夏振堯,閆茹冰,張 倫,張千恒,4,朱志恩,董欣慧,向 瑞,代 運(yùn),肖 海,2
狗牙根根系抗拉性能對(duì)水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的響應(yīng)
夏振堯1,2,3,閆茹冰1,張 倫1,張千恒1,4,朱志恩1,董欣慧1,向 瑞1,代 運(yùn)1,肖 海1,2※
(1. 三峽庫(kù)區(qū)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,宜昌,443002;2. 三峽大學(xué)土木與建筑學(xué)院,宜昌,443002;3. 三峽庫(kù)區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境教育部工程研究中心,宜昌 443002;4. 葛洲壩集團(tuán)交通投資有限公司,武漢,430000)
為明確水淹脅迫下植物根系對(duì)水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的響應(yīng)特征,該研究以三峽庫(kù)區(qū)消落帶優(yōu)勢(shì)植物狗牙根根系為研究對(duì)象,以未水淹為對(duì)照,分析不同水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)下(0,15,30,60,90,120,150和180 d)狗牙根根重密度、根系活力及抗拉性能的變化規(guī)律,明確根系抗拉性能對(duì)水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的響應(yīng)規(guī)律。結(jié)果表明:隨著時(shí)間的增加,對(duì)照組根重密度和根系活力基本無(wú)明顯變化,而淹沒(méi)組根重密度與根系活力均隨水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)增加呈先急劇減小后緩慢減小的變化規(guī)律,水淹初期(15 d)減小量分別占根重密度和根系活力總減小量的65.15%和75.86%。水淹環(huán)境會(huì)明顯降低狗牙根根系抗拉性能,根系最大抗拉力和抗拉強(qiáng)度均隨水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增加而下降,180 d水淹分別造成根系抗拉系數(shù)和抗拉強(qiáng)度系數(shù)減小了59.46%和59.48%。不同直徑根系對(duì)水淹的響應(yīng)程度有所不同,根系最大抗拉力下降程度隨其直徑的增加而增加,0.6~0.7 mm直徑狗牙根根系最大抗拉力下降幅度最大,達(dá)7.56 N,抗拉強(qiáng)度下降程度則隨根系直徑的減小而增加,0.1~0.2 mm直徑狗牙根根系抗拉強(qiáng)度下降幅度最大,達(dá)36.42 MPa。因此,水淹顯著降低狗牙根根重密度、根系活力和抗拉性能(<0.05),根系活力能夠較好的解釋其抗拉性能的變化。研究結(jié)果對(duì)進(jìn)一步探究水淹脅迫下根系固土機(jī)理具有重要科學(xué)意義。
根系;抗拉性能;單根抗拉;水淹環(huán)境;根系活力;狗牙根;消落帶
植物是防治水土流失的重要積極因素,其根系具有加筋護(hù)坡固土作用[1],可將土體所受剪應(yīng)力轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樽陨硭芾瓚?yīng)力從而增強(qiáng)土體抗剪強(qiáng)度。根系抗拉力是反映根系固土抗蝕能力的重要參數(shù)[2],其抗拉強(qiáng)度也可作為評(píng)判根系固土能力的有效指標(biāo)[3]。
植物根系抗拉性能受到自身性質(zhì)(直徑、含水率、成分等)和外界環(huán)境因素(火燒、除草劑、損傷等)的影響[4]。大量研究表明根系抗拉力和抗拉強(qiáng)度隨根系直徑增加分別呈現(xiàn)冪函數(shù)的增加和減少[5]。根系含水率增加會(huì)降低細(xì)胞壁有機(jī)聚合物之間的鍵強(qiáng)度,從而減小根系抗拉強(qiáng)度[6-7]。SU等[8]研究表明根系抗拉性能與其成分密切相關(guān),纖維素和木質(zhì)素與根系抗拉強(qiáng)度呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。此外,KAMCHOOM等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)火燒與噴灑除草劑處理會(huì)改變根系成分組成,使得纖維素和木質(zhì)素快速下降,進(jìn)而造成根系抗拉強(qiáng)度降低。蘇日娜[10]研究表明損傷力越大,沙棘和楊柴根系愈傷后抗拉強(qiáng)度越小。王博[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)持續(xù)拉拔破壞對(duì)灌木根系組織、細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生極大破壞,形成的機(jī)械損傷對(duì)灌木根系活性的抑制作用顯著大于瞬時(shí)拉拔破壞,且受損自修復(fù)后根系生長(zhǎng)速率和力學(xué)性能均明顯變小。
