司澤田,陳 萍,任秀錦,向家偉
硫酸廢液機(jī)械蒸汽再壓縮減壓膜蒸餾特性分析
司澤田1,陳 萍2,任秀錦1,向家偉1※
(1. 溫州大學(xué)機(jī)電工程學(xué)院,溫州 325035;2. 浙江省特種設(shè)備科學(xué)研究院,杭州 310020)
為了高效回收處理工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的硫酸廢液,該研究提出了一種機(jī)械蒸汽再壓縮減壓膜蒸餾系統(tǒng)。首先,基于質(zhì)量和能量守恒定律建立數(shù)學(xué)模型,并設(shè)計(jì)搭建了系統(tǒng)試驗(yàn)裝置,初步以自來(lái)水為測(cè)試對(duì)象開(kāi)展了可行性驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn);然后以硫酸溶液為研究對(duì)象,借助Matlab軟件進(jìn)行迭代求解計(jì)算,模擬分析操作參數(shù)對(duì)系統(tǒng)熱力特性的影響規(guī)律。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明系統(tǒng)膜通量和電導(dǎo)率分別為1.6 kg/(m2·h)和48 μS/cm,單位加熱能耗hec和系統(tǒng)性能系數(shù)op分別為71.88 kWh/t和8.88,比常規(guī)蒸汽加熱的減壓膜蒸餾系統(tǒng)節(jié)能74.7%。模擬結(jié)果表明,進(jìn)料濃度增加,壓縮機(jī)功耗增加,但性能系數(shù)op減?。贿M(jìn)料溫度、進(jìn)料流速以及滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力增加,壓縮機(jī)功耗減小,op增加。因此,該系統(tǒng)具有良好的節(jié)能性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性和環(huán)境效益,應(yīng)用前景廣闊。
硫酸;膜蒸餾;膜通量;機(jī)械蒸汽再壓縮;單位加熱能耗;節(jié)能
硫酸作為一種基本原料,除了在鋼鐵、石化、氯堿、鈦白等工業(yè)方面的應(yīng)用之外,在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用也特別廣泛,例如化肥生產(chǎn)、農(nóng)藥生產(chǎn)、土壤改良等。然而,由于生產(chǎn)設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)陋、技術(shù)條件落后以及環(huán)境保護(hù)意識(shí)淡薄,在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的硫酸廢液,將其直接排放不僅造成資源浪費(fèi)和環(huán)境污染,還會(huì)引起土壤酸化,致使一些有害物質(zhì)被植物吸收,從而對(duì)食品安全造成重大隱患。目前,硫酸廢液的處理主要以中和、高溫裂解、化學(xué)氧化、萃取、單效蒸發(fā)(single effect evaporation, SEE)和多效蒸發(fā)(multiple effect evaporation, MEE)等為主,普遍存在分離效率低、能耗高、二次污染大、運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定性差等問(wèn)題[1-2]。因此,合理、高效地處理硫酸廢液成為眾多行業(yè)的迫切需求。
膜蒸餾是一種新興的熱驅(qū)動(dòng)分離過(guò)程,是以疏水微孔膜為屏障,在膜兩側(cè)蒸汽壓差的驅(qū)動(dòng)下,熱側(cè)溶液中的水分子在膜表面蒸發(fā)并透過(guò)膜孔到達(dá)冷側(cè),而溶質(zhì)分子無(wú)法通過(guò)膜孔,實(shí)現(xiàn)溶液的高純分離[3-5]。根據(jù)冷側(cè)水蒸汽的冷凝方式不同,膜蒸餾可分為直接接觸式(direct contact membrane distillation, DCMD)、氣隙式(air gap membrane distillation, AGMD)、氣掃式(sweep gas membrane distillation, SGMD)和減壓式(vacuum membrane distillation, VMD)。其中,VMD技術(shù)通過(guò)在冷側(cè)創(chuàng)造真空低壓環(huán)境增加跨膜驅(qū)動(dòng)蒸汽壓差,顯著提高了膜通量并且降低了熱損失,已廣泛應(yīng)用于海水淡化、廢水處理、中藥濃縮以及食品加工等領(lǐng)域[6-8]。CRISCUOLI等[9]采用VMD技術(shù)對(duì)果汁進(jìn)行脫水濃縮。WU等[10]采用VMD系統(tǒng)處理離子水溶液。近年來(lái),一些研究者嘗試采用聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE)膜組件處理強(qiáng)酸溶液,并取得了良好的效果[11]。ZHANG等[12]采用VMD濃縮硫酸溶液,分離效率高達(dá)100%。李潛等[13]采用萃取法結(jié)合VMD處理稀硫酸溶液,酸回收率可達(dá)92.15%。
