鄧改革,何建國(guó),李建設(shè),康寧波
?農(nóng)業(yè)生物環(huán)境與能源工程?
重力熱管供熱對(duì)葡萄越冬根區(qū)的增溫效應(yīng)
鄧改革,何建國(guó),李建設(shè)※,康寧波
(寧夏大學(xué)土木與水利工程學(xué)院,銀川 750021)
葡萄是寧夏特色優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)業(yè),越冬凍害是制約賀蘭山東麓葡萄產(chǎn)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題之一。為解決葡萄越冬根部?jī)龊?wèn)題,該研究設(shè)計(jì)了利用淺層地下水地?zé)崮苓M(jìn)行葡萄根區(qū)土壤增溫的重力熱管系統(tǒng);通過(guò)數(shù)值模擬解析不同間距條件下重力熱管溫度場(chǎng)影響范圍及分布規(guī)律,通過(guò)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)研究重力熱管的工作特性及對(duì)土壤的增溫特性。結(jié)果表明:土壤溫度場(chǎng)以重力熱管為中心向四周擴(kuò)散,熱管中溫影響區(qū)水平方向直徑為30.8 cm,豎直方向直徑為32.8 cm;在埋深10 cm,相鄰熱管間距15 cm條件下熱管周圍溫度場(chǎng)部分區(qū)域重合,溫度場(chǎng)分布均勻;試驗(yàn)期間試驗(yàn)組土壤溫度較對(duì)照組平均升高7.0 ℃,增溫效果明顯;重力熱管正常運(yùn)行期間蒸發(fā)段凝結(jié)段之間最大溫差為3.7 ℃,蒸發(fā)段內(nèi)最大溫差為1.0 ℃,絕熱段內(nèi)最大溫差為0.2 ℃,表現(xiàn)出了良好的等溫性;熱管平均啟動(dòng)溫差為5.4 ℃,平均運(yùn)行溫差為2.9 ℃;研究結(jié)果將為解決葡萄根區(qū)凍害問(wèn)題以及探索淺層地?zé)崮芾眯峦緩教峁├碚撘罁?jù)和技術(shù)支撐。
溫度;土壤;傳熱;重力熱管;土壤增溫;數(shù)值模擬
葡萄是寧夏特色優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)業(yè),截至2022年底,寧夏釀酒葡萄種植面積達(dá)到388.7 km2。賀蘭山東麓是中國(guó)新興的優(yōu)質(zhì)釀酒葡萄種植區(qū),被稱為中國(guó)的“波爾多”,具有日照充足、熱量豐富、降水量少、晝夜溫差大等優(yōu)勢(shì),被認(rèn)為是世界上最適合葡萄種植釀造葡萄酒、生產(chǎn)高端葡萄酒黃金地帶之一[1-2]。
在中國(guó)北方,極端最低氣溫低于?15 ℃的地區(qū)種植的葡萄需要埋土越冬,否則就會(huì)發(fā)生越冬凍害或抽干。賀蘭山東麓地區(qū)是典型的大陸性氣候,冬季寒冷干燥,極端氣溫可低至?30 ℃,對(duì)葡萄的安全越冬造成極大威脅[3]。在葡萄越冬凍害防御方面,科研人員開(kāi)展了大量的研究工作[4-5],例如提出應(yīng)用抗寒嫁接苗[6]、“溝栽法”建園、按規(guī)程埋土[7-8]、材料隔離覆蓋[9-10]等防凍措施,其中埋土覆蓋措施是最常見(jiàn)、應(yīng)用最普遍的防寒措施[8]。傳統(tǒng)的埋土方式,由于土取自行間,在葡萄密植情況下,取土后根系土壤覆蓋層變薄,葡萄在越冬過(guò)程中盡管枝蔓不受凍害,但根系難抵低溫,根系凍害仍普遍發(fā)生[11],因此解決葡萄越冬凍害問(wèn)題亟需創(chuàng)新的技術(shù)和方法。
熱管是一種高效的能量轉(zhuǎn)換裝置[12-13],它利用流體的潛熱[14-15],通過(guò)在密封容器中蒸發(fā)和冷凝的方式將熱量從一個(gè)地方轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)地方[16-17]。熱管能夠以較小的溫降實(shí)現(xiàn)大熱流的遠(yuǎn)距離傳輸[18-19],因此在熱能存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)[20-22]、熱管理[23-24]、道路融雪[25-26]等許多領(lǐng)域都有廣泛的應(yīng)用[27]。
本文以賀蘭山東麓越冬葡萄為研究對(duì)象,采用主動(dòng)增溫技術(shù),借助重力熱管將地下水熱量轉(zhuǎn)移至葡萄根區(qū)土壤,解析熱管周圍溫度場(chǎng)變化規(guī)律,評(píng)價(jià)熱管工作性能及根區(qū)增溫效果,進(jìn)而為葡萄安全越冬提供理論依據(jù)和科學(xué)決策支持。
