衛(wèi)紅利 張璐璐 孫夢雅 徐彤 賴春池 姜紅
[摘要] 目的 探討出生時胎齡<32周早產(chǎn)兒生后早期動脈血胎兒血紅蛋白(HbF)水平與早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜?。╮etinopathy of prematurity,ROP)發(fā)病的關(guān)系。方法 選擇2019年3月—2022年2月我院新生兒科收治的出生時胎齡<32周的早產(chǎn)兒99例,根據(jù)是否診斷為ROP,分為ROP組(34例)和非ROP組(65例)。比較兩組患兒的臨床資料,采用Logistic回歸法分析患兒生后2周動脈血HbF水平與ROP的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 ROP組患兒出生時胎齡以及出生體質(zhì)量均顯著低于非ROP組(t=3.371、3.218,P<0.05),出生時胎齡<28周患兒構(gòu)成比、出生體質(zhì)量<1 000 g患兒構(gòu)成比、順產(chǎn)患兒構(gòu)成比、生后2周內(nèi)輸血患兒構(gòu)成比,以及用氧時間與住院時間均顯著高于或長于非ROP組(χ2=4.390~11.579,Z=3.283、5.207,P<0.05)。ROP組患兒生后2周動脈血血紅蛋白(Hb)水平及HbF比例均顯著低于非ROP組(t=-2.791、-3.599,P<0.05)。Logistic回歸法分析顯示,動脈血HbF比例降低是ROP發(fā)生的危險因素(OR=0.915,95%CI=0.849~0.987,P<0.05)。結(jié)論 出生時胎齡<32周早產(chǎn)兒生后2周動脈血HbF比例降低是ROP發(fā)生的危險因素,維持較高的動脈血HbF水平可能對臨床ROP的發(fā)生具有預(yù)防作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 胎兒血紅蛋白;早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜?。粙雰?,早產(chǎn)
[中圖分類號] R774.1;R722.6? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A
[ABSTRACT] Objective To investigate the association between fetal hemoglobin (HbF) level in arterial blood early after birth and the onset of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks.? Methods A total of 99 preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks who were admitted to Department of Neonatology in our hospital from March 2019 to February 2022 were enrolled, and according to whether they were diagnosed with ROP, they were divided into ROP group with 34 infants and non-ROP group with 65 infants. Clinical data were compared between the two groups, and the logistic regression method was used to investigate the association between HbF level in arterial blood and ROP at 2 weeks after birth. Results Compared with the non-ROP group, the ROP group had significantly lower gestational age and birth weight (t=3.371,3.218,P<0.05), significantly higher constituent ratios of infants with a gestational age of <28 weeks, infants with a birth weight of <1 000 g, infants born by vaginal delivery, and infants receiving blood transfusion within 2 weeks after birth, and significantly longer oxygen supply time and length of hospital stay (χ2=4.390-11.579,Z=3.283,5.207,P<0.05). Compared with the non-ROP group, the ROP group had significantly lower hemoglobin level and HbF ratio in arterial blood at 2 weeks after birth (t=-2.791,-3.599,P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that the reduction in HbF ratio in arterial blood was a risk factor for ROP (OR=0.915,95%CI=0.849-0.987,P<0.05).? Conclusion The reduction in HbF ratio in arterial blood at 2 weeks after birth is a risk factor for ROP in preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks, and maintaining a high HbF level in arterial blood may have a preventive effect on ROP.