然而,現(xiàn)有的VMD技術(shù)普遍以鍋爐新鮮蒸汽或電能作為加熱熱源,并無(wú)蒸汽潛熱回收裝置,膜通量小、能耗高。機(jī)械蒸汽再壓縮(mechanical vapor recompression, MVR)[14-16]是將蒸發(fā)器產(chǎn)生的二次蒸汽經(jīng)過(guò)蒸汽壓縮機(jī)壓縮,提高其溫度和壓力,再將其作為熱源加熱料液,從而充分回收利用二次蒸汽潛熱,是一種高效節(jié)能技術(shù)。LI 等[17]采用蒸汽壓縮過(guò)程回收生物乙醇VMD過(guò)程所產(chǎn)的二次蒸汽潛熱,通過(guò)理論分析預(yù)測(cè)蒸發(fā)能耗會(huì)得到有效降低。WANG等[18]開(kāi)發(fā)了一套MVR耦合VMD海水淡化系統(tǒng),并研究了系統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)水特性和節(jié)能特性。
綜上所述,針對(duì)MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)處理硫酸廢液,現(xiàn)有的研究主要以理論分析為主,未能通過(guò)試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證其節(jié)能效果。本文以硫酸溶液為研究對(duì)象,設(shè)計(jì)搭建了一種MVR-VMD系統(tǒng),通過(guò)建立數(shù)學(xué)模型,采用數(shù)值模擬和試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證相結(jié)合的方法,研究了操作參數(shù)對(duì)MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)熱力性能的影響,并綜合分析了系統(tǒng)的節(jié)能性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性和環(huán)境效益,以期為MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)和工業(yè)化應(yīng)用提供參考。
本文建立的MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)組成如圖1所示,主要包含進(jìn)料水箱、減壓膜組件、蒸汽壓縮機(jī)、換熱器、冷凝水箱、循環(huán)泵、真空泵及其他輔助設(shè)備。系統(tǒng)通過(guò)外部熱源將進(jìn)料水箱中的硫酸溶液預(yù)熱至一定溫度,在循環(huán)泵的作用下進(jìn)入減壓膜組件殼程,而減壓膜組件管程在真空系統(tǒng)的抽吸作用下處于一定的負(fù)壓狀態(tài),減壓膜組件內(nèi)硫酸料液中的水分子通過(guò)熱邊界層到達(dá)熱側(cè)膜表面,膜表面部分水分子吸收一定的熱量蒸發(fā),在膜兩側(cè)蒸汽壓差的驅(qū)動(dòng)下透過(guò)膜孔到達(dá)滲透?jìng)?cè),自出口直接進(jìn)入蒸汽壓縮機(jī)壓縮增溫增壓,再進(jìn)入換熱器向硫酸溶液釋放潛熱,最終冷凝成為液態(tài)水進(jìn)入冷凝水箱,減壓膜組件濃縮液受熱后返回進(jìn)料水箱繼續(xù)循環(huán)濃縮,達(dá)到設(shè)定濃度之后進(jìn)入下一個(gè)利用環(huán)節(jié)。系統(tǒng)僅在啟動(dòng)初期需要外部熱源,運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定之后便可自行完成蒸發(fā)過(guò)程。
注:1、2、3、4、5和6分別代表減壓膜組件的溶液進(jìn)口、減壓膜組件的蒸汽出口、蒸汽壓縮機(jī)的蒸汽出口、換熱器的冷凝水出口、減壓膜組件的濃縮液出口和換熱器的濃縮液出口。
根據(jù)質(zhì)量和能量守恒定律建立MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)數(shù)學(xué)模型,為簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算過(guò)程,作如下假設(shè)[19-22]:
1)系統(tǒng)處于穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行狀態(tài);
2)忽略系統(tǒng)不凝性氣體的影響;
3)蒸汽壓縮機(jī)壓縮過(guò)程為絕熱壓縮過(guò)程;
4)二次蒸汽在換熱器中冷凝成為同等壓力下的飽和液態(tài)水。
減壓膜組件分為溶液進(jìn)口、溶液出口和蒸汽出口,內(nèi)部由多根中空膜管組成,殼程為溶液,管程為蒸汽,減壓膜組件質(zhì)量平衡方程為
式中1、2和5分別為進(jìn)料溶液、蒸汽和出料溶液的質(zhì)量流量,kg/s;1和5分別為進(jìn)料溶液和出料溶液的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),%。
能量平衡方程為
式中1、2和5分別為進(jìn)料溶液、蒸汽和出料溶液的比焓,kJ/kg。
減壓膜組件熱側(cè)料液主體通過(guò)邊界層向膜表面的傳熱屬于對(duì)流傳熱過(guò)程,傳遞的熱量f為
式中1為減壓膜進(jìn)口溶液溫度,K;5為出料溶液溫度,K;f和fm分別為減壓膜主體溶液和熱側(cè)膜表面溫度,K;為水力半徑,m;為溶液的熱導(dǎo)率,W(m·K);為努塞爾數(shù);f為對(duì)流傳熱系數(shù)[23],W/(m2·K)。
跨膜傳遞熱量m可表示為
式中為膜通量,kg/(m2·h);為汽化潛熱,kJ/kg。在穩(wěn)定流動(dòng)狀態(tài)下,忽略跨膜導(dǎo)熱損失[24],熱側(cè)傳熱傳質(zhì)過(guò)程中熱量平衡方程為