熱管從地下水中吸收熱量并轉(zhuǎn)移至葡萄根區(qū)土壤,使土壤不凍結(jié)。文中土壤重力熱管加熱系統(tǒng)采用“T型”結(jié)構(gòu),蒸發(fā)段位于豎井的地下水中,保溫段位于淺層土壤中,水平凝結(jié)段埋在葡萄根區(qū)土壤中?!癟型”熱管的水平部分被設(shè)計(jì)成中間低、兩側(cè)高,以保證凝結(jié)液可以順利地流回蒸發(fā)段,結(jié)構(gòu)原理如圖1所示。冬季地下水溫度高于根部土壤,熱管蒸發(fā)段工質(zhì)沸騰吸熱,工質(zhì)蒸汽沿管道傳至凝結(jié)段,隨后氣態(tài)工質(zhì)在凝結(jié)段凝結(jié)為液態(tài)工質(zhì)并釋放出汽化潛熱。凝結(jié)液在重力作用下回流至蒸發(fā)段,通過(guò)上述循環(huán)熱管不斷將熱量從地下水轉(zhuǎn)移至根部土壤,進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)葡萄根系土壤增溫,制作完成的重力熱管如圖2所示。
試驗(yàn)區(qū)域土壤白天接收太陽(yáng)輻射溫度升高,土壤儲(chǔ)蓄熱量;夜晚氣溫降低土壤溫度高于氣溫開(kāi)始向外釋放熱量,根部土壤與外界大氣之間屬于對(duì)流換熱,重力熱管凝結(jié)段管壁與周圍土壤之間換熱方式為熱傳導(dǎo),二維模型見(jiàn)圖3所示。
圖1 重力熱管的構(gòu)成及工作原理示意圖
圖2 重力熱管外觀圖
注:H為重力熱管埋深,L為重力熱管間距。
地表與外界空氣以對(duì)流換熱方式進(jìn)行熱交換,屬于帶內(nèi)熱源的對(duì)流換熱第三類邊界條件,在土壤表面處,地表與外界環(huán)境間換熱方式為熱對(duì)流,換熱量大小計(jì)算式如下:
式中為地表空氣間對(duì)流換熱系數(shù),W/(m2·K)。
凝結(jié)段重力熱管單元均勻布置,溫度場(chǎng)對(duì)稱軸線處無(wú)熱流傳遞可將其視為絕熱邊界,同時(shí)由于溫度場(chǎng)對(duì)稱性及兩側(cè)均無(wú)熱量通過(guò),屬于絕熱邊界,則有:
在初始時(shí)刻,假設(shè)土壤的初始溫度為0,即:
(,,0)=0(3)
土壤夜間無(wú)法接收太陽(yáng)輻射,本研究主要為了獲取夜間條件下重力熱管在葡萄根區(qū)土壤增溫特性,地表土壤與外界空氣選取對(duì)流換熱邊界條件,換熱系數(shù)根據(jù)對(duì)流換熱公式計(jì)算,取值為4 W/(m2·K),經(jīng)測(cè)定土壤的物性參數(shù)為:密度=1 900 kg/m3,導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)=1.10 W/(m·K),比熱容=1 500 J/(kg·K)。當(dāng)?shù)孛磕?月份平均氣溫最低,以1月份現(xiàn)場(chǎng)參數(shù)作為數(shù)值模擬的初始條件:其中距地表0~600 mm范圍土壤平均溫度為?2.57 ℃,根據(jù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),重力熱管管壁平均溫度為8.5 ℃,平均氣溫為?2.7 ℃。
試驗(yàn)組為直徑50 mm銅管加工成的重力熱管增溫系統(tǒng),對(duì)照組為普通地表土壤,不做任何處理;重力熱管凝結(jié)段埋深要綜合考慮多方面的影響:埋深過(guò)小,熱管釋放熱量容易通過(guò)地表散失到空氣中進(jìn)而造成能量浪費(fèi),埋深過(guò)大則容易導(dǎo)致葡萄淺層根系受凍,前期預(yù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示熱管單元傳熱影響半徑為15 cm左右,為了保證極端低溫天氣條件下地表附近葡萄根系不受凍害,保留一定安全余量,將熱管凝結(jié)段埋深設(shè)定為10 cm;為了了解重力熱管工作特性及土壤增溫特性,分別在試驗(yàn)組重力熱管蒸發(fā)段、絕熱段、凝結(jié)段、凝結(jié)段相鄰管中間土壤中以及對(duì)照組地表土壤中布置傳感器來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)溫度變化,具體傳感器測(cè)溫點(diǎn)布置如圖4:重力熱管蒸發(fā)段布置3個(gè)測(cè)溫點(diǎn)(溫度值分別為:1、2和3),傳感器和熱管蒸發(fā)段均布置在地下水位以下的含水層中,且間隔均勻布置;重力熱管絕熱段布置2個(gè)測(cè)溫點(diǎn)(溫度值分別為:4和5),位于地下水位以上的非含水層中;凝結(jié)段布置2個(gè)測(cè)溫點(diǎn)(溫度值分別為:E6和E7),在凝結(jié)段相鄰管中間土壤中布置1個(gè)測(cè)溫點(diǎn)(溫度值為:8),在對(duì)照組土壤相同深度位置處布置1個(gè)測(cè)溫點(diǎn)s,另外布置一個(gè)空氣溫度傳感器測(cè)溫點(diǎn)a用于監(jiān)測(cè)氣溫變化。
試驗(yàn)中需要測(cè)定的項(xiàng)目包括重力熱管蒸發(fā)段平均溫度evp-E,℃;絕熱段平均溫度insu-E和凝結(jié)段平均溫度con-E,℃。
evp-E可以通過(guò)式(4)計(jì)算。
insu-E可以通過(guò)式(5)計(jì)算。
con-E是凝結(jié)段平均溫度,計(jì)算式如下:
注:文中數(shù)據(jù)單位為mm。6和7為凝結(jié)段測(cè)溫點(diǎn);8為蒸發(fā)段土壤測(cè)溫點(diǎn)。
