趙亞萍,鄭小波,張 歡,郭鵬程
多能互補(bǔ)條件下轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化對(duì)水輪機(jī)低負(fù)荷區(qū)穩(wěn)定性能的影響
趙亞萍1,鄭小波1※,張 歡2,郭鵬程1
(1. 西安理工大學(xué)水利水電學(xué)院,西安 710048;2. 浙江富春江水電設(shè)備有限公司,杭州 311121)
多能互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中新能源發(fā)電的不穩(wěn)定性使得作為調(diào)能機(jī)組的水電機(jī)組頻繁在水力效率低、振動(dòng)劇烈的低負(fù)荷區(qū)運(yùn)行,嚴(yán)重影響機(jī)組的壽命。該研究以多能互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中的混流式水輪機(jī)為研究對(duì)象,在前期考慮工況權(quán)重系數(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)輪多工況優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)比分析了優(yōu)化前后轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片的幾何參數(shù)變化,不同負(fù)荷區(qū)的水輪機(jī)內(nèi)部流動(dòng)狀態(tài)及壓力脈動(dòng)特征差異。研究結(jié)果表明:優(yōu)化后葉片包角、安放角以及葉片長度均有所增加,葉片表面壓力分布及轉(zhuǎn)輪進(jìn)出水邊速度矩分布更加均勻,有助于改善水輪機(jī)低負(fù)荷區(qū)的空化性能、提高能量轉(zhuǎn)換能力。轉(zhuǎn)輪進(jìn)出口安放角的增加很好地抑制了轉(zhuǎn)輪進(jìn)口背面脫流渦及出水邊的脫流渦區(qū),改善了尾水管的入流條件,使得尾水管渦帶的強(qiáng)度和影響范圍明顯減小。葉片優(yōu)化后,轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)各頻率的壓力脈動(dòng)幅值均有不同程度的降低,尾水管內(nèi)壓力脈動(dòng)改善明顯。尾水管內(nèi)0.2f(f為轉(zhuǎn)頻)和14f壓力脈動(dòng)在低負(fù)荷工況(OP1)幅值降幅分別為45%和40%,額定工況(OP4)尾水管內(nèi)0.2f壓力脈動(dòng)基本消除,14f壓力脈動(dòng)幅值降幅為31%。本文所得研究結(jié)果對(duì)多能互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中水輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)輪的設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化及運(yùn)行具有參考意義。
水力發(fā)電;混流式水輪機(jī);壓力脈動(dòng);多能互補(bǔ);低負(fù)荷工況;渦帶
碳達(dá)峰碳中和背景下,能源結(jié)構(gòu)的變化使得新能源發(fā)電飛速發(fā)展[1-2],風(fēng)、光、水多能互補(bǔ)已成為中國能源轉(zhuǎn)型的主流方向之一。由于風(fēng)、光等新能源的波動(dòng)性、間歇性和不穩(wěn)定性,使得運(yùn)行靈活、啟動(dòng)迅速的水力發(fā)電在多能互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中常需要承擔(dān)調(diào)節(jié)負(fù)荷的任務(wù)[3]。
常規(guī)水電機(jī)組轉(zhuǎn)為多能互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中的調(diào)能機(jī)組后,水輪機(jī)被迫長時(shí)間在水流流動(dòng)紊亂、水力效率低、振動(dòng)劇烈的低負(fù)荷區(qū)運(yùn)行,嚴(yán)重影響機(jī)組的安全運(yùn)行[4-5]。所以,改善水輪機(jī)過流部件的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方法、抑制水力不穩(wěn)定現(xiàn)象、拓寬水輪機(jī)的高效穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行范圍成為多能互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中水電機(jī)組研究的迫切需求[6-7]。
張軍智等[8]針對(duì)多能互補(bǔ)下水電站的穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行進(jìn)行了較早的研究,總結(jié)了李家峽水電站水輪機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)輪改造關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),提出了風(fēng)光水多能互補(bǔ)條件下混流式水輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)輪全負(fù)荷運(yùn)行下轉(zhuǎn)輪改造關(guān)鍵,為風(fēng)光水多能互補(bǔ)下水電站水輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)輪設(shè)計(jì)提供了思路。ZHAO等[9-11]對(duì)水輪機(jī)穩(wěn)定工況及過渡過程的振動(dòng)信號(hào)和壓力脈動(dòng)特性進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究,揭示了誘發(fā)不穩(wěn)定高振幅壓力脈動(dòng)的主要原因,討論了在不穩(wěn)定情況發(fā)生前檢測(cè)不穩(wěn)定的可能性。劉靜[12]對(duì)風(fēng)-水互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的供電質(zhì)量和水力機(jī)組的運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)行了大量研究,分析了該系統(tǒng)中不同參數(shù)(如不同風(fēng)水容量配比)對(duì)其頻率、電壓等方面的影響。馬騰宇等[13-16]針對(duì)混流式水輪機(jī)在水光互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中非設(shè)計(jì)工況下水輪機(jī)的穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)行了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)輪進(jìn)口水流角與安放角的不匹配所引起的主頻為導(dǎo)葉通過頻率的壓力脈動(dòng)以及尾水管渦帶所引起的壓力脈動(dòng),是水輪機(jī)振動(dòng)劇烈的主要因素,會(huì)引起葉片出水邊與上冠和下環(huán)連接部分的較大形變,甚至斷裂。由此可見,風(fēng)、光、水多能互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中,考慮水電機(jī)組的調(diào)節(jié)功能時(shí),水輪機(jī)內(nèi)水力振動(dòng)是無法忽視的問題。