消落帶是連接水陸生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的交錯(cuò)、過(guò)渡區(qū)域,兼具水域和陸地兩重屬性,也是生態(tài)環(huán)境比較脆弱的敏感地帶和易污染地帶,其原生植物會(huì)因持續(xù)水淹或交替水淹環(huán)境而影響其生理特征,甚至導(dǎo)致其死亡[12]。水淹環(huán)境明顯改變植物生境,而植物也通過(guò)自身改變以適應(yīng)水淹環(huán)境,研究表明植物對(duì)水淹環(huán)境的響應(yīng)策略主要分為“靜止型”和“逃避型”2類(lèi)[13]。其中,“逃避型”植物通過(guò)莖節(jié)間、葉片和葉柄等器官組織的劇烈伸長(zhǎng)以逃避水淹環(huán)境,增大與氣體和光照環(huán)境的接觸,從而減輕水淹對(duì)植物的脅迫,而“靜止型”植物則通過(guò)降低自身能量消耗使自身在水淹脅迫中能夠更長(zhǎng)期的存活。消落帶植物為適應(yīng)水淹環(huán)境而做出的生理生態(tài)響應(yīng),也勢(shì)必會(huì)影響其根系力學(xué)性能,但目前關(guān)于植物根系抗拉性能對(duì)水淹的響應(yīng)尚不清楚。因此,本研究以三峽庫(kù)區(qū)消落帶原生優(yōu)勢(shì)植物狗牙根根系為研究對(duì)象,以未水淹為對(duì)照,通過(guò)模擬水淹試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)分析水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)對(duì)狗牙根根系抗拉性能的影響,為進(jìn)一步探究水淹環(huán)境下根系固土機(jī)理,以期為三峽庫(kù)區(qū)消落帶植被恢復(fù)、水土治理以及生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護(hù)提供理論依據(jù)。
試驗(yàn)所用紫色土取自位于三峽庫(kù)區(qū)的湖北省宜昌市秭歸縣水田壩鄉(xiāng)(110°38′~110°44′E,30°21′~30°10′N(xiāo)),為三峽庫(kù)區(qū)消落帶代表性土壤類(lèi)型。將所采集的土壤運(yùn)至三峽大學(xué)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害與防治中心風(fēng)干后過(guò)5 mm篩并清除根系等雜質(zhì)后備用。烘干法測(cè)得土壤含水率為15.0%,環(huán)刀法測(cè)得土壤容重為1.35 g/cm3,電位法測(cè)得土壤pH值為6.80(水土比為5∶1),液塑限聯(lián)合測(cè)定法測(cè)得液限和塑限分別為33.70%和19.70%,篩分法測(cè)得土壤顆粒級(jí)配中>2.00、>0.50~2.00、>0.25~0.50、0.075~0.25和<0.075 mm顆粒分別占24.35%、40.34%、14.46%、12.45%和8.40%。
狗牙根()為禾本科多年生低矮草本植物,根系發(fā)達(dá),在水淹環(huán)境中具有快速恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)和迅速繁殖的能力[14],被認(rèn)為是三峽消落帶分布最廣泛的植物種類(lèi),也是目前消落帶各高程的優(yōu)勢(shì)種群[15]。
將風(fēng)干過(guò)篩后的土壤與2019年8月按照野外自然容重鋪填于面積約為60 m2的試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)地,隨后將狗牙根種子按照15 g/m2均勻撒播于土壤表面并開(kāi)始養(yǎng)護(hù)。種子萌發(fā)期早晚進(jìn)行澆水養(yǎng)護(hù),萌芽后每3~5 d澆水養(yǎng)護(hù)一次,2個(gè)月后自然養(yǎng)護(hù),期間及時(shí)清除樣地內(nèi)雜草以避免雜草過(guò)多擠壓狗牙根生存情況。水淹試驗(yàn)開(kāi)始前,狗牙根已經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)2 a以上。
三峽水庫(kù)采用“蓄清排渾”運(yùn)行方式,一般1月至5月為水位消退期,水位從175 m緩慢下降至145 m,5月至9月份為低水位期,除降雨影響外水位基本維持在145 m,9月至10月為水位回升期,水位從145 m逐漸回升至175 m,11月至次年1月底為滿(mǎn)庫(kù)運(yùn)行期,水位175 m[16]。庫(kù)區(qū)消落帶區(qū)域大部分水淹持續(xù)時(shí)間為6個(gè)月以下,因此本研究設(shè)置0,15,30,60,90,120,150和180 d共8個(gè)水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)以研究水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)對(duì)狗牙根根系性能的影響。于2021年9月開(kāi)始將狗牙根試樣(長(zhǎng)×寬×高為30 cm×30 cm×10 cm)淹沒(méi)于深度為60 cm水箱中(實(shí)際淹沒(méi)深度50 cm),進(jìn)行水淹處理(submersion group,SG)。水淹期間使用黑布覆蓋遮擋水箱上部和四周以模擬消落帶植物水淹后無(wú)光的狀態(tài),待達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)時(shí),隨機(jī)取出試樣用于后續(xù)分析。同時(shí),另一組試樣正常置于室外,不進(jìn)行水淹處理作為對(duì)照(control,CK),并在相應(yīng)水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)時(shí)隨機(jī)取出試樣用于分析。