減壓膜蒸餾進(jìn)行熱量傳遞的同時(shí)伴隨著質(zhì)量傳遞,跨膜傳質(zhì)方程為
式中為膜孔徑,μm;為孔隙率,%;為膜厚度,m;v為黏度,Pa·s;為曲折因子;m為水分子相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量;為理想氣體狀態(tài)常數(shù);m為膜孔平均溫度,K;m為膜孔平均壓力,kPa。
蒸汽壓縮機(jī)的功率為[26-27]
式中3為出口蒸汽比焓,kJ/kg;th為絕熱效率,%;me為機(jī)械效率,%;mo為電機(jī)效率,%;com為功率,W。
蒸汽壓縮機(jī)對(duì)二次蒸汽壓縮之后,其出口蒸汽狀態(tài)屬于過(guò)熱,過(guò)熱蒸汽溫度3為
式中2為進(jìn)口蒸汽溫度,K;為壓縮比;3為壓縮機(jī)出口水蒸汽壓力,Pa;為多變指數(shù)。
由系統(tǒng)熱力過(guò)程可知,蒸汽壓縮機(jī)進(jìn)出口蒸汽壓力所對(duì)應(yīng)的蒸汽飽和溫差為
式中Δhe為換熱器有效傳熱溫差,即換熱器出口溶液與冷凝水飽和溫度之差,K;sp為滲透?jìng)?cè)水蒸汽分壓對(duì)應(yīng)的純水飽和溫度,K;ΔVMD為減壓膜組件進(jìn)料溶液與滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力下純水飽和溫度之差,K。
冷側(cè)濃縮液吸收的熱量等于熱側(cè)蒸汽冷凝釋放的潛熱,熱量平衡方程為
式中4和6分別為熱側(cè)冷凝水和冷側(cè)出口溶液的比焓,kJ/kg。
單位加熱能耗(specific heating energy consumption,hec)是指蒸發(fā)1 t水所需要的加熱能耗,計(jì)算如下:
式中m為有效膜面積,m2。
系統(tǒng)性能系數(shù)(performance coefficient,op)為溶液在換熱器中吸收的熱量與蒸汽壓縮機(jī)功耗之比[28],其值越大,系統(tǒng)的能量利用效率越高,計(jì)算如下:
為了驗(yàn)證本文MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)的可行性,初步選用自來(lái)水為原料液進(jìn)行模擬試驗(yàn)。
自來(lái)水預(yù)先儲(chǔ)存于進(jìn)料水箱中,利用電加熱預(yù)熱進(jìn)料水箱。減壓膜組件由南京朗天科技生產(chǎn),材料為PTFE膜,孔徑為0.2 μm,孔隙率為80%,膜面積為20 m2。蒸汽壓縮機(jī)由江蘇樂(lè)科節(jié)能科技生產(chǎn),功率為3 kW;換熱器由浙江鴻遠(yuǎn)科技生產(chǎn),換熱面積為4.94 m2。循環(huán)泵由上海人民泵業(yè)生產(chǎn),功率為2.2 kW。真空泵由山東博山大明生產(chǎn),功率為0.81 kW。圖2為MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)試驗(yàn)裝置。
試驗(yàn)主要包括系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)水效果試驗(yàn)和節(jié)能效果試驗(yàn)。首先,采用單因素法測(cè)量不同進(jìn)料溫度、進(jìn)料流速和滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力下系統(tǒng)的膜通量和產(chǎn)水電導(dǎo)率,分析系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)水效果。其次,連續(xù)測(cè)量蒸汽壓縮機(jī)、減壓膜組件和換熱器等關(guān)鍵部件進(jìn)出口溫度、壓力及功率等參數(shù),分析系統(tǒng)的節(jié)能效果。表1是測(cè)試系統(tǒng)儀器技術(shù)參數(shù)。為了保證試驗(yàn)過(guò)程測(cè)試精度,每個(gè)試驗(yàn)工況重復(fù)3次,結(jié)果取平均值。
圖2 機(jī)械蒸汽再壓縮減壓膜蒸餾系統(tǒng)試驗(yàn)裝置
表1 測(cè)量?jī)x器型號(hào)及技術(shù)參數(shù)
基于所建立的數(shù)學(xué)模型,首先以自來(lái)水為進(jìn)料溶液進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬求解,然后利用自來(lái)水的實(shí)際測(cè)試結(jié)果,對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)模型進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。在進(jìn)料溫度、滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力和換熱器傳熱溫差分別為358.15 K、56 kPa和3 K的條件下,減壓膜組件出口蒸汽溫度(2)與換熱器出口冷凝水溫度(4)的試驗(yàn)值與模擬值的變化情況如圖3所示,試驗(yàn)值的誤差棒保持在15%以內(nèi),試驗(yàn)值具有可重復(fù)性和準(zhǔn)確性;模擬值和試驗(yàn)值變化趨勢(shì)基本一致,其最大相對(duì)誤差小于15%,數(shù)學(xué)模型準(zhǔn)確可靠,可用于后續(xù)的系統(tǒng)性能模擬分析。
圖3 出口蒸汽溫度(T2)與換熱器出口冷凝水溫度(T4)模擬值和試驗(yàn)值對(duì)比