對(duì)水輪機(jī)性能的常規(guī)改善方法主要是結(jié)合數(shù)值模擬和優(yōu)化算法對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)輪進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[17]。MARCOS等[18-21]在實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片的批量建模的基礎(chǔ)上,建立了包含計(jì)算流體動(dòng)力學(xué)、試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)法、響應(yīng)模型和多目標(biāo)遺傳算法的多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng),以葉片效率、空化、應(yīng)力等參數(shù)為目標(biāo)函數(shù),有效的提高水輪機(jī)的效率和穩(wěn)定性,改善了轉(zhuǎn)輪的空化及受力情況,利用可視化系統(tǒng)較好的展示了優(yōu)化前后轉(zhuǎn)輪的形狀與葉片附近的速度流線和應(yīng)變。ZBIGNIEW等[22]基于速度矢量理論,結(jié)合算流體動(dòng)力學(xué)結(jié)果對(duì)高比轉(zhuǎn)速的混流式水輪機(jī)葉片進(jìn)行逆向分析,調(diào)整流道和葉片形狀,經(jīng)過模型試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了優(yōu)化后葉片效率升高,表明了該優(yōu)化方法的可行性。
目前,通過轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)改善水輪機(jī)穩(wěn)定性的研究對(duì)象主要以常規(guī)水力發(fā)電機(jī)組為主,而對(duì)多能互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中調(diào)能水輪機(jī)穩(wěn)定性的研究主要集中在控制策略和系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)上[23-27]。多能互補(bǔ)機(jī)組由于頻繁運(yùn)行在低負(fù)荷工況,且需頻繁變換工況,機(jī)組運(yùn)行的穩(wěn)定差,因此對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)輪水力設(shè)計(jì)也提出了更高的要求,文獻(xiàn)[8]在總結(jié)李家峽水電站作為風(fēng)光水多能互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中的調(diào)能機(jī)組進(jìn)行改造的具體經(jīng)驗(yàn)時(shí),指出不同工況權(quán)重因子對(duì)于水輪機(jī)的整體性能具有重要影響??梢姸嗄芑パa(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中工況權(quán)重因子是水輪機(jī)水力設(shè)計(jì)過程中需著重考慮的重要因素之一。
風(fēng)光水多能互補(bǔ)條件下,對(duì)作為調(diào)能機(jī)組運(yùn)行的水輪機(jī)的基本要求是在保證額定負(fù)荷區(qū)運(yùn)行性能的前提下,提高低負(fù)荷區(qū)甚至超低負(fù)荷區(qū)的水力效率,改善和抑制水輪機(jī)振動(dòng),拓寬水輪機(jī)的高效穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行范圍。前期的研究中以多能互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中混流式水輪機(jī)為例,建立了基于超傳遞近似法確定最優(yōu)的運(yùn)行工況權(quán)重系數(shù)的多能互補(bǔ)條件下的水輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)輪多工況多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化方法[28]。優(yōu)化得到的轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片能夠在保證額定工況的能量特性的同時(shí)提高水輪機(jī)低負(fù)荷工況的運(yùn)行性能。
振動(dòng)劇烈是限制混流式水輪機(jī)低負(fù)荷運(yùn)行的主要原因?;诖?,本文在轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片優(yōu)化的基礎(chǔ)上[28],對(duì)優(yōu)化前后的水輪機(jī)進(jìn)行非定常數(shù)值計(jì)算,詳細(xì)對(duì)比優(yōu)化前后轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片幾何形狀差異,研究優(yōu)化前后水輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)不穩(wěn)定流動(dòng)特征、渦結(jié)構(gòu)的分布特征及產(chǎn)生機(jī)理,系統(tǒng)分析水輪機(jī)內(nèi)不同頻率壓力脈動(dòng)的產(chǎn)生機(jī)理,探討葉片幾何參數(shù)對(duì)水輪機(jī)內(nèi)部流動(dòng)的影響,為考慮運(yùn)行工況權(quán)重因子的多工況多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)的可行性提供理論支持。
本文以某多能互補(bǔ)條件下的混流式水輪機(jī)為例,選取水輪機(jī)整機(jī)為計(jì)算域(圖1),包括蝸殼、固定導(dǎo)葉、活動(dòng)導(dǎo)葉、轉(zhuǎn)輪以及尾水管。水輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)輪直徑1=2.46 m,額定轉(zhuǎn)速=250 r/min,活動(dòng)導(dǎo)葉和固定導(dǎo)葉數(shù)為24,轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片數(shù)為14。
圖1 計(jì)算域及網(wǎng)格劃分