本研究通過(guò)分析根重密度和根系活力變化以分別描述水淹對(duì)根系整體和根系狀態(tài)的影響。使用自制取樣盒(長(zhǎng)、寬、高均為10 cm)在所選取的試樣中取樣,然后采用水洗法將取樣盒中的根系獲取并置于60 ℃烘箱中烘干并稱(chēng)量,用于計(jì)算根重密度和根系含水率。經(jīng)測(cè),CK組根系含水率為94.55%±3.33%,SG組根系含水率為95.34%±2.89%,SG組根系含水率略大于CK組,但兩者無(wú)顯著性差異(>0.05)。同時(shí),將試樣中剩余根系全部洗出用于測(cè)定根系活力和抗拉性能。根系活力采用氯化三苯基四氮唑法(TTC—脫氫酶還原法)[17]測(cè)定,根系抗拉性能采用量程100 N、精度為0.50%的艾德堡數(shù)顯推拉計(jì)HP-100測(cè)定。在CK組和SG組中隨機(jī)剪取大小不一、順直且直徑均勻、完整無(wú)損的根段各30根(長(zhǎng)度為(100±5) mm)用于單根抗拉試驗(yàn)。使用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量根系兩端及中間部分直徑,以此計(jì)算出平均直徑作為單根直徑。隨后將測(cè)量直徑的單根放入自封袋并編號(hào),放入冰箱內(nèi)保鮮儲(chǔ)存,所有拉拔試驗(yàn)于24 h內(nèi)完成以避免根系脫水對(duì)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果造成影響。試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中抗拉試驗(yàn)速率為10.0 mm/min,所有靠近鉗口部分因夾斷或者根皮脫落等原因造成根系斷裂的試驗(yàn)均視為失敗,被拉斷部位在中間1/3段部位時(shí)視為成功。
根重密度是指單位體積土壤中根系的質(zhì)量,可按式(1)計(jì)算。
式中為根重密度,g/m3;為根系干質(zhì)量,g;為試樣體積,m3。
根系活力是指根系吸收和合成營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分以及氧化還原的能力,其直接影響植物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,是植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的重要生理指標(biāo)之一,按式(2)計(jì)算。
式中為根系活力,μg/(g·h);TTF為氯化三苯基四氮唑還原量,μg;W為根鮮質(zhì)量,g,為時(shí)間,h。
根系抗拉強(qiáng)度是指根系抵抗外部軸向拉伸作用時(shí)的最大能力,即根系最大負(fù)載力與其面積之比,是評(píng)估植物力學(xué)固坡效果的重要指標(biāo),按式(3)計(jì)算。
式中T為根系抗拉強(qiáng)度,MPa;F為最大抗拉力,N;為根系直徑,mm;
采用Excel進(jìn)行相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)處理,通過(guò)SPSS.22.0分析顯著性,采用Origin2019進(jìn)行圖形繪制與處理。
CK組狗牙根根重密度隨時(shí)間增加整體無(wú)明顯變化,其根系活力則呈現(xiàn)小幅度波動(dòng);而SG組根重密度和根系活力均隨水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增加呈現(xiàn)先減小后緩慢波動(dòng)的變化規(guī)律(圖1)。CK組在不同時(shí)間下狗牙根根重密度基本無(wú)顯著性差異(>0.05),根系活力則表現(xiàn)為前60 d顯著高于90~180 d;而各水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)下淹沒(méi)組根重密度和根系活力均顯著小于剛開(kāi)始水淹。與剛開(kāi)始水淹相比,水淹180 d根重密度與根系活力分別減少了28.42%和55.80%,根系活力減少幅度遠(yuǎn)大于根重密度的減少幅度,表明水淹對(duì)根系活力的影響更大。進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn)水淹初期(15 d)根重密度和根系活力減少量分別占總減小量的65.15%和75.86%,表明水淹初期對(duì)根系的影響最大,隨后根系逐漸適應(yīng)水淹環(huán)境,水淹對(duì)根系的影響減小。與CK組相比,除第0天外各水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)下SG組根重密度和根系活力均出現(xiàn)顯著(0.05)減小,說(shuō)明水淹明顯影響狗牙根根系性質(zhì)。
CK組在第0,15,30,60,90,120,150和180天時(shí)長(zhǎng)下根系最大抗拉力范圍分別為1.36~12.62,1.69~12.98,1.33~10.17,1.24~12.40,0.98~10.79,0.50~11.81,0.87~10.96和0.53~10.35 N,表明試驗(yàn)周期內(nèi)CK組根系最大抗拉力整體變化不大(表1)。SG組狗牙根根系最大抗拉力隨水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增加下降明顯,在第0,15,30,60,90,120,150和180天水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)下根系最大抗拉力范圍分別為1.36~12.62,0.80~6.94,0.46~9.33,0.72~5.82,0.20~4.79,0.50~5.31,0.37~4.46和0.33~4.85 N,表明水淹顯著影響根系最大抗拉力。此外,同一時(shí)長(zhǎng)下,水淹條件下根系最大抗拉力整體小于未水淹的對(duì)照組,同樣說(shuō)明水淹環(huán)境會(huì)減小根系最大抗拉力。
