楊彩紅 馬媛
【摘 要】目的 探討頸動(dòng)脈超聲在腦梗死篩查中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法 選取2019年3月1日-2021年3月1日于我院行頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查的110例腦梗死患者納入腦梗死組,另選取同期90例健康體檢者納入健康體檢組,均行頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查,比較兩組頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(IMT)、檢出的斑塊總數(shù)、斑塊回聲情況、軟硬斑塊及潰瘍斑塊的情況。結(jié)果 腦梗死組IMT為(2.11±0.19)mm,高于健康體檢組的(0.86±0.14)mm,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);腦梗死組多發(fā)斑塊檢出率高于健康體檢者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);腦梗死組低回聲或混合性回聲斑塊比率高于健康體檢組,高回聲斑塊比率低于健康體檢者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);腦梗死組硬化斑塊、潰瘍斑塊比例均高于健康體檢組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 頸動(dòng)脈超聲可作為腦梗死篩查的有效方法,通過(guò)檢查頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜斑塊比率、斑塊回聲情況及斑塊性質(zhì)對(duì)腦梗死進(jìn)行篩查,有利于為后續(xù)治療方案的制定與實(shí)施提供準(zhǔn)確可靠的參考依據(jù)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】腦梗死;頸動(dòng)脈超聲;斑塊
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R445.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1004-4949(2023)01-0113-03
基金項(xiàng)目:上海市衛(wèi)健委衛(wèi)生行業(yè)臨床研究專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(編號(hào):20204Y0127)
Screening and Application value of Carotid Ultrasound in Cerebral Infraction
YANG Cai-hong1, MA Yuan2
(1.Huamu Community Health Service Center Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China; 2.Department of Ultrasound, Zhoupu Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Health Medical University, Shanghai 200000, China)
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the value of carotid ultrasound in screening cerebral infraction. Methods A total of 110 patients with cerebral infarction who underwent carotid ultrasonography in our hospital from March 1, 2019 to March 1, 2021 were enrolled in the cerebral infarction group, and 90 healthy subjects were enrolled in the healthy physical examination group. Carotid ultrasonography was performed to compare the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), the total number of detected plaques, plaque echo, soft and hard plaques, and ulcerated plaques between the two groups. Results The IMT of the cerebral infarction group was(2.11±0.19) mm, which was higher than that of the healthy physical examination group (0.86±0.14) mm, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The detection rate of multiple plaques in the cerebral infarction group was higher than that in the healthy subjects, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The ratio of low echo or mixed echo plaque in the cerebral infarction group was higher than that in the healthy physical examination group, and the ratio of high echo plaque was lower than that in the healthy physical examination group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The proportion of atherosclerotic plaques and ulcer plaques in the cerebral infarction group was higher than that in the healthy physical examination group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Carotid ultrasound can be used as an effective method for screening cerebral infarction. Screening for cerebral infarction by examining carotid intima plaque ratio, plaque echo and plaque properties is conducive to providing accurate and reliable reference for the formulation and implementation of subsequent treatment plans.
【Key words】Cerebral infarction; Carotid ultrasound; Plaques
