postoperative satisfaction, which is more conducive to postoperative nursing.
Key words Prostate cancer; Perioperative period; Nursing; Robotic surgery
前列腺癌是目前全球范圍內(nèi)男性最常見的惡性腫瘤之一[1-2],目前根治性手術(shù)治療在國內(nèi)仍是患者的主要選擇,主要有傳統(tǒng)的開放手術(shù)、腹腔鏡前列腺癌根治術(shù)和機(jī)器人輔助前列腺癌根治術(shù)。自2007年美國Kaouk J H教授團(tuán)隊(duì)首次嘗試單孔腹腔鏡以來,多年來單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)應(yīng)用于前列腺癌的治療不斷得到完善和更新[3-4]。但其操作空間及手術(shù)視野死角區(qū)域的限制仍很大程度上限制了該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的推廣,而達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)則為解決其空間局限的難題提供了可能性。目前國內(nèi)并無關(guān)于機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡經(jīng)腹腔與腹膜外單孔前列腺癌根治術(shù)圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理療效的對(duì)比研究。本研究通過回顧性分析圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理及術(shù)后隨訪資料,總結(jié)初步的護(hù)理經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析四川省人民醫(yī)院機(jī)器人微創(chuàng)中心2019年7月—2020年6月收治的142例行機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡前列腺癌根治術(shù)患者的臨床資料,其中行機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡經(jīng)腹腔前列腺癌根治術(shù)82例,行機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡腹膜外單孔前列腺癌根治術(shù)60例。兩組患者(經(jīng)腹腔組與經(jīng)腹膜外單孔組)在年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(Body mass index,BMI)、既往手術(shù)史的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),前列腺體積差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),所有手術(shù)均為同一術(shù)者完成,其臨床資料對(duì)比見表1。
1.2 術(shù)前護(hù)理
完善術(shù)前檢查及常規(guī)術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備,入院宣教部分包括停止抽煙,加強(qiáng)血糖及血壓的管理等。術(shù)前1d做好臍周清潔護(hù)理及會(huì)陰部備皮準(zhǔn)備,指導(dǎo)患者呼吸功能鍛煉及有效的咳嗽練習(xí),指導(dǎo)患者適應(yīng)床上排便,并予以清潔灌腸準(zhǔn)備。
心理護(hù)理:向患者詳細(xì)介紹機(jī)器人微創(chuàng)手術(shù)的術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備及手術(shù)方式、術(shù)后康復(fù)流程、每日護(hù)理觀察主要事項(xiàng),積極同患者在術(shù)后進(jìn)行人文交流,緩解焦慮情緒。
1.3 手術(shù)方法
1.3.1 機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡經(jīng)腹腔前列腺癌根治術(shù)
麻醉成功后,患者取Trendelenburg體位,常規(guī)消毒鋪巾。于臍上緣處放置12mm一次性Trocar,置入機(jī)器人腹腔鏡,直視下于右左兩側(cè)腹直肌旁臍水平下方1.5~2cm距離鏡頭孔8~10cm處分別放置8mm機(jī)器人金屬套管后分別置入1、2號(hào)機(jī)械臂,2號(hào)機(jī)械臂上方1.5~2cm、距離2號(hào)臂8~10cm左側(cè)腋前線處放置
8mm套管,置入3號(hào)機(jī)械臂,臍平面鏡頭孔右側(cè)4cm、右側(cè)機(jī)械臂外側(cè)4cm處分別放置12mm套管作為助手孔,經(jīng)腹腔入路進(jìn)行操作(如圖1)。術(shù)畢留置20~22F三腔尿管,左右各固定血漿引流管1根并逐層縫合切口。
1.3.2 機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡腹膜外單孔前列腺癌根治術(shù)
麻醉成功后,患者取Trendelenburg體位,常規(guī)消毒鋪巾。取恥骨聯(lián)合上5cm處做橫行弧形切口切開皮膚5cm左右,依次橫行切開皮膚、皮下,縱行切開腹直肌前鞘,鈍性分離腹直肌,予以手術(shù)手套自制球囊器擴(kuò)張腹膜外間隙,擴(kuò)張器內(nèi)注入約800ml氣體,保持10s后放氣并取出擴(kuò)張器。置入單孔套件及操作通道,建立氣腹后連接機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡手術(shù)系統(tǒng)。行機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡腹膜外單孔前列腺癌根治術(shù),術(shù)畢留置20~22F三腔尿管,經(jīng)單孔通道取出前列腺標(biāo)本,固定血漿引流管1根并逐層縫合切口(如圖2)。
1.4 術(shù)后護(hù)理及康復(fù)指導(dǎo)
1.4.1 一般護(hù)理
嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行全身麻醉下術(shù)后護(hù)理常規(guī),協(xié)助患者主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)活動(dòng)軀體及四肢,避免深靜脈血栓形成。同手術(shù)醫(yī)師及助手了解術(shù)后情況,密切監(jiān)測生命體征,做好護(hù)理記錄。
1.4.2 手術(shù)切口及管道護(hù)理
經(jīng)腹腔組引流管自左右兩側(cè)下腹部引流出,經(jīng)腹膜外單孔組經(jīng)切口引流出,保持輔料清潔干燥和引流管通暢,觀察切口情況及引流液性狀,觀察尿液性狀及尿量情況,及時(shí)做好記錄,發(fā)現(xiàn)異常及時(shí)匯報(bào)主管醫(yī)師。預(yù)防性使用抗生素,觀察切口愈合情況,及早拔除血漿管及尿管。
1.4.3 飲食和活動(dòng)
患者術(shù)后1~3d恢復(fù)排氣,囑患者及時(shí)開始床上活動(dòng),如身體條件允許應(yīng)及早下床,注意協(xié)同以避免患者摔倒。飲食可由溫開水至流質(zhì)—半流質(zhì)飲食—軟食—普食,加強(qiáng)營養(yǎng)平衡教育,避免奶制品及豆制品的攝入。
1.5 觀察指標(biāo)
術(shù)后隨訪比較兩組患者的手術(shù)切口護(hù)理、管道護(hù)理、疼痛評(píng)估、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、尿管留置時(shí)間,以及術(shù)后即刻、術(shù)后3個(gè)月及術(shù)后6個(gè)月尿控緩解率(以24h使用尿墊≤1塊為尿控滿意)、切口愈合情況及美觀度,術(shù)后隨訪患者滿意度。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