[KEY WORDS] Fetal hemoglobin; Retinopathy of prematurity; Infant, premature
隨著圍生醫(yī)學(xué)以及新生兒醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,極早早產(chǎn)兒的存活率逐年增加,早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜病(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)的發(fā)病率也逐年增高[1]。既往研究表明,早產(chǎn)兒生后多次輸血是ROP發(fā)生的危險因素之一[2]。輸注的血液中含有大量成人血紅蛋白(HbA),而新生兒紅細(xì)胞中胎兒血紅蛋白(HbF)占主要成分[3],其對氧的親和力更高[4]。血液中HbF水平降低可使氧解離曲線右移,血漿中溶解的氧比例增高,使未成熟組織暴露于氧的程度增加[5]。高濃度氧可使視網(wǎng)膜血管收縮,視網(wǎng)膜缺氧誘導(dǎo)血管生長因子生成,導(dǎo)致新生血管形成,引起ROP[6]。本研究回顧性分析99例出生時胎齡<32周的早產(chǎn)兒生后2周動脈血HbF比例等相關(guān)指標(biāo),探討其與ROP發(fā)生的相關(guān)性,旨在為早產(chǎn)兒輸血及ROP的防治提供新思路?,F(xiàn)將結(jié)果報告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2019年3月—2022年2月我院新生兒科收治的出生時胎齡<32周的新生兒99例,根據(jù)是否診斷為ROP[7]分為ROP組和非ROP組。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①出生時胎齡<32周者;②生后24 h內(nèi)入院者;③生后1 d檢測動脈血?dú)夥治?,且生?周內(nèi)動脈血?dú)夥治鼋Y(jié)果≥2次者;④住院期間完成了ROP篩查者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①各器官系統(tǒng)先天性發(fā)育畸形者(先天性心臟病、唇腭裂等面部畸形、消化道畸形等);②先天性遺傳代謝病者;③住院期間放棄治療者;④臨床資料不完整者。
1.2 研究方法
收集并比較兩組患兒的臨床資料,包括出生時胎齡、出生體質(zhì)量、性別、分娩方式、是否多胎、生后2周內(nèi)是否輸血、生后2周內(nèi)是否有創(chuàng)通氣、用氧時間、住院時間,以及生后2周內(nèi)每次動脈血?dú)夥治鼋Y(jié)果[動脈血血紅蛋白(Hb)水平、HbF比例]。所有患兒住院期間持續(xù)經(jīng)皮氧飽和度監(jiān)測,報警高限設(shè)置為95%,低限設(shè)置為90%,根據(jù)需要補(bǔ)充氧氣。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
使用SPSS 26.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以±s表示,組間比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn);計數(shù)資料以例(率)表示,統(tǒng)計處理采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用Logistic回歸法進(jìn)行危險因素分析。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)? 果
2.1 兩組患兒一般資料比較
本研究共收集99例新生兒的臨床資料,其中ROP組34例,非ROP組65例。ROP組患兒出生時胎齡及出生體質(zhì)量均顯著低于非ROP組(t=3.371、3.218,P<0.05),出生時胎齡<28周患兒構(gòu)成比、出生體質(zhì)量<1 000 g患兒構(gòu)成比、順產(chǎn)患兒構(gòu)成比、生后2周內(nèi)輸血患兒構(gòu)成比、用氧時間及住院時間均顯著高于或長于非ROP組(χ2=4.390~11.579,Z=3.283、5.207,P<0.05)。兩組性別、多胎患兒構(gòu)成比及生后2周內(nèi)有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣患兒構(gòu)成比比較差異無顯著性(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組患兒生后2周內(nèi)動脈血血?dú)夥治鼋Y(jié)果比較及Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果
ROP組患兒生后2周動脈血Hb水平及HbF比例均顯著低于非ROP組(t=-2.791、-3.599,P<0.05)。見表2。Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示動脈血HbF比例降低是ROP發(fā)生的危險因素(OR=0.915,95%CI=0.849~0.987,P<0.05)。見表3。
3 討? 論
ROP是各種因素參與下的微血管變性、新生血管增生從而誘發(fā)視網(wǎng)膜剝脫的疾病[8]。隨著早產(chǎn)兒存活率的明顯提高,ROP的發(fā)病率隨之升高,許多早產(chǎn)兒因ROP導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重視力障礙甚至失明,目前ROP已成為世界范圍內(nèi)兒童致盲的首位原因[9]。研究顯示ROP發(fā)生的根本原因是視網(wǎng)膜血管本身不成熟[10],出生時胎齡和出生體質(zhì)量已是目前公認(rèn)的ROP高危因素[11]。出生時胎齡越小,出生體質(zhì)量越低,視網(wǎng)膜發(fā)育越不成熟,ROP發(fā)生率越高,病情越嚴(yán)重。一項(xiàng)對877例超低出生體質(zhì)量兒的研究顯示,發(fā)生ROP患兒出生時胎齡和出生體質(zhì)量明顯低于未發(fā)生ROP新生兒,且發(fā)生重度ROP的患兒出生時胎齡和出生體質(zhì)量低于輕度ROP患兒[12]。