腦梗死(cerebral infarction)又稱(chēng)缺血性腦卒中,是因?yàn)檠汗?yīng)障礙導(dǎo)致的腦組織局部缺氧、缺血、引起的壞死或者軟化,繼而出現(xiàn)各種不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的神經(jīng)功能性損傷癥狀[1-3]。腦梗死患病率為各類(lèi)腦血管疾病之首[4,5]。高血壓、糖尿病、遺傳等因素都可導(dǎo)致腦梗死的發(fā)生[6,7]。腦梗死治療時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、發(fā)病率、死亡率及致殘率均較高,給患者生命健康造成了一定的困擾。早診斷、早治療對(duì)腦梗死的預(yù)后具有重要意義。腦部血液的供應(yīng)主要來(lái)自于頸動(dòng)脈,因此頸動(dòng)脈的病變會(huì)阻礙腦部的血液供應(yīng)[8]。頸動(dòng)脈超聲作為一種無(wú)創(chuàng)、簡(jiǎn)便的方法能夠顯示頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜厚度、頸動(dòng)脈斑塊情況等指標(biāo),可用于評(píng)估腦梗死?;诖?,本研究旨在分析頸動(dòng)脈超聲對(duì)腦梗死的篩查及應(yīng)用價(jià)值,以期為臨床上篩查腦梗死高危人群提供一定參考依據(jù),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料 選取2019年3月1日-2021年3月1日于我院行頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查的110例腦梗死患者納入腦梗死組,另選取同期90例健康體檢者納入健康體檢組。所有入組腦梗死患者年齡≥18歲,且經(jīng)腦部CT或MRI確診。腦梗死組男61例,女49例;年齡48~72歲,平均年齡(63.88±4.08)歲;BMI 19.88~29.78 kg/m2,平均BMI(25.63±4.12)kg/m2。健康體檢組男50例,女40例;年齡54~73歲,平均年齡(60.55±6.41)歲;BMI 20.11~28.79 kg/m2,平均BMI(24.63±4.44)kg/m2。兩組性別、年齡及BMI比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究所有患者均知情同意,并簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2 方法 所有入組者均在GE LOGIQ P9多普勒超聲診斷儀下進(jìn)行頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查。受檢者采用平臥位,頭部轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)?cè),充分暴露并放松頸部肌肉,設(shè)置檢查深度4.0 cm,增益62 dB,將線陣探頭(3~12 MHz)置于受檢者頸部下頜角后方,順頸動(dòng)脈走行方向進(jìn)行掃描頸總動(dòng)脈、頸內(nèi)和頸外動(dòng)脈,給予橫切面、縱切面掃描檢查;觀察并記錄頸動(dòng)脈IMT、斑塊有無(wú)、斑塊回聲情況及斑塊性質(zhì)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件處理本研究數(shù)據(jù),計(jì)量資料以(x-±s)表示,行t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,行χ2檢驗(yàn);以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 兩組頸動(dòng)脈超聲IMT及斑塊檢出率比較 腦梗死組IMT為(2.11±0.19)mm,高于健康體檢組的(0.86±0.14)mm,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=62.231,P=0.002);腦梗死組多發(fā)斑塊檢出率高于健康體檢者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=107.261,P=0.000),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 兩組斑塊回聲情況比較 腦梗死組低回聲或混合性回聲斑塊比率高于健康體檢組,高回聲斑塊比率低于健康體檢者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=16.747,P=0.000),見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組斑塊性質(zhì)比較 腦梗死組硬化斑塊、潰瘍斑塊比例均高于健康體檢組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=12.521,P=0.002),見(jiàn)表3。
腦梗死主要發(fā)病于老年患者,是臨床上最常見(jiàn)的腦血管疾病之一[9]。腦梗死發(fā)病逐漸呈現(xiàn)年輕化趨勢(shì),嚴(yán)重威脅人們的身體健康[10]。腦梗死早期發(fā)現(xiàn)、早期治療有助于改善患者預(yù)后。臨床上對(duì)于腦梗死的診斷主要是CT或MRI,但CT檢查有輻射性,對(duì)人體有一定的傷害;而MRI價(jià)格較高,給患者造成一定經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[11,12]。動(dòng)脈硬化是導(dǎo)致腦梗死發(fā)病的主要原因,會(huì)導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈血管內(nèi)膜損傷、增厚、彈性下降[13,14]。頸動(dòng)脈是腦部供血的主要?jiǎng)用},頸動(dòng)脈的病變是造成腦梗死的重要原因[15]。頸動(dòng)脈超聲便捷、經(jīng)濟(jì)、無(wú)創(chuàng)傷等特點(diǎn),廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床檢查。但頸動(dòng)脈超聲在腦梗死的篩查及應(yīng)用價(jià)值尚有待驗(yàn)證。
動(dòng)脈硬化早期改變是動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞病變導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜損傷增厚,使動(dòng)脈彈性降低。本研究采用頸動(dòng)脈超聲方法檢查頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜厚度,發(fā)現(xiàn)腦梗死組IMT為(2.11±0.19)mm,高于健康體檢組的(0.86±0.14)mm(P<0.05),說(shuō)明超聲方法檢查頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜厚度可以作為篩查腦梗死篩查的指標(biāo)之一。此外動(dòng)脈硬化可造成內(nèi)膜脂質(zhì)積淀,形成斑塊導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈變硬。因此本研究采用頸動(dòng)脈超聲方法檢查頸動(dòng)脈斑塊檢出率,比較兩組多發(fā)無(wú)斑塊、單發(fā)斑塊及多發(fā)斑塊比率,發(fā)現(xiàn)腦梗死組多發(fā)斑塊檢出率高于健康體檢組(P<0.05)。進(jìn)一步采用頸動(dòng)脈超聲對(duì)斑塊回聲進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)腦梗死組頸動(dòng)脈超聲斑塊低回聲或混合性回聲斑塊比率高于健康體檢組,高回聲斑塊比率低于健康體檢組(P<0.05)。此外,本研究對(duì)斑塊性質(zhì)進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)腦梗死組硬化斑塊、潰瘍斑塊比例均高于健康體檢組(P<0.05)。分析認(rèn)為,腦梗死患者動(dòng)脈硬化的病理改變使得脂質(zhì)沉積,導(dǎo)致硬化斑塊和潰瘍斑塊形成,而潰瘍斑塊及含有脂質(zhì)核的低回聲斑塊易發(fā)生脫落破裂出血,因而更易發(fā)生不良的腦血管事件。頸動(dòng)脈超聲方法檢查頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜斑塊比率、斑塊回聲情況及斑塊性質(zhì)可以作為篩查腦梗死篩查的指標(biāo)之一。
綜上所述,由于頸動(dòng)脈超聲方法無(wú)創(chuàng)、操作方便,可通過(guò)檢查頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜斑塊比率、斑塊回聲情況及斑塊性質(zhì)對(duì)腦梗死進(jìn)行篩查,有利于為后續(xù)治療方案的制定與實(shí)施提供準(zhǔn)確可靠的參考依據(jù),具有一定的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
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編輯 劉雯