相同條件下狗牙根根系最大抗拉力隨根系直徑呈冪函數(shù)增加(式(4))(<0.01)[18],擬合結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。
注:不同大寫(xiě)字母表示同一時(shí)間不同處理差異顯著(<0.05);不同小寫(xiě)字母表示同一處理不同時(shí)間差異顯著(<0.05),CK為對(duì)照組,SG為淹沒(méi)組。
Note: Different capital letters indicate the significance differences of different processing methods at the same time (<0.05); Different lower case letters indicate the significance differences of different test time with the same processing methods (<0.05); CK is the control group and SG is the submerged group.
圖1 水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)對(duì)狗牙根根重密度與根系活力的影響
Fig.1 Effects of submersion duration on root density and root activity of
表1 根系直徑與狗牙根最大抗拉力擬合結(jié)果
CK組抗拉力系數(shù)隨著水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增加呈現(xiàn)先緩慢增大后緩慢減小至波動(dòng)穩(wěn)定的趨勢(shì),而SG組抗拉力系數(shù)則隨水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增大則呈現(xiàn)先急劇減小后緩慢減小的變化趨勢(shì),均與其根系活力變化趨勢(shì)基本一致。對(duì)于淹沒(méi)組,相比第0 天,水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)為15、30、60、90、120、150和180 d時(shí),根系的抗拉力系數(shù)分別減小了38.42%、42.86%、58.27%、52.48%、55.95%、57.03%和59.46%,水淹初期減小量占總減小量的64.61%,表明水淹前期對(duì)根系最大抗拉力影響最大,隨后影響減弱。CK組和SG組的抗拉力冪系數(shù)隨著時(shí)間變化而波動(dòng)變化,分別集中在1.46~1.80和1.36~1.73,CK組略大于SG組,表明水淹脅迫略微減小根系抗拉力隨根系直徑增大的增加速率。
CK組在第0、15、30、60、90、120、150和180天,根系的抗拉強(qiáng)度分別為30.73~78.86,28.04~70.72,28.93~55.95,28.13~88.32,24.17~36.45,24.61~52.32,26.33~53.99和24.86~50.95 MPa,表明試驗(yàn)周期內(nèi),CK組根系抗拉強(qiáng)度隨水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)增加略有減?。ū?2)。SG組狗牙根根系抗拉強(qiáng)度隨水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增加也出現(xiàn)明顯下降,在水淹第0、15、30、60、90、120、150和180天,根系的抗拉強(qiáng)度范圍分別為30.73~78.86,17.68~68.97,9.75~42.39,12.04~39.73,6.77~30.02,11.34~40.10,10.59~19.43和9.89~29.63 MPa,表明水淹明顯影響根系抗拉強(qiáng)度。各時(shí)長(zhǎng)下SG組狗牙根根系抗拉強(qiáng)度均明顯小于CK組,由此可知,水淹環(huán)境會(huì)降低狗牙根根系抗拉強(qiáng)度。
狗牙根根系抗拉強(qiáng)度與直徑之間呈冪函數(shù)負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系[19](式(5)),擬合結(jié)果見(jiàn)表2。
表2 直徑與狗牙根抗拉強(qiáng)度擬合結(jié)果
式中T為抗拉強(qiáng)度,MPa;為抗拉強(qiáng)度系數(shù),表征根系直徑為1時(shí)的抗拉強(qiáng)度;為抗拉強(qiáng)度冪系數(shù),表征根系抗拉強(qiáng)度隨根系直徑增大的減小速率,其值越小,表示減小速率越快。