以自來(lái)水為蒸發(fā)對(duì)象,在進(jìn)料溫度、進(jìn)料流速、滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力和換熱器傳熱溫差分別為358.15 K、2.8 m/s、54 kPa和2 K條件下,開(kāi)展系統(tǒng)單工況運(yùn)行試驗(yàn),穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行1 h后,膜通量為1.6 kg/(m2·h),產(chǎn)水電導(dǎo)率為48 μS/cm,明顯低于自來(lái)水的電導(dǎo)率(200 μS/cm),顯然,本系統(tǒng)所產(chǎn)冷凝水非常純凈。在運(yùn)行過(guò)程中壓縮機(jī)的頻率為30 Hz,壓縮機(jī)進(jìn)出口壓力分別為54和62.5 kPa,ΔVMD和Δcom分別為1.74和3.74 K,通過(guò)測(cè)定壓縮機(jī)電機(jī)的電流和電壓,并根據(jù)廠家提供的壓縮機(jī)功率因子(0.81)計(jì)算可得其功率為2.3 kW,hec和op分別為71.88 kWh/t和8.88,整個(gè)蒸發(fā)過(guò)程僅需少量的電能驅(qū)動(dòng)壓縮機(jī),無(wú)需消耗外部熱源,節(jié)能效果明顯。為進(jìn)一步研究系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行特性,開(kāi)展多工況試驗(yàn),結(jié)果如表2。由表2可知:系統(tǒng)在不同進(jìn)料溫度、進(jìn)料流速和滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力下均能夠穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)水,最高膜通量為3.00 kg/(m2·h),最低膜通量為0.6 kg/(m2·h),系統(tǒng)能夠有效利用內(nèi)部二次蒸汽潛熱,實(shí)現(xiàn)原料液的穩(wěn)定蒸發(fā)。
表2 不同進(jìn)料溫度(T1)、進(jìn)料流速(V1)和滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力(P2)下系統(tǒng)的膜通量(N)
以硫酸溶液近似代替實(shí)際硫酸廢液,通過(guò)查閱相關(guān)物性手冊(cè)和文獻(xiàn)[29-30],獲得實(shí)際硫酸溶液物性參數(shù)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),利用正交多項(xiàng)式回歸法[31],擬合得到硫酸溶液在不同溫度、濃度條件下密度、比熱容、黏度和熱導(dǎo)率的計(jì)算式[32],計(jì)算結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的平均相對(duì)誤差為0.55%、0.34%、10.2%和0.31%,擬合得到的硫酸溶液物性參數(shù)較為準(zhǔn)確?;诮⒌臄?shù)學(xué)模型,編制計(jì)算程序,利用Matlab軟件進(jìn)行迭代求解。根據(jù)實(shí)際壓縮機(jī)和減壓膜組件的處理容量,設(shè)定蒸發(fā)速率為200 kg/h,通過(guò)數(shù)值模擬分析進(jìn)料濃度、進(jìn)料溫度、進(jìn)料流速以及滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力等參數(shù)對(duì)系統(tǒng)熱力特性的影響。
4.2.1 進(jìn)料濃度對(duì)熱力特性的影響
在進(jìn)料溫度、進(jìn)料流速和換熱器傳熱溫差為358.15 K、1 m/s和6 K的條件下,進(jìn)料濃度對(duì)ΔVMD、Δcom、壓縮機(jī)功率和op的影響如圖4、圖5所示,進(jìn)料濃度從5%增加至35%時(shí),ΔVMD值從5.39 K增加至12.24 K,Δcom值從11.39 K增加至18.24 K,壓縮機(jī)功率相應(yīng)地從12.1 kW增加至20.60 kW,op從10.88降低至6.56。這是因?yàn)檫M(jìn)料濃度增加,熱側(cè)邊界層厚度增加,熱側(cè)傳熱傳質(zhì)過(guò)程阻力增加,為了保證減壓膜組件均勻、穩(wěn)定的蒸發(fā),膜通量保持恒定,滲透?jìng)?cè)需要的壓力將會(huì)降低,致使ΔVMD和Δcom值增加,因此壓縮機(jī)所需壓縮比和功率增加,最終使得系統(tǒng)op減小。
圖4 進(jìn)料濃度對(duì)進(jìn)料溶液與滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力下純水飽和溫度差ΔTVMD和壓縮機(jī)進(jìn)出口蒸汽飽和溫差ΔTcom的影響
圖5 進(jìn)料濃度對(duì)壓縮機(jī)功率和性能系數(shù)Cop的影響
4.2.2 進(jìn)料溫度對(duì)熱力特性的影響
在進(jìn)料流速和換熱器傳熱溫差為1 m/s和6 K的條件下,不同進(jìn)料濃度下進(jìn)料溫度對(duì)ΔVMD、Δcom、壓縮機(jī)功率和op的影響如圖6、圖7所示,在進(jìn)料濃度一定的情況下(以20%為例),當(dāng)進(jìn)料溫度從353.15 K增加至363.15 K時(shí),減壓膜組件內(nèi)硫酸溶液攜帶的能量增加,水分子擴(kuò)散作用增強(qiáng),強(qiáng)化了熱側(cè)傳熱傳質(zhì)過(guò)程,用于膜表面水分子汽化的熱量增多,膜表面水分子更加容易蒸發(fā),致使熱側(cè)膜表面水蒸汽分壓增加,為了維持恒定的蒸發(fā)速率,滲透?jìng)?cè)需要的壓力增加,致使ΔVMD和Δcom值減小,所需的壓縮比減小,從而使得壓縮機(jī)功率從15.56 kW減小至13.81 kW,而op從8.60增加至9.53。