由于多能互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中水輪機(jī)頻繁在低負(fù)荷區(qū)運(yùn)行,因此當(dāng)混流式水輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)為調(diào)能機(jī)組時(shí),希望其具有較寬的運(yùn)行范圍,尤其是低負(fù)荷區(qū)運(yùn)行性能良好。因此本文根據(jù)水輪機(jī)模型特性曲線,考慮到多能互補(bǔ)條件下水輪機(jī)的運(yùn)行范圍有可能會(huì)涉及全工況范圍,因此在同時(shí)兼顧額定工況和偏工況下水輪機(jī)的穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行,又能提高水輪機(jī)在低負(fù)荷區(qū)的運(yùn)行性能的條件下,最終分別選取40%、60%、70%及100%出力的4個(gè)工況點(diǎn),分別記為:OP1、OP2、OP3和OP4。其中OP3和OP4分別為最優(yōu)工況和額定工況。各個(gè)工況的特征參數(shù)如表1所示。
表1 工況點(diǎn)參數(shù)
本文采用六面體網(wǎng)格對(duì)計(jì)算域進(jìn)行離散。在優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)過程中涉及轉(zhuǎn)輪批量劃分網(wǎng)格的過程,利用Turbogrid軟件在旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械領(lǐng)域能短時(shí)間畫出高質(zhì)量網(wǎng)格的優(yōu)勢(shì),采用Turbogrid對(duì)參數(shù)化后的轉(zhuǎn)輪及優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)中生成的樣本空間進(jìn)行網(wǎng)格劃分。其余部件均采用ICEM CFD軟件進(jìn)行網(wǎng)格劃分,為保證計(jì)算數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確性,在劃分各流體域網(wǎng)格時(shí),針對(duì)蝸殼隔舌處、導(dǎo)葉及轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片進(jìn)出口、尾水管壁面等幾何突變位置進(jìn)行了網(wǎng)格加密處理。為了減小網(wǎng)格數(shù)對(duì)數(shù)值計(jì)算結(jié)果的影響,盡量提高計(jì)算效率、縮短優(yōu)化時(shí)長,本文以水頭為變量,選取額定工況點(diǎn)進(jìn)行網(wǎng)格無關(guān)性驗(yàn)證,如圖2所示??梢姰?dāng)整個(gè)流體域的網(wǎng)格總數(shù)為4.75×106時(shí),水頭增長的趨勢(shì)逐漸趨于穩(wěn)定。因此最終選取流體域網(wǎng)格數(shù)量為475萬,其中蝸殼網(wǎng)格數(shù)為20.5萬、固定導(dǎo)葉網(wǎng)格數(shù)為90.1萬、活動(dòng)導(dǎo)葉網(wǎng)格數(shù)為126.7萬、轉(zhuǎn)輪網(wǎng)格數(shù)為162.5萬、尾水管網(wǎng)格數(shù)為72.4萬,各個(gè)部件的網(wǎng)格分布如圖1中的網(wǎng)格局部圖。為了更好的捕捉近壁區(qū)的流動(dòng)特征,網(wǎng)格劃分過程對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)輪區(qū)域的近壁面網(wǎng)格進(jìn)行控制,最終轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)除下環(huán)出口局部高湍流區(qū)外,大部分區(qū)域的Yplus小于10,滿足湍流模型。
圖2 網(wǎng)格無關(guān)性驗(yàn)證
水輪機(jī)內(nèi)的流動(dòng)是以水為介質(zhì)的三維非穩(wěn)態(tài)流動(dòng),一般認(rèn)為水是不可壓縮流體,熱交換量很小,可以不考慮能量守恒,因此水輪機(jī)內(nèi)復(fù)雜的三維黏性不可壓縮流動(dòng),可由連續(xù)性方程和動(dòng)量方法來描述[29]:
1)連續(xù)性方程
2)動(dòng)量方程
式中為流體的密度,kg/m3;τ為流體的切應(yīng)力,N/m2;為壓強(qiáng),Pa;為流體速度矢量,m/s;;x與x為空間坐標(biāo)分量,m;S為附加源項(xiàng),N/m3。
通過N-S方程描述湍流運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)具有不封閉性,因此引入湍流模型來封閉方程組,本文采用考慮了湍流剪切應(yīng)力運(yùn)輸、不會(huì)對(duì)渦流黏度造成過度預(yù)測(cè)[30]的-SST湍流模型來求解水輪機(jī)內(nèi)部復(fù)雜的三維不可壓縮流動(dòng)。
數(shù)值計(jì)算過程中,以蝸殼進(jìn)口作為計(jì)算域的進(jìn)口,尾水管出口為計(jì)算域出口。具體的邊界條件為:進(jìn)口給定質(zhì)量流量,并假設(shè)速度方向垂直于蝸殼進(jìn)口面;出口給定相對(duì)壓力;假設(shè)固壁面無滑移,靠近壁面區(qū)域采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)壁面函數(shù)法進(jìn)行處理;導(dǎo)葉域與轉(zhuǎn)輪域以及轉(zhuǎn)輪域與尾水管域之間的靜止和轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部分采用凍結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)子法。
為了驗(yàn)證數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果的可靠性,本文以水輪機(jī)效率為評(píng)價(jià)值,將數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果與原模型試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)比,如圖3所示??梢姡瑪?shù)值模擬值與試驗(yàn)值具有很好的一致性,表明采用該計(jì)算模型預(yù)估水輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)輪在不同運(yùn)行工況下的水力性能是可行的。
圖3 試驗(yàn)及數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果對(duì)比