CK組抗拉強(qiáng)度系數(shù)隨著時(shí)間的增加呈現(xiàn)先緩慢增大后緩慢減小至波動(dòng)穩(wěn)定的趨勢(shì),而SG組抗拉強(qiáng)度系數(shù)則隨水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增大則呈現(xiàn)先急劇減小后緩慢減小的變化趨勢(shì),均與其根系活力變化趨勢(shì)基本一致。相比第0天,水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)為15、30、60、90、120、150和180 d,根系的抗拉強(qiáng)度系數(shù)值分別減少了38.45%、42.87%、58.26%、52.50%、55.95%、55.95%和59.48%,水淹初期的減小量占值總減小量的64.64%,表明水淹初期對(duì)根系抗拉強(qiáng)度影響最大,之后影響減弱。CK組和SG組抗拉強(qiáng)度冪系數(shù)隨著水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增加均呈波動(dòng)變化,分別集中在-0.10~-0.54和-0.27~-0.64,SG組略大于CK組,表明水淹脅迫略微增大根系抗拉強(qiáng)度隨直徑增大而減小的速率。
不同時(shí)長(zhǎng)下CK組各徑級(jí)下狗牙根根系平均最大抗拉力變化不大,大致呈現(xiàn)先小幅度增加后波動(dòng)至穩(wěn)定的變化趨勢(shì),而SG組各徑級(jí)狗牙根根系平均最大抗拉力均呈現(xiàn)先在水淹初期快速減小,后期波動(dòng)穩(wěn)定的變化規(guī)律(圖2)。水淹對(duì)不同徑級(jí)狗牙根根系最大抗力的影響程度存在差異,水淹180 d時(shí)SG組0.1~0.2,>0.2~0.3,>0.3~0.4,>0.4~0.5,>0.5~0.6和>0.6~0.7 mm徑級(jí)的狗牙根根系經(jīng)水淹后平均最大抗拉力較第0天分別減小了1.02,1.64,0.95,3.50,4.49和7.56 N,說(shuō)明根系最大抗拉力下降程度隨其直徑的增加而增加。
圖2 水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)對(duì)各直徑級(jí)狗牙根最大抗拉力的影響
隨著時(shí)間的增加,CK組各徑級(jí)根系平均抗拉強(qiáng)度均呈現(xiàn)波動(dòng)穩(wěn)定的變化規(guī)律,其中小直徑(<0.3)波動(dòng)性更大,而SG組各徑級(jí)根系平均抗拉強(qiáng)度均呈現(xiàn)水淹初期快速減小,后期穩(wěn)定波動(dòng)的變化規(guī)律(圖3)。水淹對(duì)不同徑級(jí)根系抗拉強(qiáng)度的影響程度不一樣,與第0天相比,第180天SG組0.1~0.2、>0.2~0.3、>0.3~0.4、>0.4~0.5、>0.5~0.6和>0.6~0.7 mm徑級(jí)狗牙根根系經(jīng)水淹后平均抗拉強(qiáng)度分別下降了36.42、34.07、10.44、20.96、20.39和20.95 MPa,表明根系抗拉強(qiáng)度下降程度隨著根系直徑的減小而增加。
圖3 水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)對(duì)各直徑級(jí)狗牙根抗拉強(qiáng)度的影響
CK組根重密度和根系活力在試驗(yàn)期內(nèi)分別呈現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定和先增加后減小波動(dòng)穩(wěn)定的變化規(guī)律,這可能與季節(jié)變化相關(guān)。CK組根系活力與根重密度前期因植物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育而增加,進(jìn)入秋冬季后又因氣溫驟降,因而緩慢降低,待進(jìn)入春季氣溫回升后根系活力與根重密度略有提升。與CK組相比,水淹顯著減小根重密度和根系活力,且隨水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)增加,狗牙根根重密度和根系活力均呈現(xiàn)先快速減小后緩慢減小,與SAEKI等[20]研究的結(jié)果一致。水淹環(huán)境下,一方面供氧不足和缺氧會(huì)誘發(fā)狗牙根體內(nèi)酒精發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生乙醇,過(guò)量的乙醇積累會(huì)進(jìn)一步誘發(fā)植物產(chǎn)生酸毒癥[21],繼而抑制狗牙根的氧化還原能力,從而導(dǎo)致狗牙根的根系活力降低以及初生根的死亡。試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中觀(guān)察發(fā)現(xiàn)水淹15 d后靠近地面部分的根系逐漸變黑,至水淹180 d后根系出現(xiàn)大面積變黑情況。另一方面,植物厭氧代謝會(huì)消耗大量的碳水化合物[22],使根系碳水化合物含量顯著降低,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致根重密度的減小。與剛開(kāi)始水淹相比,水淹初期根重密度和根系活力降低值分別占整個(gè)水淹期降低值的65.15%和75.86%,之后根系為適應(yīng)水淹環(huán)境做出相應(yīng)自我調(diào)整,如水淹30 d后開(kāi)始生成不定根以增大根系與氧氣的接觸面積,水淹60 d時(shí)可以觀(guān)察到發(fā)育良好的不定根(圖4)。植物根系通過(guò)有氧呼吸增強(qiáng)根系氧化還原能力[23],提高對(duì)水淹的適應(yīng)性,但根系內(nèi)淀粉及可溶性糖的減少會(huì)促使根系繼續(xù)降低自身活力以適應(yīng)長(zhǎng)期水淹環(huán)境[24]。
a. 水淹30 d根系形態(tài) a. Root morphology in 30 d of submersionb. 水淹60 d根系形態(tài) b. Root morphology in 60 d of submersion