圖6 進(jìn)料濃度和進(jìn)料溫度對(duì)ΔTVMD和ΔTcom的影響
圖7 進(jìn)料濃度和進(jìn)料溫度對(duì)壓縮機(jī)功率和Cop的影響
4.2.3 進(jìn)料流速對(duì)熱力特性的影響
在進(jìn)料溫度和換熱器傳熱溫差為358.15 K和6 K的條件下,不同進(jìn)料濃度下進(jìn)料流速分別對(duì)ΔVMD、Δcom、壓縮機(jī)功率和op的影響如圖8、圖9所示,在進(jìn)料濃度一定的情況下(以25%為例),當(dāng)進(jìn)料流速?gòu)?.0 m/s增加至1.8 m/s時(shí),減壓膜組件內(nèi)硫酸溶液的湍流強(qiáng)度增強(qiáng),熱側(cè)邊界層厚度和阻力減小,促進(jìn)了傳熱傳質(zhì)過(guò)程,膜表面水分子越容易蒸發(fā),熱側(cè)膜表面水蒸氣分壓增加,為了保持穩(wěn)定的蒸發(fā)速率,滲透?jìng)?cè)需要的壓力增加,致使ΔVMD值和Δcom值減小,所需壓縮比減小,從而使得壓縮機(jī)功率從15.94 kW減小至14.29 kW,而op從8.36增加至9.29。
圖8 進(jìn)料濃度和進(jìn)料流速對(duì)ΔTVMD和ΔTcom的影響
圖9 進(jìn)料濃度和進(jìn)料流速對(duì)壓縮機(jī)功率和Cop的影響
4.2.4 滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力對(duì)熱力特性的影響
在進(jìn)料流速和換熱器傳熱溫差為1.0 m/s和6 K的條件下,不同進(jìn)料濃度下滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力對(duì)ΔVMD、Δcom、壓縮機(jī)功率和op的影響如圖10、圖11所示,不同于進(jìn)料濃度、進(jìn)料溫度和進(jìn)料流速,滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力的改變對(duì)熱側(cè)料液的流動(dòng)狀態(tài)影響很小。以進(jìn)料濃度30%為例,當(dāng)滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力從35.0 kPa增加至45.0 kPa時(shí),對(duì)應(yīng)水蒸汽飽和溫度增加,減壓膜組件進(jìn)口溶液和滲透?jìng)?cè)出口蒸汽飽和溫差減小,致使ΔVMD和Δcom值減小,所需壓縮比減小,從而使得壓縮機(jī)的功率從18.44 kW減小至17.43 kW,而op從7.30增加至7.65。
圖10 進(jìn)料濃度和滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力對(duì)ΔTVMD和ΔTcom的影響
圖11 進(jìn)料濃度和滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力對(duì)壓縮機(jī)功率和Cop的影響
首先,采用目前常用的蒸汽加熱VMD系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行對(duì)比,對(duì)兩種系統(tǒng)的節(jié)能性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性以及環(huán)境效益進(jìn)行分析。
以常見(jiàn)的5 t/h的硫酸廢液處理量為例,將其濃度從5%濃縮至35%,需要蒸發(fā)的水量為4.28 t/h。VMD系統(tǒng)蒸發(fā)1 t水需要1.1 t蒸汽,蒸汽價(jià)格220元/t[33],則蒸汽費(fèi)用為4.28×1.1×220=1 036元/h;考慮到溶液濃度的影響,MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)每蒸發(fā)1 t水平均消耗電能約100 kWh,按照電價(jià)0.6元/kWh,則電費(fèi)為4.28×100×0.6= 256.8元/h;按年工作時(shí)間7 200 h計(jì)算,VMD和MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)年運(yùn)行費(fèi)用為745.92和184.90萬(wàn)元,相較于VMD系統(tǒng),MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)年節(jié)省費(fèi)用為561.02萬(wàn)元。假設(shè)壓縮機(jī)成本為100萬(wàn)元[34],則投資回報(bào)期為2個(gè)月。按照1 kg蒸汽和1度電等價(jià)標(biāo)煤折算系數(shù)分別為0.145和0.404 kg[33]計(jì)算,VMD和MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)年運(yùn)行需要標(biāo)煤為4 917.6和1 245.6 t,則MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)比VMD系統(tǒng)年節(jié)省標(biāo)煤3 672 t,節(jié)能率為74.7%。按照燃燒1 kg標(biāo)煤釋放二氧化碳、二氧化硫和氮氧化物分別為2.49、0.075和0.037 5 kg[35]計(jì)算,MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)比VMD系統(tǒng)每年減排二氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物分別為9 143.28、275.4和137.7 t。