Note: The data unit in the text is mm. 6 and 7 are temperature measuring points of condensation section; 8 is soil temperature measurement point of evaporation section.
圖4 熱管測(cè)溫點(diǎn)分布示意圖
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of heat pipe temperature measurement point distribution
為了解單個(gè)重力熱管單元在土壤中的傳熱特性,建立單重力熱管單元傳熱模型,所選取模型寬高均為60 cm,重力熱管單元距地表10 cm。
溫度場(chǎng)模擬結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖5所示,土壤溫度場(chǎng)以熱管為中心向四周擴(kuò)散,根據(jù)溫度高低可將溫度場(chǎng)劃分為4個(gè)區(qū)域:溫度范圍為5.0~8.50 ℃高溫影響區(qū)Ⅰ,溫度范圍為0~5.0 ℃中溫影響區(qū)Ⅱ,溫度范圍為?2.57~0 ℃低溫影響區(qū)Ⅲ,溫度場(chǎng)未受影響區(qū)域Ⅳ;最高溫度出現(xiàn)在溫度場(chǎng)區(qū)域Ⅰ凝結(jié)段管壁,溫度為8.50 ℃;從管壁四周向外溫度逐漸降低,在溫度場(chǎng)區(qū)域Ⅳ溫度降至最低為?2.57 ℃,該溫度也是在一月份氣象參數(shù)且無(wú)熱管存在條件下土壤溫度場(chǎng)的初始值;土壤中葡萄根系不受凍害的中溫溫度場(chǎng)Ⅱ影響范圍在豎直方向直徑為32.8 cm,水平方向直徑為30.8 cm。
為了解相鄰重力熱管溫度場(chǎng)的相互影響,建立3個(gè)重力熱管單元模型,由前面分析可知熱管單元在水平方向影響半徑為15 cm,現(xiàn)將熱管單元間距設(shè)定為15 cm,其溫度場(chǎng)模擬結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖6a所示。由圖6a可知,3重力熱管溫度場(chǎng)穩(wěn)定后,相鄰熱管單元溫度場(chǎng)相互影響,高溫影響區(qū)Ⅰ部分區(qū)域重疊,區(qū)域Ⅱ相互連通形成一更大范圍中溫影響區(qū),熱管上方距離地表4 cm平面區(qū)域溫度場(chǎng)均勻,維持在4.10 ℃左右。
注:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ分別表示熱管的高溫影響區(qū),中溫影響區(qū),低溫影響區(qū)及溫度場(chǎng)未受影響區(qū)。
由此可知,熱管單元間距為15 cm時(shí),相鄰熱管間傳熱影響范圍稍有重合,為節(jié)約成本,嘗試將熱管單元間距增大至20 cm,研究該熱管間距下,熱管單元間距對(duì)土壤溫度場(chǎng)均勻性的影響,進(jìn)而分析其溫度場(chǎng)分布規(guī)律,結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖6b。由圖6b可知,當(dāng)重力熱管單元間距增大至20 cm后,高溫影響區(qū)域Ⅰ重合部分較15 cm間距情況下明顯減少,中溫影響區(qū)Ⅱ相互連通形成一更大范圍中溫影響區(qū),但熱管上方4 cm區(qū)域溫度場(chǎng)均勻性較15 cm間距情況變差。由此可知,增加熱管單元間距雖然可以降低材料及加工成本,但是土壤溫度場(chǎng)均勻性也相應(yīng)變差;減小熱管單元間距可以增加土壤溫度場(chǎng)均勻性,但是增加了材料及加工成本。因此,熱管單元間距的選取應(yīng)該在保證土壤溫度場(chǎng)均勻性的前提下適當(dāng)增加其間距,綜合分析本文中單元熱管間距確定為15 cm。
圖6 不同熱管間距溫度場(chǎng)模擬
2.2.1 觀測(cè)期內(nèi)重力熱管傳熱特性分析
為了了解重力熱管對(duì)葡萄根區(qū)的增溫效應(yīng),在寧夏大學(xué)農(nóng)科實(shí)訓(xùn)中心布置重力熱管試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng),現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)從2020年11月16日開(kāi)始到2021年3月16日結(jié)束,共持續(xù)120 d。