所有數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析和處理。計(jì)量資料采用中位數(shù)及四分位距表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用例數(shù)(n)及百分率(%)表示。計(jì)量資料采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行兩組間比較,計(jì)算資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行組間比較。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
本研究中142例手術(shù)均在機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡下順利完成,無中轉(zhuǎn)開放。經(jīng)腹腔組與經(jīng)腹膜外單孔兩組手術(shù)切口護(hù)理切口感染分別為3例(3.7%)和1例(1.7%),差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);引流管拔除時(shí)間分別為4.8(3~13)d和2.8(1~10)d,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分分別為2.1(1~9)分和1.9(1~8)分,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后住院天數(shù)分別為9.3 (8.0~16.0)d和8.4(7.0~13.0)d,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間分別為1.3(0.65~3.0)d和3.4(2.0~7.0)d,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后尿管留置時(shí)間分別為9.0(7~21.0)d和6.0(4.0~8.0)d,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后即刻、3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月尿控例數(shù)分別為8例(9.8%)、51例(62.2%)、62例(75.6%)和17例(28.3%)、43例(71.7%)、54例(90.0%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組總切口長度分別為12.1(10.4~13.4)cm和5.6(5.0~6.0)cm,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后滿意度分別為90.2%和100%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
3 討論
自2000年達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人被批準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用于臨床以來,機(jī)器人輔助前列腺癌根治術(shù)(Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy,RARP)逐漸成為了國際上治療局限性前列腺癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)式[5-6]。但目前并無圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理療效相關(guān)的對(duì)比研究,但機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡下前列腺切除術(shù)(Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy,RALP)護(hù)理團(tuán)隊(duì)的建設(shè)與培訓(xùn)對(duì)手術(shù)的進(jìn)一步開展和提高手術(shù)效率具有重要的積極意義[7-8]。本研究中,所有手術(shù)的完成均為王東教授,本中心初期臨床研究結(jié)果均已進(jìn)行了相關(guān)報(bào)道[9-10]。
經(jīng)腹腔入路對(duì)胃腸道的干擾可導(dǎo)致消化道功能恢復(fù)的延遲,甚至有術(shù)后腸梗阻及腹腔粘連的可能,所以既往有腹部手術(shù)屬于相對(duì)禁忌癥[11];且該術(shù)式常需要5~6個(gè)不同大小的切口,最終需根據(jù)前列腺大小適當(dāng)延長其中一個(gè)切口取出標(biāo)本,術(shù)后腹部切口瘢痕多、美容效果差(如圖1)。多切口常常導(dǎo)致患者疼痛評(píng)分過高,增加并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的可能性,且護(hù)理過程中需要關(guān)注的切口工作量也相應(yīng)增加,從而導(dǎo)致部分患者術(shù)后滿意度不高。而經(jīng)腹膜外單孔組則僅需一個(gè)橫行切口,標(biāo)本亦可從切口順利取出,美容效果較經(jīng)腹腔入路好(如圖2);同時(shí),由于不進(jìn)入腹腔,對(duì)胃腸道干擾較小,術(shù)后排氣較早,可增強(qiáng)患者的預(yù)后自信心。腹膜外單孔手術(shù)利用下腹部皮膚皺褶遮蓋,幾乎可以達(dá)到“無瘢痕”的效果;同時(shí),由于切口數(shù)量的減少,疼痛評(píng)分大大降低。當(dāng)然,術(shù)后主動(dòng)同患者交談,了解其心理動(dòng)態(tài),積極鼓勵(lì)患者床上翻身并協(xié)助其早日下床活動(dòng)有助于恢復(fù)患者胃腸道功能,有助于取得良好的患者滿意度,這也是目前快速康復(fù)的重要理念[12-13]。
醫(yī)務(wù)人員普遍認(rèn)為尿失禁是影響前列腺癌根治術(shù)患者預(yù)后的最重要的并發(fā)癥,盆底筋膜復(fù)合環(huán)繞尿道形成復(fù)合肌肉筋膜結(jié)構(gòu)又被認(rèn)為是尿控恢復(fù)的關(guān)鍵因素。機(jī)器人手術(shù)可在狹小的空間進(jìn)行精細(xì)操作,一定程度上減少了對(duì)盆底結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷,有利于尿管早期的拔除。機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡腹膜外單孔前列腺癌根治術(shù)可最大程度上保護(hù)神經(jīng)血管束等,有助于患者術(shù)后提高尿控緩解率。本中心并不建議患者在院期間即刻進(jìn)行控尿訓(xùn)練,如術(shù)后3個(gè)月隨訪尿控恢復(fù)欠佳,可由門診醫(yī)師指導(dǎo)患者進(jìn)行相關(guān)功能鍛煉[14-15]。
綜上所述,機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡腹膜外單孔前列腺癌根治術(shù)圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理具有恢復(fù)時(shí)間更短、尿控緩解率更高、切口美觀整潔、術(shù)后滿意度高的優(yōu)勢,且有利于術(shù)后護(hù)理工作的開展。
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