選取單效蒸發(fā)、雙效蒸發(fā)(double effect evaporation, DEE)、三效蒸發(fā)(three effect evaporation, TEE)、MVR、VMD、熱泵膜蒸餾(heat pump-vacuum membrane distillation, HP-VMD)系統(tǒng)與MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行熱力性能對(duì)比[36-37],如表3。SEE,DEE,TEE和MVR系統(tǒng)中采用絲網(wǎng)或旋風(fēng)分離器進(jìn)行氣液分離,分離效率為90%左右,而VMD,HP-VMD與MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)均采用疏水膜進(jìn)行氣液分離,分離效率高達(dá)99.9%。顯然,VMD系統(tǒng)在分離效率方面優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯。另外,通過(guò)將幾種蒸發(fā)系統(tǒng)蒸發(fā)能耗折算成標(biāo)煤分析可知:相較于VMD與HP-VMD系統(tǒng),MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)回收利用了內(nèi)部二次蒸汽潛熱,單位能耗最小。綜上所述,MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)在分離效率、耐腐蝕性、節(jié)能性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性以及環(huán)境效益等多方面具有更大的優(yōu)勢(shì),發(fā)展應(yīng)用前景廣闊。
表3 不同蒸發(fā)系統(tǒng)性能對(duì)比
目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外針對(duì)MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)處理硫酸廢液處于起步研究階段,本文所搭建的MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)屬于小型試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng),硫酸具有強(qiáng)腐蝕性和強(qiáng)氧化性,在高溫高壓的環(huán)境下蒸發(fā)極易造成安全事故,現(xiàn)有的實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作條件無(wú)法滿足真實(shí)硫酸廢液的膜蒸餾試驗(yàn),故本文初步開(kāi)展以自來(lái)水替代硫酸廢液的蒸發(fā)試驗(yàn),探討MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)水特性和節(jié)能效果。然而,由于自來(lái)水與硫酸廢液的性質(zhì)差異,采用自來(lái)水代替硫酸廢液進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性能模擬分析的結(jié)果會(huì)存在一定誤差,硫酸溶液濃度越高,誤差越大。浙江環(huán)諾環(huán)??萍脊煞萦邢薰菊趶氖铝蛩釓U液等強(qiáng)腐蝕性溶液蒸發(fā)設(shè)備的開(kāi)發(fā),可為本項(xiàng)目提供實(shí)際工業(yè)應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景,本項(xiàng)目后期將與其合作開(kāi)展高濃度硫酸廢液的蒸發(fā)試驗(yàn)。
為了高效處理工業(yè)以及農(nóng)藥、化肥、土壤改良等農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的硫酸廢液,本文提出了一種MVR-VMD系統(tǒng),通過(guò)對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究得到以下結(jié)論:
1)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明以自來(lái)水為蒸發(fā)對(duì)象,在進(jìn)料溫度、進(jìn)料流速、滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力和換熱器傳熱溫差為358.15 K、2.8 m/s、54.0 kPa和2 K的條件下,膜通量為1.6 kg/(m2·h),產(chǎn)水電導(dǎo)率為48 μS/cm,而系統(tǒng)hec和op分別為71.88 kWh/t和8.88。
2)模擬結(jié)果表明以硫酸溶液為蒸發(fā)對(duì)象,在換熱器傳熱溫差一定時(shí),當(dāng)進(jìn)料濃度增加,壓縮機(jī)壓縮比和功耗增加,但系統(tǒng)性能系數(shù)op減?。划?dāng)進(jìn)料溫度、進(jìn)料流速和滲透?jìng)?cè)壓力增加,壓縮機(jī)壓縮比和功耗減小,但op增加。