本文重點(diǎn)對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)輪與尾水管內(nèi)的水力不穩(wěn)定因素及其特征進(jìn)行分析,并在轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片壓力面、吸力面及尾水管內(nèi)布置壓力脈動(dòng)測(cè)點(diǎn)。圖4a、圖4b為數(shù)值計(jì)算過程中轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片壓力測(cè)點(diǎn)布置,測(cè)點(diǎn)命名規(guī)律如下:葉片壓力面記為RNPS,在靠近葉片上冠附近,沿流線方向分別布置3個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)。其中RN表示轉(zhuǎn)輪,PS表示壓力面,PS后第一位數(shù)字表示處于葉片上冠附近,最后一位數(shù)字表示監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)編號(hào)。在葉片中部布置監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)(RNPS21、RNPS22、RNPS23)、葉片下環(huán)附近布置監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)(RNPS31、RNPS32、RNPS33)。葉片吸力面記為RNSS,吸力面上的監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)布置情況與壓力面類似,轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片兩側(cè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)總計(jì)18個(gè)。尾水管監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)布置如圖4c、圖4d所示,從尾水管錐管段至彎肘段共選取4個(gè)監(jiān)控截面,每個(gè)截面布置4個(gè)壓力監(jiān)控點(diǎn),監(jiān)控點(diǎn)布置規(guī)則為:每個(gè)沿截面圓周順時(shí)針方向等間距對(duì)稱布置4個(gè)監(jiān)控點(diǎn),編號(hào)為DT01至DT04。其中DT表示尾水管,DT后第一位數(shù)字表示該點(diǎn)所在平面,后兩位數(shù)字表示監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)編號(hào),尾水管中監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)總計(jì)16個(gè)。
圖4 水輪機(jī)內(nèi)監(jiān)測(cè)位置示意圖
為探究轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化前后葉片幾何參數(shù)的變化對(duì)水輪機(jī)內(nèi)部水力振動(dòng)特征的影響,對(duì)各個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)所得的壓力脈動(dòng)統(tǒng)一壓力系數(shù)C進(jìn)行無量綱化如式(3)。通過快速傅里葉變換獲得水輪機(jī)內(nèi)不同部位的壓力脈動(dòng)頻譜特性。
基于文獻(xiàn)[28]建立的多能互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中水輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)輪的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方法得到的優(yōu)化前后的轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片。圖5為水輪機(jī)優(yōu)化前后的幾何形狀及葉片表面均勻分布的5個(gè)三維截面對(duì)比,其中Span0為葉片上冠處截面;Span1.00為葉片下環(huán)處截面;Span0.25、Span0.50、Span0.75為葉片中間均勻布置的3個(gè)截面。為了更為詳細(xì)的描述優(yōu)化前后葉片幾何差異,圖6分別給出了優(yōu)化前后葉片不同截面的安放角,包角及厚度分布。
從圖6a可以看出,葉片包角從頭部到尾部均有增加,且越靠近葉片出水邊(流向=1),包角的增加越明顯,尤其葉片下環(huán)處翼型包角由45°增加至51°,增幅約為13%,使得葉片長度增加10%,葉片的表面積也相應(yīng)增加。因此單位面積葉片上承受的壓差減小,有助于改善葉片的空化性能。圖6b中葉片優(yōu)化前后安放角差異最大的位置位于葉片靠上冠處,其余截面的安放角從頭部到尾部逐漸增加。葉片進(jìn)口靠上冠處安放角較原始葉片增大約7%,葉片進(jìn)口靠下環(huán)處安放角較原始葉片增大約5%,靠近葉片頭部10%~30%處安放角增加并不明顯。葉片出口從上冠至下環(huán),葉片安放角增加明顯,增加幅度約為12%。葉片進(jìn)出口安放角的增加必然會(huì)對(duì)尾水管內(nèi)的流動(dòng)狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生影響。圖6c中,優(yōu)化前后葉片厚度差異主要集中在Span 0.75和Span 1.00處,其余截面厚度變化較小,究其原因主要是由于葉片包角的增加使得葉片在軸面上的投影厚度增加。
注:Span表示葉高位置。
圖6 優(yōu)化前后葉片幾何參數(shù)對(duì)比
圖7為工況OP1和OP4轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片表面壓力分布,從圖可以看出,優(yōu)化后葉片包角增大長度增加使得葉片表面低壓區(qū)面積減小,壓力分布更加均勻。在OP1工況40%出力時(shí),優(yōu)化后葉片正面出水邊近上冠處以及葉片背面近下環(huán)處的低壓區(qū)明顯減小。葉片進(jìn)口處壓力增加了35.39 kPa,葉片尾部最低壓力提高了34.51 kPa。在100%出力工況時(shí),優(yōu)化后葉片進(jìn)口處壓力提升較為明顯,葉片從頭部到尾部的壓力梯度變化較大,葉片出水邊低壓區(qū)沿葉展方向的分布明顯減小。由圖8的轉(zhuǎn)輪軸面速度矩分布可以看出,額定工況(OP4),優(yōu)化前后轉(zhuǎn)輪軸截面上的速度矩分布差別較小,而低負(fù)荷工況(OP1),優(yōu)化后的轉(zhuǎn)輪進(jìn)出水邊速度矩分布更加均勻,因此葉片沿葉展方向的做功能力更加均衡,有助于改善低負(fù)荷區(qū)葉片表面的受力狀態(tài)。可見,優(yōu)化后的轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片在保證100%出力工況水輪機(jī)性能的情況下,能夠很好的改善低負(fù)荷區(qū)葉片頭部撞擊空化以及葉片背面翼型空化,從而降低水力損失,提高水輪機(jī)水力效率。
圖7 葉片表面壓力分布
圖8 轉(zhuǎn)輪軸面速度矩分布