試驗(yàn)期間試驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組溫度場(chǎng)變化規(guī)律如圖7所示。由圖7可知,試驗(yàn)期間氣溫以天為周期波動(dòng),前50 d整體呈下降趨勢(shì),后期氣溫波動(dòng)上升;對(duì)照組土壤溫度變化趨勢(shì)與氣溫變化趨勢(shì)類似,但是土壤溫度變化滯后于氣溫變化,該結(jié)論與前人的研究結(jié)果類似[28];試驗(yàn)組土壤溫度8測(cè)點(diǎn)位于凝結(jié)段相鄰熱管中間土壤中,其溫度主要由凝結(jié)段平均溫度con-E決定,從圖7可以看出兩者溫度變化趨勢(shì)幾乎同步,由于熱量是由熱管向土壤傳遞,因此凝結(jié)段熱管溫度高于相鄰熱管間土壤溫度;熱管持續(xù)將地下水中熱量轉(zhuǎn)移至葡萄根系土壤,試驗(yàn)組土壤溫度明顯高于對(duì)照組,試驗(yàn)期間試驗(yàn)組土壤溫度8較對(duì)照組土壤溫度s平均提升7.0 ℃,增溫效果明顯;試驗(yàn)期內(nèi)重力熱管蒸發(fā)段溫度高于凝結(jié)段,平均溫差為2.1 ℃,說(shuō)明熱管有良好的傳熱特性?;诖颂匦裕瑹峁苷舭l(fā)段與凝結(jié)段具有類似的溫度場(chǎng)變化規(guī)律:當(dāng)外界氣溫降低時(shí),葡萄根部土壤溫度隨之降低,熱管凝結(jié)段向土壤釋放熱量增加而導(dǎo)致其溫度下降,此時(shí)蒸發(fā)段向凝結(jié)段傳遞熱量也增加,蒸發(fā)段溫度隨之下降;反之,當(dāng)外界氣溫升高時(shí),葡萄根部土壤溫度隨之升高,熱管凝結(jié)段向土壤釋放熱量減少而導(dǎo)致其溫度升高,此時(shí)蒸發(fā)段向凝結(jié)段傳遞熱量也減少,蒸發(fā)段溫度隨之上升。
注:Tevp-E和Tcon-E分別為熱管蒸發(fā)段和凝結(jié)段平均溫度,℃。
2.2.2 重力熱管軸向溫度分布及啟動(dòng)特性分析
為研究重力熱管軸向溫度分布特征,現(xiàn)選取觀測(cè)期內(nèi)5個(gè)典型天氣進(jìn)行分析,分別是2020年11月21日下雪天,2020年12月2日陰天,2021年1月6日極寒天氣,2021年1月12日晴天,2021年2月20日白天溫度極高。軸向溫度分布見(jiàn)表1所示。
重力熱管正常運(yùn)行期間蒸發(fā)段溫度高于絕熱段,絕熱段溫度高于凝結(jié)段,由表1分析可知,選取的5個(gè)典型天氣除2021年2月20日外,重力熱管均處于正常運(yùn)行狀態(tài);重力熱管正常運(yùn)行期間蒸發(fā)段與凝結(jié)段最大溫差為3.5 ℃,蒸發(fā)段內(nèi)最大溫差為1.0 ℃,絕熱段內(nèi)最大溫差為0.20 ℃,熱管表現(xiàn)出了良好的等溫性。在試驗(yàn)觀測(cè)后期的2021年2月20日白天溫度達(dá)到了觀測(cè)期內(nèi)的最高值21.0 ℃,同時(shí)熱管凝結(jié)段溫度達(dá)到了12.2 ℃,該溫度超過(guò)了蒸發(fā)段的溫度,熱管停止工作。
表1 重力熱管軸向溫度分布
注:Δmax為蒸發(fā)段與凝結(jié)段最大溫差,℃。
Note:Δmaxis the maximum temperature difference between the evaporation and condensation section, ℃.
為進(jìn)一步研究該重力熱管的啟動(dòng)特性,對(duì)2021年2月9日至2月16日共計(jì)8 d的觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。由圖8可知,隨著試驗(yàn)后期氣溫回升,一天中有部分時(shí)間凝結(jié)段溫度超過(guò)蒸發(fā)段,熱管停止工作,其余時(shí)間隨著氣溫降低凝結(jié)段溫度也隨之降低,當(dāng)蒸發(fā)段凝結(jié)段溫差達(dá)到一定數(shù)值后,熱管又重新運(yùn)行。熱管蒸發(fā)段與凝結(jié)段溫差Δ可作為判斷熱管是否處于工作狀態(tài)的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo),根據(jù)傳熱學(xué)原理,當(dāng)Δ降為0 ℃時(shí),熱管停止工作,當(dāng)Δ增加到一定數(shù)值時(shí),熱管重新啟動(dòng),該溫差稱為熱管的啟動(dòng)溫差,熱管正常運(yùn)行期間溫差稱為運(yùn)行溫差。由圖8可知上述觀測(cè)期內(nèi)熱管均處于間歇運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。對(duì)上述觀測(cè)期內(nèi)熱管運(yùn)行相關(guān)參數(shù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),見(jiàn)表2。通過(guò)表2可知,熱管平均啟動(dòng)溫差為5.4 ℃,平均運(yùn)行溫差為2.9 ℃。
注:ΔT為蒸發(fā)段與凝結(jié)段溫差,℃。
表2 重力熱管啟動(dòng)溫差及運(yùn)行溫差統(tǒng)計(jì)
1)重力熱管凝結(jié)段不同間距會(huì)影響其土壤中溫度場(chǎng)分布規(guī)律,土壤中葡萄根系不受凍害的中溫溫度場(chǎng)影響范圍在豎直方向直徑為32.8 cm,水平方向直徑為30.8 cm。
2)重力熱管正常運(yùn)行期間蒸發(fā)段和凝結(jié)段之間最大溫差為3.5 ℃,等溫性良好;試驗(yàn)組土壤溫度較對(duì)照組平均提高7.0 ℃,增溫效果明顯,通過(guò)重力熱管開(kāi)發(fā)淺層地?zé)崮軐?shí)現(xiàn)葡萄根區(qū)增溫防凍的方法是可行的。