3)相較于常規(guī)的SEE,DEE,TEE和MVR系統(tǒng),VMD,HP-VMD 與MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)分離效率高達(dá)99.9%,在分離性能方面優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯。然而,相較于VMD與HP-VMD 系統(tǒng),MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)更具有高效節(jié)能特性。顯然,綜合考慮分離、節(jié)能等特性,MVR-VMD系統(tǒng)具有更大的優(yōu)勢(shì),發(fā)展應(yīng)用前景廣闊。
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Characteristics analysis of the combined system for the mechanical vapor recompression and vacuum membrane distillation of sulfuric acid wastes
SI Zetian1, CHEN Ping2, REN Xiujin1, XIANG Jiawei1※
(1.,,325035,; 2.,310020,)
In order to efficiently recover and treat sulfuric acid waste produced in the industrial and agricultural production and utilization process, a combined system of mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) and vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) was proposed and designed in this paper. A compressor was employed to compress the secondary vapor evaporated from the sulfuric acid solution in the VMD module. Then, the compressed vapor with a higher pressure and temperature was used to heat the feed solution in the heat exchanger, which not only recovered the latent heat of internal secondary vapor but also saved the external heat source and cooling water. The proposed system could complete the entire evaporation process by itself, and realize the efficient recovery and utilization of sulfuric acid waste through the complement advantages of VMD and MVR. Firstly, mathematical models were established in the light of the mass and energy conservation principles, the system experimental setup was constructed and then the experiments were carried out to verify the accuracy and reliability of the established mathematical models as well as the feasibility of MVR coupled with VMD. Then, the calculation program of thermodynamic performance was then developed and solved by the iteration with the aid of the Matlab software. The effects of operating parameters including feed concentration, feed temperature, feed velocity and permeate side pressure on thermodynamic characteristics were investigated. The following conclusions could be obtained: A series of experiments were carried out with the tap water as feed, under the conditions of feed temperature, feed velocity, permeate side pressure and heat transfer temperature difference of heat exchanger were 358.15 