水輪機(jī)內(nèi)部的復(fù)雜不穩(wěn)定渦是造成低負(fù)荷區(qū)運(yùn)行時(shí)性能惡劣的主要原因,圖9給出了40%出力工況時(shí)(OP1)轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)部的渦分布。從圖中可以看出,優(yōu)化前轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)的渦主要由葉道渦(渦1)、葉片靠上冠處過大正沖角引起的葉片背面脫流渦(渦2)、葉片靠下環(huán)處頭部過大負(fù)沖角引起的葉片正面脫流渦(渦3)、以及葉片背面出水邊的脫流渦區(qū)(渦4)組成。葉片靠上冠處,水流到達(dá)葉片頭部位置時(shí)以較大的正沖擊擾流葉片在葉片頭部背面形成脫流,當(dāng)脫流遠(yuǎn)離葉片背面時(shí)便產(chǎn)生回流,形成渦1;受渦1影響,使得葉道內(nèi)水流產(chǎn)生由葉片正面向相鄰葉片背面運(yùn)動(dòng)的趨勢(shì),并與轉(zhuǎn)輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向恰恰相反,因此形成渦2。由于優(yōu)化前葉片中部靠近下環(huán)處為負(fù)沖角,過大的負(fù)沖角使得葉片頭部正面產(chǎn)生脫流,隨著轉(zhuǎn)輪的旋轉(zhuǎn),當(dāng)葉片背面的水流運(yùn)動(dòng)至葉片中后方時(shí)產(chǎn)生大面積的脫流區(qū),形成渦4;而靠近下環(huán)處,受下環(huán)壁面的約束水流無法充分發(fā)展,因此在下環(huán)處形成從葉片頭部發(fā)展至尾部的旋轉(zhuǎn)渦,形成渦3。通過對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,葉片靠上冠處從頭部到尾部安放角增加改善了此處水流的繞流狀態(tài),有效的減小了葉道渦(渦1),破壞了渦2的形成條件;同時(shí)在葉片包角和安放角的增大使得葉片長度增加,延長了水流繞流葉片的路徑,使得水流能夠得到充分發(fā)展,有效的抑制了葉片背面出水邊的脫流渦4。轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)渦流的改善將有助于于降低水力損失和渦流引起的壓力脈動(dòng)。
圖10為40%出力工況下水輪機(jī)內(nèi)部湍動(dòng)能分布,從圖可以看出,轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)的高湍動(dòng)能區(qū)域也主要分布在產(chǎn)生渦的位置。葉片靠上冠處高湍動(dòng)能區(qū)主要位于葉片背面,其位置與渦1、渦2和渦4一致,如圖10c;葉片靠下環(huán)處的高湍動(dòng)能區(qū)主要存在于葉片頭部正面及葉片背面出水邊,其位置與渦3和渦4一致。通過對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,葉片進(jìn)口安放角增加,有效的減小了葉片頭部的正撞擊,抑制了葉片頭部渦2的形成,使得渦1的強(qiáng)度得以削弱;葉片出水邊安放角減加,改善了葉片背面的翼型脫流,很好的控制了葉片背面靠出水邊的脫流渦,使得此處的湍動(dòng)能減小。
轉(zhuǎn)輪幾何參數(shù)的變化不僅會(huì)引起轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)部流動(dòng)特性的變化,同時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)尾水管內(nèi)流態(tài)產(chǎn)生影響。圖11為轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化前后各個(gè)工況下尾水管渦帶及圖4c所示截面的壓力分布情況。可以看出,在OP1和OP2工況下,轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化前,尾水管錐管段形成一段明顯螺旋狀偏心渦帶,轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化后的尾水管渦帶強(qiáng)度明顯減小,渦帶偏心度也較小,各個(gè)截面的低壓區(qū)面積減小,壓力分布趨于均勻。OP3工況為最優(yōu)工況點(diǎn),水輪機(jī)整體流態(tài)較好,在轉(zhuǎn)輪出口與尾水管交界面中心位置形成柱狀渦帶,且低壓區(qū)一直處于尾水管中心位置,轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化后,由于尾水管最低壓力值升高,尾水管中心柱狀渦的體積明顯減小,在截面2處柱狀渦帶已經(jīng)消失。在OP4工況下,尾水管內(nèi)形成體積較大中心柱狀渦,尾水管中心壓力值更低,壓力分布具有明顯的對(duì)稱性,轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化后的尾水管內(nèi)的柱狀渦帶消失,形成半徑增加,但長度顯著減小的柱狀渦帶,很好的減小了尾水管渦帶的影響范圍。
3.2.1 轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)壓力脈動(dòng)分析
圖12和圖13分別為OP1工況和OP4工況轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化前后葉片兩側(cè)各個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)的時(shí)域與頻域圖。從圖可以看出,優(yōu)化前后葉片上各個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)的壓力脈動(dòng)系數(shù)隨時(shí)間變化規(guī)律相似,葉片進(jìn)口以及葉片中部處的壓力脈動(dòng)系數(shù)隨時(shí)間變化的趨勢(shì)較出口處比較平緩,出口處的壓力脈動(dòng)系數(shù)幅值相對(duì)較高。轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)頻率為轉(zhuǎn)頻f的壓力脈動(dòng)幅值很小。此外,葉片進(jìn)口邊靠下環(huán)位置(監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)RNPS31、RNSS31)與導(dǎo)葉的距離最近,轉(zhuǎn)輪旋轉(zhuǎn)過程動(dòng)靜干涉現(xiàn)象在該位置最為突出,因此出現(xiàn)了與導(dǎo)葉數(shù)相關(guān)的24f頻率的壓力脈動(dòng)。葉片優(yōu)化前,轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)以0.20f和0.80f頻率的壓力脈動(dòng)為主,葉片靠近上冠及中間位置的壓力脈動(dòng)幅值沿進(jìn)口至出口逐漸增加,葉片下環(huán)處壓力脈動(dòng)幅值變化均勻。優(yōu)化后轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)壓力脈動(dòng)幅值下降明顯,尤其是0.20f的低頻壓力脈動(dòng)基本消失。