王鋒

一、賓語(yǔ)從句概述

在復(fù)合句中，由一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，這個(gè)句子就叫賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)通常有動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)和形容詞賓語(yǔ)，所以賓語(yǔ)從句分為：動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句、介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句和形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句這三種類型。

1.及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句

We know that Trump is the former president of America.

I don’t really care if my friends are the same as me or different.

2. 介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句

We’re interested in what she is doing.

We should think about how we can do better next time.

We are curious about whether he will continue to be the president of America.

3. 部分形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句

I’m sure that we will win the game.

He was really worried that his coach might kick him off the team.

I’m so glad that I canceled my plan to go to the market.

I am afraid that he will lose the election.

二、賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞

1. 連接詞that

當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是陳述句時(shí)，用連接詞that引導(dǎo)，that無(wú)意義，不作成分，在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常省略that。

I hear （that） he will be back in a month.

Many think （that） sharks are too strong to be endangered.

Mary told me （that） she would go shopping the next day.

注意：that在賓語(yǔ)從句中可省略，但在兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列賓語(yǔ)從句中，從第二個(gè)that起，不能省略。如：

I know （that） my mother loves me and that my father loves me， too.

Many people know （that） the accident has caused much damage and that some people are injured in it.

2. whether/ if

當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是由一般疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)化而成時(shí)，用if或 whether引導(dǎo)，尤其注意賓語(yǔ)從句要用陳述語(yǔ)序，即關(guān)聯(lián)詞if / whether +主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 其他句子成分，而不是疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序。

I don’t know... / Will he come here？ （連成一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句）

→I don’t know if / whether he will come here.

I wonder if they will have the races again next year.

The teacher asked me if I had finished my homework.

if 和whether的區(qū)別：

一般情況下if與whether可以互換，但是在以下幾種情況下，只能使用whether而不用if。

介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句，使用whether，一般不用if。

We had a discussion about whether young people should play computer games.

It depends on whether it will be fine.

如果or not 放在whether之后，只能用whether，不用if。如：

I don’t know whether or not he will come.

句子中有if引導(dǎo)的條件句，如果再有表示“是否”的賓語(yǔ)從句，用whether不用if。

He asked me whether I’d move to New York if I got the job.

3. 連接代詞與連接副詞

當(dāng)特殊疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)化為賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，用連接代詞what， who， whose， which， whom和連接副詞when， where， why， how等連接，且賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述語(yǔ)序，即特殊疑問(wèn)詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 句子其他成分。

Do you know... / What did he say just now？（連成一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句）

→ Do you know what he said just now？

Please let me know... / When will he come back？ （連成一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句）

→Please let me know when he will come back.

I wonder... / How does he go to school every day？ （連成一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句）

→I wonder how he goes to school every day.

Could you tell me... / Why are you going to Beijing？ （連成一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句）

→Could you tell me why you are going to Beijing？

三、賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)

1. 當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)（并非只指一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，也可以是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)等現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)）時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用它所需要的任何一種時(shí)態(tài)。（需要性原則）

I know that granny Rong is punishing the girl now.

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

I know that granny Rong punished the girl last week.

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)

I know that granny Rong will punish the girl later.

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般將來(lái)時(shí)

2.當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài) （并非只指一般過(guò)去時(shí)，只要是過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)形式即可） 時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用它所相對(duì)應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)形式（一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)）。如果從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之前，則從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。（呼應(yīng)性原則）

He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet these days.

一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

He said that he would go back to the US soon.

一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

注意：could用于表示委婉語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，不是指過(guò)去時(shí)， 所以從句用can而不能用could。

Could you tell me when I can leave？

3.當(dāng)從句描述的是事實(shí)、真理或格言、諺語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的限制，都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。（特殊性原則）

He says that the earth goes around the sun.（自然現(xiàn)象）

He says that it is better to give than to receive.（諺語(yǔ)）

Mother told me that one and one is two. （科學(xué)真理）

The physics teacher said that light travels much faster than sound. （客觀事實(shí)）

四、賓語(yǔ)從句速記口訣

【速記口訣】

賓語(yǔ)從句須注意，幾點(diǎn)事項(xiàng)應(yīng)牢記。

一是關(guān)鍵引導(dǎo)詞，不同句子詞相異。

陳述句子用that;一般疑問(wèn)是否（if，whether）替；

特殊問(wèn)句更好辦，引導(dǎo)還用疑問(wèn)詞。

二是時(shí)態(tài)常變化，主句不同從句異。主句若為現(xiàn)在時(shí)，

從句時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)看意；主句若為過(guò)去時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)向前移。

三是語(yǔ)序要記清，從句永保陳述序。

跟蹤練習(xí)：

1.（ 2022·北京）—Do you know the new national park？

—Yes， I do. To protect wildlife and benefit the local people.

A. why did China set up

B. why China set up

C. when did China set up

D. when China set up

2. （2022·湖北·鄂州）—Could you please tell me buy a magazine？

— There is a bookstore on the third floor.

A. how can I B. where can I

C. how I can D. where I can

3.（ 2022·湖北·黃岡·孝感·咸寧）—Excuse me， I’m new here. Could you tell me ？

—Sure. Go along this road， and you can’t miss it.

A. where was the museum

B. how can I get to the museum

C. where is the museum

D. how I can get to the museum

4. （2022·湖北·黃石）—Excuse me. Could you tell me ？

—Certainly. Go along Center Street and turn left at the second crossing. You will find it.

A. where is the nearest shopping mall

B. where was the nearest shopping mall

C. where the nearest shopping mall is

D. where the nearest shopping mall was

5. （2022·湖北·襄陽(yáng)）—Excuse me， I wonder .

—It should be classified（分類） first and then thrown into different bins.

A. where can I throw the rubbish

B. how I deal with the rubbish

C. if I needed to throw the rubbish here

D. what should I do with the rubbish

6. （2022·江蘇·常州）—Mum， do you know An engineer.

—That’s interesting. I guess you often fix things for others in your school.

A. what do my classmates call me

B. what my classmates call me

C. why do my classmates call me

D. why my classmates call me

7. （2022·江蘇·揚(yáng)州）—Excuse me， could you tell me ？

—You can take No. 6 bus there. It’s about 15 minutes’ ride.

A. how far is the Slender West Lake

B. how far the Slender West Lake is

C. how can I get to the Slender West Lake

D. how I can get to the Slender West Lake

8. （2022·遼寧·本溪·遼陽(yáng)）—I wonder .

—It was wonderful！ We had fun at the city park.

A. where you went last weekend

B. how your last weekend was

C. why you were busy last weekend

D. what you did last weekend