狗牙根根系抗拉力與抗拉強(qiáng)度隨水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增加而持續(xù)減小,這可能是由于持續(xù)水淹環(huán)境會(huì)造成根系受損甚至變黑腐爛,受損根系中的組織與細(xì)胞遭受?chē)?yán)重破壞,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致其抗拉性能的削弱[25]。狗牙根根系抗拉力和抗拉強(qiáng)度隨著直徑的增大分別呈冪函數(shù)增大和減小,這與國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者研究基本一致[26]。試驗(yàn)中SG組的擬合系數(shù)明顯小于CK組,表明水淹顯著影響狗牙根根系抗拉力及抗拉強(qiáng)度與直徑的關(guān)系。隨著水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增加,CK組和SG組的抗拉力系數(shù)和抗拉強(qiáng)度系數(shù)與根系活力變化趨勢(shì)基本一致,而相應(yīng)的冪系數(shù)則無(wú)明顯變化規(guī)律。為量化根系活力對(duì)上述系數(shù)的影響,回歸分析表明狗牙根抗拉力系數(shù)和抗拉強(qiáng)度系數(shù)與根系活力呈現(xiàn)極顯著對(duì)數(shù)相關(guān)(<0.01),而相應(yīng)冪系數(shù)則無(wú)顯著性相關(guān)關(guān)系(>0.05)(圖5),這可能是由于水淹環(huán)境下根系抗拉性能的下降與其根系活力的變化相關(guān),并且根系活力主要通過(guò)顯著影響根系最大抗拉力和抗拉強(qiáng)度與根系直徑關(guān)系進(jìn)一步影響根系抗拉性能。
在不同水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)下,各徑級(jí)根系對(duì)水淹環(huán)境的響應(yīng)各不同,狗牙根根系直徑越大,根系最大抗拉力下降的越明顯,而直徑越小,根系抗拉強(qiáng)度下降的越明顯。根系直徑越大,其中儲(chǔ)存的能量物質(zhì)越多,相應(yīng)日常生活所需消耗越大[27],而水淹環(huán)境下未提供足夠能量,大根徑根系相較小根徑根系進(jìn)行的無(wú)氧活動(dòng)更多,產(chǎn)生更多的毒害物質(zhì)造成大根徑根系氧化還原能力降低更快,因此根系直徑越大,根系最大抗拉力下降越快。此外,不同直徑級(jí)根系抗拉強(qiáng)度下降程度差異可能與根系中纖維含量有關(guān)[28],根系韌皮部纖維為吸收水分的活細(xì)胞,低級(jí)徑單根在含水量增加至30%左右的過(guò)程中,韌皮部纖維會(huì)吸收水分,細(xì)胞變得充盈使其韌性降低,更加容易被拉斷[29]。而根徑小的根系其韌皮部細(xì)胞較少,少量水份即可使細(xì)胞達(dá)到飽和,過(guò)多的水分使纖維變得脆弱,抗拉強(qiáng)度隨含水量增大而減小[30]。因而根系直徑越小,抗拉強(qiáng)度下降的越快。
圖5 根系活力與抗拉力、抗拉強(qiáng)度系數(shù)與冪系數(shù)的關(guān)系
值得注意的是,根系含水率對(duì)根系力學(xué)性能影響顯著[31]。ZHANG等[32]研究證明草本植物根系抗拉強(qiáng)度隨含水量的增加呈線(xiàn)性下降,HALES等[33]在木本植物試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)了類(lèi)似規(guī)律。根系中水分的積累會(huì)破壞細(xì)胞壁中半纖維素、纖維素和木質(zhì)素復(fù)合物之間的氫鍵,使根系內(nèi)部微纖絲、微晶和纖維之間的距離變大[34],導(dǎo)致有機(jī)聚合物間結(jié)合強(qiáng)度降低,進(jìn)而造成根系抗拉性能的下降。然而,本研究中SG組根系含水率雖然略大于CK組根系含水率,但兩組之間無(wú)顯著性差異(>0.05),因此可認(rèn)為根系含水率對(duì)本研究結(jié)果的影響有限。
此外,除水淹脅迫外,庫(kù)水周期性浸泡條件下的消落帶土壤,其物理、化學(xué)特性均會(huì)發(fā)生變化,勢(shì)必也會(huì)對(duì)植物及根系的生長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生影響,因周期性浸泡產(chǎn)生的土壤理化特性變化進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致的植物根系力學(xué)特性變化貢獻(xiàn)有待進(jìn)一步研究。
1)水淹環(huán)境下狗牙根根重密度與根系活力隨淹沒(méi)時(shí)間增加呈現(xiàn)先急劇降低后持續(xù)降低的變化規(guī)律,水淹初期減小量分別占根重密度總減小量的65.15%、根系活力總減小量的75.86%。
2)水淹環(huán)境會(huì)顯著降低狗牙根抗拉性能,根徑與根系最大抗拉力系數(shù)和抗拉強(qiáng)度系數(shù)均隨水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增加而下降,水淹初期抗拉力系數(shù)和抗拉強(qiáng)度系數(shù)的減少量分別占總減小量的64.61%和64.64%。
3)不同直徑根系面對(duì)水淹環(huán)境的響應(yīng)程度不同,0.6~0.7 mm徑級(jí)的狗牙根根系最大抗拉力下降幅度最大,達(dá)7.56 N,0.1~0.2 mm徑級(jí)的狗牙根根系抗拉強(qiáng)度下降幅度最大,達(dá)36.42 MPa。