0.80f頻率的壓力脈動(dòng)在轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化前后均存在,且吸力面的幅值明顯大于壓力面,壓力脈動(dòng)幅值最大的位置分別為位于葉片出水邊的RNSS/PS13、RNSS/PS23這4個(gè)點(diǎn),可見,壓力脈動(dòng)幅值最大位置存在于葉片出水邊。轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化后靠葉片進(jìn)水邊及中間位置的幅值下降明顯,該現(xiàn)象與葉片背面脫流渦區(qū)4分布一致,而在葉片出水邊靠下環(huán)處(RNSS/PS33處),優(yōu)化后的壓力脈動(dòng)幅值有微小的上升,主要是由于優(yōu)化后渦4的體積明顯減小,且緊貼葉片與下環(huán)形成的三角區(qū)流出葉道,導(dǎo)致下環(huán)位置流動(dòng)紊亂,并引起壓力脈動(dòng)幅值的增加,可見該頻率的壓力脈動(dòng)主要由于葉片出水邊脫流渦4引起。轉(zhuǎn)輪進(jìn)口脫流渦(渦2、渦3)以及葉道渦(渦1)雖然并未產(chǎn)生明顯的壓力脈動(dòng),因此對(duì)低負(fù)荷情況下轉(zhuǎn)輪的穩(wěn)定性差的貢獻(xiàn)較小。從OP4工況(圖12)葉片表面壓力脈動(dòng)可知,優(yōu)化前后葉片表面的壓力脈動(dòng)差異較小,主要以轉(zhuǎn)頻f為主,在葉片進(jìn)口邊靠下環(huán)處由于與導(dǎo)葉的動(dòng)靜干涉作用存在主頻為24f的壓力脈動(dòng)??梢姡瑑?yōu)化后的轉(zhuǎn)輪能夠在保證額定工況的性能的情況下使得很好的改善低負(fù)荷區(qū)的壓力脈動(dòng)特征,使得各頻率的壓力脈動(dòng)幅值整體降低。
圖10 轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)部湍動(dòng)能分布
圖11 尾水管渦帶及截面壓力分布
注:fn為轉(zhuǎn)輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)頻率,Hz;Cp為壓力系數(shù)。
圖13 OP4工況轉(zhuǎn)輪壓力脈動(dòng)時(shí)域圖與頻域圖
3.2.2 尾水管內(nèi)壓力脈動(dòng)分析
圖14和圖15為OP1和OP4兩個(gè)工況下尾水管4個(gè)平面內(nèi)各個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)的壓力脈動(dòng)頻譜特性。尾水管上各個(gè)平面以主頻為0.20f的壓力脈動(dòng)為主,且其幅值遠(yuǎn)大于轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)存在的0.20f頻率的壓力脈動(dòng),并且在離轉(zhuǎn)輪較近位置(截面1)存在14f(葉片通過頻率)的壓力脈動(dòng)。
圖14 OP1工況尾水管壓力脈動(dòng)時(shí)域圖與頻域圖
圖15 OP4工況尾水管壓力脈動(dòng)時(shí)域圖與頻域圖(100%出力)
從圖14可以看出,在OP1工況,14f的壓力脈動(dòng)幅值較低,對(duì)尾水管內(nèi)部整體流態(tài)影響不大。在截面1、2上0.20f的壓力脈動(dòng)最大值出現(xiàn)在監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)3、4位置,隨著流態(tài)的發(fā)展,受逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的尾水管渦帶的影響,壓力脈動(dòng)的最大位置沿逆時(shí)針方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)移至截面3、4的測(cè)點(diǎn)2、3位置。轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化后,尾水管內(nèi)的壓力脈動(dòng)仍然為0.20f和14f兩個(gè)頻率,但壓力脈動(dòng)幅值有顯著的降低,其中一階主頻(0.2f)壓力脈動(dòng)最大幅值降低約45%,二階主頻(14f)壓力脈動(dòng)最大幅值降低約40%。從圖15可以看出,在額定工況下,尾水管錐管段的壓力脈動(dòng)較小,水流進(jìn)入彎肘段(截面4),過流通道的劇烈變化引起水流流動(dòng)狀態(tài)的變異,使得0.2f的低頻壓力脈動(dòng)幅值增加。同時(shí)位于截面1的14f頻率壓力脈動(dòng)幅值與OP1的差異較小,并未向下游傳遞。轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化前,尾水管內(nèi)0.2f的低頻壓力脈動(dòng)的壓力脈動(dòng)最大值的壓力系數(shù)為0.121、而優(yōu)化后幅值僅為0.0015,同時(shí)14f頻率壓力脈動(dòng)幅值也由0.0055降為0.0038,降幅約31%。可見,轉(zhuǎn)輪的通過頻率對(duì)水輪機(jī)尾水管的穩(wěn)定性影響較小,通過對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)輪進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,能夠很好地改善不同負(fù)荷區(qū)尾水管內(nèi)的低頻壓力脈動(dòng),進(jìn)而提高水輪機(jī)的穩(wěn)定性。
由上面分析可知,轉(zhuǎn)輪和尾水管內(nèi)均存在0.2f的低頻壓力脈動(dòng),且該頻率的壓力脈動(dòng)在尾水管內(nèi)幅值遠(yuǎn)大于轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi),因此推測(cè)該壓力脈動(dòng)來源于尾水管錐管段,與尾水管渦帶有關(guān)。為了進(jìn)一步證明該推測(cè),截取如圖16a所示的監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)DT105的時(shí)域信息圖(圖16b)的各個(gè)時(shí)刻尾水管中渦帶的形態(tài)(圖16c)進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。從尾水管渦帶形態(tài)可以看出,時(shí)刻A與C尾水管渦帶形態(tài)相似,相位相差360°,時(shí)刻B與D的尾水管渦帶形態(tài)似度極高。時(shí)刻在A,尾水管渦帶距監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)較遠(yuǎn),壓力脈動(dòng)系數(shù)為最小值。時(shí)刻B,螺旋狀的尾水管渦轉(zhuǎn)至監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)附近,此時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)壓力脈動(dòng)的波峰??梢娫趶臅r(shí)刻B到D(=3.22~4.51 s)尾水管渦帶運(yùn)動(dòng)一個(gè)周期,頻率約為0.2f,其后尾水管渦帶進(jìn)行重復(fù)性運(yùn)動(dòng),引發(fā)錐管段產(chǎn)生周期性壓力脈動(dòng)。由此可見,尾水管中0.20f是由尾水管渦帶引起。