本研究旨在探索一種利用清潔可再生的淺層地?zé)崮軄?lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)葡萄根區(qū)增溫的方法,為解決葡萄根區(qū)凍害問(wèn)題提供理論依據(jù)和技術(shù)支撐。然而影響熱管傳熱特性及土壤增溫特性的因素較多,如熱管材質(zhì)、管徑、土壤導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)以及不同蒸發(fā)段凝結(jié)段長(zhǎng)度等,這些內(nèi)容將在今后的研究中進(jìn)一步豐富和深入。
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Warming effect of grape overwintering root zone using gravity heat pipe heating
DENG Gaige, HE Jianguo, LI Jianshe※, KANG Ningbo
(,,750021,)
The Eastern Helan Mountain can be the largest concentrated and contiguous producing areas for the wine grape in China. Specifically, the wine grape planting area reached 388.7 square kilometers in Ningxia by the end of 2022, accounting for nearly 1/3 of the nation, and the comprehensive output value exceeded 30 billion Yuan. However, the extremely low temperatures (down to -30.0℃) in winter in the eastern part of the Helan Mountains can lead to the occurrence of overwintering frost damage, which greatly limits the sustainable development of Ningxia's grape industry. In this study, a gravity heat pipe system was designed using shallow groundwater geothermal energy for the soil warming in the root zone of grapes. Numerical simulation was also carried out to analyze the influence range and distribution of the gravity heat pipe temperature field under different spacing. A series of field experiments were used to verify the working performance of the gravity heat pipe and the warming characteristics of the soil. The results show that the soil temperature field was evenly spread around the gravity heat pipe. The temperature field around the heat pipe was divided into four regions, according to the temperature level: the temperature range was 5.0-8.50℃ high-temperature affected region Ⅰ, the temperature range was 0-5.0℃ medium-temperature affected region Ⅱ, the temperature range was -2.57-0 ℃ low-temperature affected region Ⅲ, and the temperature field was not affected region Ⅳ. The highest temperature (8.50 ℃) appeared in the temperature field area Ⅰ condensation section pipe wall, whereas, the lowest temperature (-2.57 ℃) was in the temperature field unaffected area Ⅳ. In addition, the diameter of the medium temperature affected area of the heat pipe in the soil was 30.8 cm horizontally