本研究對99例出生時胎齡<32周的早產(chǎn)兒進(jìn)行分析,ROP組患兒出生時胎齡和出生體質(zhì)量均低于非ROP組,與上述研究結(jié)果一致。
許多早產(chǎn)兒出生后早期因病情危重需輸血治療以挽救生命。既往研究表明,輸血是ROP發(fā)生的危險因素之一[13]。有研究者對44例出生體質(zhì)量<1 250 g的早產(chǎn)兒進(jìn)行前瞻性對照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),患有ROP的早產(chǎn)兒出生后第1周內(nèi)和出生后第2個月內(nèi)的輸血量均顯著高于未患ROP的早產(chǎn)兒[14]。本研究中,ROP組患兒中生后2周內(nèi)輸血患兒構(gòu)成比明顯高于非ROP組。早產(chǎn)兒輸注的紅細(xì)胞通常從成人獻(xiàn)血者血液中獲得,含有近100%的HbA。而新生兒血液中HbF占Hb的比例可達(dá)70%以上。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),若血液中氧分壓為90 mmHg且HbF及HbA的氧飽和度均達(dá)到100%,視網(wǎng)膜血管中兩種血紅蛋白釋放氧氣至分壓平衡(即30mmHg)時,HbA與HbF分別釋放80%和35%的氧[15]。HbF被HbA替代后產(chǎn)生更多的氧,可被相關(guān)的視網(wǎng)膜受體感知為高氧狀態(tài),由此引起的血管收縮甚至閉塞則導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜相對缺氧,在活性因子作用下視網(wǎng)膜大量新生血管形成,從而導(dǎo)致ROP。有研究表明,HbF還可發(fā)揮氧化還原作用,抵抗活性氧以及清除過氧化氫[16]。HbF產(chǎn)生一氧化氮的能力顯著強(qiáng)于HbA,在調(diào)節(jié)血管張力和血流速度方面起重要作用[17]。此外,HbF還能更加有效地維持自身血紅蛋白的四聚體完整性,阻止有毒游離血紅素的釋放[18]。本研究中,ROP組患兒生后2周動脈血平均Hb水平及平均HbF比例明顯低于非ROP組,對ROP組的患兒進(jìn)行Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示動脈血HbF比例降低是ROP發(fā)生的危險因素。HELLSTRM等[19]對452例出生時胎齡<30周的早產(chǎn)兒進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示ROP發(fā)病率與生后第1周的HbF比例呈負(fù)相關(guān),當(dāng)HbF比例為90%時,ROP發(fā)病率為10%,而HbF比例為40%時發(fā)病率則接近60%,這與本研究結(jié)果一致。
早產(chǎn)兒行ROP篩查時,一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)3期及以上病變,應(yīng)及時開始治療。目前ROP的治療主要是對癥治療,包括激光治療、玻璃體內(nèi)注射抗血管內(nèi)皮生長因子藥物、鞏膜環(huán)扎術(shù)及玻璃體切除術(shù)[20-21],而輸注臍帶血或?yàn)闇p輕早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜病變嚴(yán)重程度的新方法。有研究指出,輸注臍帶血中提取的濃縮紅細(xì)胞可減少輸血導(dǎo)致的新生兒HbF耗竭[22]。該研究監(jiān)測了25例出生時胎齡≤30周或出生體質(zhì)量≤1 000 g早產(chǎn)兒的生后HbF比例,結(jié)果顯示接受臍帶血紅細(xì)胞輸注者在矯正胎齡32周時可檢測到HbF的比例較高,且在矯正胎齡36周時HbF比例差異更為明顯。但輸注臍帶血以減輕視網(wǎng)膜病變的治療方法目前缺乏臨床可行性及安全性的研究。
綜上所述,出生時胎齡<32周的早產(chǎn)兒生后2周動脈血HbF比例降低是ROP發(fā)生的危險因素,維持較高的HbF比例可能對ROP的發(fā)生具有預(yù)防作用。本研究還存在許多局限性,如回顧性病例對照研究納入的早產(chǎn)兒群體具有異質(zhì)性,且樣本量不足。另外,后期還需進(jìn)一步探討提升HbF水平及輸注臍帶血紅細(xì)胞改善ROP的具體機(jī)制。
倫理批準(zhǔn)和知情同意:本研究涉及的所有試驗(yàn)均已通過青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會的審核批準(zhǔn)(文件號QYFYWZLL27275)。所有試驗(yàn)過程均遵照《人體醫(yī)學(xué)研究的倫理準(zhǔn)則》 的條例進(jìn)行。受試對象或其親屬已經(jīng)簽署知情同意書。
作者聲明:衛(wèi)紅利、張璐璐、孫夢雅參與了研究設(shè)計;衛(wèi)紅利、徐彤、賴春池、姜紅參與了論文的寫作和修改。所有作者均閱讀并同意發(fā)表該論文。所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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(本文編輯 范睿心 耿波 厲建強(qiáng))