注:A、B、C、D為波峰或波谷時(shí)刻。
通過對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片優(yōu)化前后的水輪機(jī)性能進(jìn)行分析可知,優(yōu)化后的轉(zhuǎn)輪能夠很好的改善水輪機(jī)在低負(fù)荷區(qū)的空化性能及穩(wěn)定性,更適用于風(fēng)光水多能互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)。
本文以多能互補(bǔ)運(yùn)行條件下的混流式水輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)輪為研究對(duì)象,對(duì)其進(jìn)行考慮工況權(quán)重系數(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)輪多工況優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),獲得適用于多能互補(bǔ)條件下的水輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)輪。并對(duì)優(yōu)化前后水輪機(jī)不同負(fù)荷區(qū)的運(yùn)行性能進(jìn)行詳細(xì)分析,得出以下結(jié)論:
1)基于前期的優(yōu)化結(jié)果,分析優(yōu)化前后葉片幾何參數(shù)可知,葉片包角及安放角從頭部到尾部均逐漸增加,優(yōu)化后葉片包角、安放角以及葉片長度的最大增幅分別為13%、7%和10%,且優(yōu)化后葉片表面壓力分布及轉(zhuǎn)輪進(jìn)出水邊速度矩分布更加均勻,有助于很好的改善低負(fù)荷區(qū)空化特性及能量轉(zhuǎn)換能力。
2)優(yōu)化后轉(zhuǎn)輪進(jìn)出口安放角的增加很好的抑制了轉(zhuǎn)輪進(jìn)口背面脫流渦及出水邊的脫流渦區(qū),改善了尾水管的入流條件,使得低負(fù)荷區(qū)尾水管最低壓力值升高,尾水管渦帶強(qiáng)度和影響范圍明顯減小。
3)低負(fù)荷區(qū)域,引起水輪機(jī)內(nèi)明顯壓力脈動(dòng)的因素有靠下環(huán)處的轉(zhuǎn)輪與導(dǎo)葉的動(dòng)靜干涉引起的頻率為24f壓力脈動(dòng)、葉片背面靠出水邊的不穩(wěn)定脫流渦引起的頻率為0.8f低頻壓力脈動(dòng)、轉(zhuǎn)輪出口動(dòng)靜干涉引起的頻率為14f壓力脈動(dòng)以及尾水管渦帶引起的頻率為0.2f低頻壓力脈動(dòng),且尾水管渦帶引起的壓力脈動(dòng)會(huì)向上游傳遞,使得轉(zhuǎn)輪內(nèi)的壓力脈動(dòng)狀況更加復(fù)雜。通過對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)輪進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,雖并未消除某個(gè)頻率的壓力脈動(dòng),但使得壓力脈動(dòng)的幅值明顯減小,尤其尾水管內(nèi)壓力脈動(dòng)改善明顯。低負(fù)荷工況(OP1)尾水管內(nèi)0.2f和14f壓力脈動(dòng)在幅值降幅可達(dá)45%和40%,額定工況(OP4)尾水管內(nèi)0.2f壓力脈動(dòng)基本消除,14f壓力脈動(dòng)幅值降幅為31%,很好的改善水輪機(jī)在低負(fù)荷區(qū)的運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定性。
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Influences of runner optimization on the stability performance of hydraulic turbine in the low-load range under the condition of multi-energy complementary
ZHAO Yaping1, ZHENG Xiaobo1※, ZHANG Huan2, GUO Pengcheng1
(1.-,,710048,; 2.,.,311121,)
Hydropower is often required to adjust the load in the multi-energy complementary system, due to the strong volatility, intermittency, and instability of new energy power generation. Therefore, the turbine is forced to operate in a low-load area with the low efficiency and severe vibration over a long time. The operating conditions vary frequently to threaten the stability and operating life of the unit. It is necessary to optimize the overcurrent components of the turbine for the hydroelectric unit in the multi-energy complementary system. The hydraulically unstable flow can be suppressed to broaden the high-efficiency operation range of the turbine. In this study, a multi-operating optimization of the runner was implemented to consider the weight coefficient in the operation of the turbine under the condition of multi-energy complementation of wind, solar and water. The runner of turbine was obtained suitable for the multi-energy complementary condition. The unsteady numerical analysis and comparison were also carried out on the turbines before and after optimization. The research results show that: An appropriate increase in the weight coefficient of the operating conditions in the low-load area was effectively improved the cavitation