4)根系活力與抗拉力系數(shù)和抗拉強(qiáng)度系數(shù)具有良好的對(duì)數(shù)擬合關(guān)系,水淹環(huán)境造成的根系活力降低,進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致根系抗拉性能的下降。
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Response of tensile properties inroot to submersion duration
XIA Zhenyao1,2,3, YAN Rubing1, ZHANG Lun1, ZHANG Qianheng1,4, ZHU Zhi’en1, DONG Xinhui1, XIANG Rui1, DAI Yun1, XIAO Hai1,2※
(1.,,443002,;2.,,443002,; 3.-,,443002,; 4..,.,430000)
Plants can significantly alter the physiological and ecological characteristics to adapt to the continuous submersion in the water-level fluctuation zone, thus leading to the performance of root on soil reinforcement. However, it is still unclear on the effects of submersion duration on the tensile properties of plant roots. In this study, the dominant plant in the water-level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges reservoir area,, was selected as the research object. The seeds were sown at 15 g/m2on a purple soil field in August 2019, and the maintenance was then conducted more than two years before the beginning of the submersion test. Samples were taken in September 2021 and then submersed in the water tank with a submerged depth of 50 cm. Among them, the water tank was covered with the black cloth to simulate the dark condition during submersion. The unsubmerged condition was used as the control. The root weight density, root activity, and tensile properties were analyzed under eight submersion durations (0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 d), in order to evaluate the response of tensile properties ofroot to submersion duration. The results indicated that there was a rapid decrease in the root weight density and root activity, followed by a slow but continuous decline with the increasing of submersion duration in the submersion group, compared with the control. The root weight density and root activity decreased by 28.42%, and 55.80%, respectively, for the submersion duration 180 d, compared with at the beginning of the submersion test. The root weight density and root activity decrease in the initial stage of submersion (15 d), accounting for 65.15% and 75.86% of the total decrement, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum tensile strength of the root was closely related to the root diameter with the power function. The tensile force and tensile strength coefficientdecreased with the increase of submersion duration, while the tensile force and tensile strength power coefficientshowed no outstanding change. The tensile force and tensile strength