K, 2.8 m/s, 54.0 kPa and 2 K, membrane flux and condensate water conductivity were tested to be 1.6 kg/(m2·h) and 48 μS/cm, and specific heating energy consumption (hec) and performance coefficient (op) were found to be 71.88 kWh/t and 8.88. The simulated results indicated that when the heat transfer temperature difference of the heat exchanger was constant, increasing the feed concentration increased the saturation temperature difference between inlet solution and outlet vapor of the VMD module (ΔVMD)and saturation temperature difference between inlet vapor and outlet vapor of the compressor (Δcom), which led to the increase of the compression ratio and power consumption of the compressor while the decrease of theop; increasing the feed temperature, feed velocity and permeate side pressure would decrease the values of ΔVMDand Δcom, resulting in the decrease of the compression ratio and power consumption of the compressor while the increase of theop. Compared with single-effect evaporation, double-effect evaporation, three-effect evaporation and MVR systems, the separation efficiency of VMD, Heat pump-VMD and MVR-VMD systems was up to 99.9%, with obvious advantages in separation performance. However, compared with VMD and Heat pump-VMD systems, the current MVR-VMD system was more efficient and energy-saving. Obviously, considering the characteristics of separation and energy saving, the MVR-VMD system has greater advantages and broad prospects for development and application.
sulfuric acid; membrane distillation; membrane flux; mechanical vapor recompression; unit heating energy consumption; energy saving
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202209130
TK5; S216.4
A
1002-6819(2023)-05-0035-08
司澤田,陳萍,任秀錦,等. 硫酸廢液機(jī)械蒸汽再壓縮減壓膜蒸餾特性分析[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2023,39(5):35-42.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202209130 http://www.tcsae.org
SI Zetian, CHEN Ping, REN Xiujin, et al. Characteristics analysis of the combined system for the mechanical vapor recompression and vacuum membrane distillation of sulfuric acid wastes[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(5): 35-42. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202209130 http://www.tcsae.org
2022-09-15
2023-02-21
浙江省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(D21E050001)
司澤田,博士后,研究方向?yàn)楣I(yè)廢水處理。Email:tian3221623@163.com
※向家偉,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)楦叨藱C(jī)械裝備系統(tǒng)。Email:jwxiang@wzu.edu.cn