performance and the efficiency of the turbine after the multi-condition optimization, particularly with the operational performance of the turbine in the high-load area. There was an increase in the inlet and outlet placement angles of the optimized runner blades, leading to effectively reduce the attack angle of the heading edge of the blade and the flow angle of the tailing edge of the blade under low-load conditions. The vortex was better restrained from the heading edge to the back of the blade. There was an increase in the flow separation area at the tailing edge of the blade, and the inflow conditions of the draft tube. The strength of the vortex band in the draft tube was significantly reduced. Under the low load conditions, the pressure pulsation in the draft tube was mainly the 0.2flow-frequency pressure pulsation that caused by the vortex, and the low-amplitude pressure pulsation with the blade passing frequency at the inlet of the draft tube that caused by the rotation of the runner. The pressure pulsation in the runner was mainly the 0.8fn pressure pulsation that caused by the flow separation area at the tailing edge of the blade, while the 24fhigh-frequency pressure pulsation was caused by the dynamic and static interference between the guide vane and the runner near the band. The 0.2flow-frequency pressure pulsation was passed up from the draft tube. The pressure pulsation amplitudes of different frequencies in the runner and the draft tube were effectively reduced after optimization of the runner blade, indicating the particularly outstanding improvement of pressure pulsation in the draft tube. The amplitudes of pressure pulsation were reduced by 45% and 40%, respectively, in the draft tube with the frequency of 0.2fand 14funder the low load condition (OP1). There was no pressure pulsation with the frequency of 0.2fin the draft tube under rated condition (OP4). The amplitude of pressure pulsation of 14fn was reduced by 31%. The operation stability of the turbine was better improved in the low load area. The finding can provide a strong reference to optimize the operation of the turbine runner in the multi-energy complementary system.
hydro power; Francis turbine; pressure pulsation; multi-energy complementation; low load condition; vortex
2022-09-10
2023-01-13
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(52009105;51839010)
趙亞萍,博士,講師,研究方向?yàn)樗C(jī)械優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)及流動(dòng)分析。Email:zyp0168@xaut.edu.cn.
鄭小波,博士,副教授,研究方向?yàn)榱黧w機(jī)械振動(dòng)與穩(wěn)定性分析。Email:zxb@xaut.edu.cn
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202209081
S277.9+4; TK733+.3
A
1002-6819(2023)-07-0067-10
趙亞萍,鄭小波,張歡,等. 多能互補(bǔ)條件下轉(zhuǎn)輪優(yōu)化對(duì)水輪機(jī)低負(fù)荷區(qū)穩(wěn)定性能的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2023,39(7):67-76. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202209081 http://www.tcsae.org
ZHAO Yaping, ZHENG Xiaobo, ZHANG Huan, et al. Influences of runner optimization on the stability performance of hydraulic turbine in the low-load range under the condition of multi-energy complementary[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(7): 67-76. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202209081 http://www.tcsae.org