and 32.8 cm vertically, where the grape roots were not affected by frost. There were evenly distributed temperature fields around the heat pipes partially overlapped and the temperature fields under the conditions of 10 cm burial depth and 15 cm spacing between adjacent heat pipes. The soil temperature increased by 7.0 ℃ on average in the experimental group during the test period, compared with the control group, indicating the outstanding increase in temperature. The maximum temperature difference was 3.5 ℃ between the evaporation and condensation sections during the normal operation of the gravity heat pipe. The maximum temperature differences were 1.0 and 0.2 ℃ within the evaporation section, and within the adiabatic section, respectively, indicating the excellent isothermal distribution. The average start-up and operating temperature difference of the heat pipe were 5.4 and 2.9 ℃, respectively. The clean and renewable shallow geothermal energy was taken as a source of heating energy in the root zone of grapes, which was in line with the current green development concept. The finding can provide the theoretical basis and technical support to treat the frost damage in the root zone of grapes. In addition, a way was proposed to realize the development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy using gravity heat pipes.
temperature; soils; heat transfer; gravity heat pipe; soil warming; numerical simulation
2022-07-23
2022-12-15
寧夏自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2022AAC03644)
鄧改革,博士,研究方向?yàn)樗疅峤粨Q過(guò)程數(shù)值模擬與控制。Email:976141121@qq.com
李建設(shè),博士,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)樵O(shè)施園藝、生理生態(tài)、無(wú)土栽培。Email:13709587801@163.com
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202207227
TK11
A
1002-6819(2023)-07-0205-06
鄧改革,何建國(guó),李建設(shè),等. 重力熱管供熱對(duì)葡萄越冬根區(qū)的增溫效應(yīng)[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2023,39(7):205-210. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202207227 http://www.tcsae.org
DENG Gaige, HE Jianguo, LI Jianshe, et al. Warming effect of grape overwintering root zone using gravity heat pipe heating[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(7): 205-210. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202207227 http://www.tcsae.org