coefficientfor the relation of root diameter with the maximum tensile strength and tensile strength decreased by 38.42%, 42.86%, 58.27%, 52.48%, 55.95%, 57.03%, 59.46%, and 38.45%, 42.87%, 58.26%, 52.50%, 55.95%, 55.95%, and 59.48%, respectively for the submersion duration15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 d, compared with at the beginning of the submersion test. The initial stage of submersion accounted for 64.61% and 64.64% of the total decrement of fitting tensile force and tensile strength coefficientand, respectively. The response degree of root tensile properties to the submersion also varied with the root diameter. Specifically, the decrement of the maximum tensile strength increased with the increase of root diameter, while the decrement of tensile strength increased with the decrease of root diameter. Moreover, the tensile force and tensile strength coefficientfor the relation of root diameter with the maximum tensile strength and tensile strength shared a significant logarithmic relationship with the root activity. Therefore, the submersion environment significantly reduced the root weight density, root activity, and tensile properties. The root activity can be expected to better explain the changes in the tensile properties. The finding can be of great significance to explore the plant root on soil reinforcement under a submersion environment in the water-level fluctuation zone.
root; tensile properties; single root tensile strength; submersion environment; root activity;root; water-level fluctuation zone
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202212097
S157.9
A
1002-6819(2023)-06-0103-08
夏振堯,閆茹冰,張倫,等. 狗牙根根系抗拉性能對(duì)水淹時(shí)長(zhǎng)的響應(yīng)[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2023,39(6):103-110.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202212097 http://www.tcsae.org
XIA Zhenyao, YAN Rubing, ZHANG Lun, et al. Response of tensile properties inroot to submersion duration[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(6): 103-110. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202212097 http://www.tcsae.org
2022-12-13
2023-02-11
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金聯(lián)合基金重點(diǎn)支持項(xiàng)目(U21A2031;U2040207);“土木工程防災(zāi)減災(zāi)湖北省引智創(chuàng)新示范基地”項(xiàng)目(2021EJD026);中國(guó)三峽建設(shè)管理有限公司科研項(xiàng)目(BHT/0869)
夏振堯,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。研究方向?yàn)樯飵r土水土治理。Email:xzy_yc@126.com
肖海,博士,副教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。研究方向?yàn)樯飵r土水土治理。Email:oceanshawctgu@163.com