Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas

基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練

根據(jù)首字母或漢語提示，用本部分所學(xué)單詞的正確形式填空。 單詞拼寫

1.The teacher told two fairy t in class this morning， which attracted the attention of all the students.

2.He found something f on the lake， which frightened him.

3.The author of the article is good at using q to express his ideas.

4.The book series， which will be published in English， tells about Chinese f lifestyle and culture.

5.The man c a new opera to praise the soldiers steely nerve last year.

6.The （公主） was invited to the dancing hall.

7.This is an art museum rich in paintings by the （荷蘭的） masters.

8.The doctor told him not to have too much （運(yùn)動(dòng)） after the surgery.

9.The spiker （蹲下） down to make room for her teammate.

10.The intense （種族的） conflict is beyond everybodys expectations.

用方框中所給短語的適當(dāng)形式填空。 選擇填空

on display? set in motion pass down bring out turn to

1. This custom since the 18th century.

2. That very night， our secret work .

3. With no one in such a frightening situation， the girl felt helpless.

4. There will be varieties of artworks in the art exhibition to be held on Saturday.

5. He is a teacher who has the ability the best in his pupils.

課文語法填空

Every artists wish is to create something that expresses an idea. One way for Florentijn Hofman to find inspiration is 1 （turn） to his childrens toys. These objects have given him ideas 2 his animal sculptures， such as the famous Rubber Duck. Hofmans inspiration for Floating Fish came from Chinese folk tales 3 （pass） down through the generations. When he visited Wuzhen， the sights he 4 （see） set his idea for Floating Fish in motion. Tan Dun is most 5 （wide） known for composing music for the film Crouching Tiger， Hidden Dragon and 6 2008 Beijing Olympics. To listen to Tans music is to experience a mix of Chinese 7 （music） traditions and Western influences. In his opinion， Chinese music should carry “universal 8 （express）” of the human spirit 9 （recognize） by the whole world. Yang Liping has been known as the “Peacock Princess”. The inspiration for her famous dances has come from the time she spent in Xishuangbanna. In her opinion， her dance comes from the Dai peoples traditional belief 10 aims to bring out the Dai womens beauty.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

能力提升

閱讀理解

Chinese painting， also known as the traditional national painting， one of the traditional paintings with a long history， has its unique and independent system. Using brushes， ink， and Chinese pigments （顏料）， a painting is drawn on a special kind of paper （Xuan paper） or silk. The traditional subjects are figures， landscapes， flowers and birds.

In comparison with Western painting， Chinese painting has its own artistic characteristics. After a careful study of the object， a painter can discover the rules of its structure， and then produce it by the minds eye. It is not merely a simple copy， but it combines the object with the artistic concept of the producer， turning a natural image into an “artistic image”. The object can show the artists feelings and personality to achieve the effect of “being alike not only in spirit， but also in appearance”. Not all the objects are to be drawn on the paper， and much space is left for the imagination. The use of lines is important in Chinese painting. Clear， swift， sharp and changeable lines are combined with the push， point and press of the brush and ink to show the quality of the object and variations of tone （色調(diào)）. Ancient Chinese artists listed 18 different ways of drawing lines with the brush in figure painting. Different ways of creating lines are used when painting? landscapes， flowers and birds， clouds， and bamboos.

Traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy are different branches of art stemming （起源） from the same origin. They use the same kind of tools and all the lines used in painting are variations of the points and lines of calligraphy. Though they are different artistic forms， they are closely linked in terms of their expression of thoughts and feelings. They influence each other to create another artistic feature.

1.? What word can describe the common subjects of traditional Chinese painting？

A. Valuable. B. Independent. C. Special. D. Natural.

2. The author believes a traditional Chinese painters picture ________.

A. reflects social problems of his times B. expresses his thoughts

C. describes mainly a natural image D. tells a true story

3. It can be inferred that a traditional Chinese painter spent much time ________.

A. mixing pigments B. learning to draw lines

C. copying paintings D. studying calligraphy before drawing

4. What do painting and calligraphy have in common？

A. Using the similar techniques. B. Covering the same themes.

C. Belonging to the same artistic form. D. Starting from the same period.

閱讀七選五

Teach Yourself How to Play a Musical Instrument

If youre low on cash but interested in learning how to play a new musical instrument， consider some of these tips.

Set a goal for yourself.

1 Is it to form a rock band with your friends， play with an orchestra， write music， or to simply play for your own enjoyment？ Be realistic about your goals when youre just starting to learn how to play a new instrument. 2

Research different instruments.

Choosing an instrument takes more than just picking the one that looks the most impressive. There can be many variations in range as well as other factors that affect the sound like the number of strings on a guitar or bass. 3 If so， you can see which one youre most comfortable with.

Take lessons.

Consider learning how to play a musical instrument by yourself. There are plenty of books， training videos， and online resources available. They can teach you how to play most instruments. 4 Take your time while learning， but set aside some time at least every week so that you practice good habits and stay motivated. Once youve mastered basic skills， youll be well on your way to mastering your chosen instrument.

Never stop learning.

Sometimes it might be frustrating to make little progress or tiresome to keep up with practicing. 5 Work hard at what you want to do and always keep improving.

A. Whats more， many of them are completely free.

B. Consider carefully what kind of lessons you want.

C. Think over what you would like to get out of this experience.

D. Therefore， you have got pleasure from playing the instrument.

E. However， remember you had a goal that you wanted to achieve.

F. It can be time-consuming at first， but the results are really worth it.

G. Most importantly， before you buy， consider trying them out for a bit first.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Section Ⅱ Using language

基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練

在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 單句語法填空

1. The purpose of the project was （improve） the traffic condition.

2. This generation of mothers and adult daughters has a lot common.

3. The cable and the wire fence seemed （be） very strong.

4. The children will get （confuse） if asked to learn too much at a time.

5. Mo Yan is well-known writer his great novels.

6. The only thing in the past that interested him was （dance）.

7. Its interesting to note the （contrast） between how each nation deals with such matters.

8. Her profession is （compose） music for movies.

9. The manager would like to see the work （finish） tomorrow morning.

10. The club is supported by a （combine） of people from all social classes.

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)上下文語境，結(jié)合本單元所學(xué)語法知識(shí)完成短文。 單元語法填空

Lucy and Susan lived in the countryside. They were close friends， both of whom didnt know what was 1 （influence） their future life then. Later， Lucy went to a big city， for her dream was 2 （become） a famous manager. She worked so hard all day that she finally 3 （reach） her goal. However， she became so rich that she was always 4 （worry） that someone was 5 （break） into her house and steal her money. Susan chose 6 （stay） in the countryside. Her job was 7 （work） on a farm. She was 8 （delight） to see the lovely plants and flowers every day. By contrast， she was more 9 （relax） most of the time. Her new plan was 10 （set） up another farm， for she wanted to offer some jobs to the women in the village.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

能力提升

完形填空

If you are a modern art lover， you should drop by the Saatchi Gallery during your visit to London. The original gallery was 1 by Charles Saatchi， a British art collector 2 for founding the Saatchi advertising agency with his brother. It moved from its old 3 in St. Johns Wood to its new home in County Hall in the spring of 2003.

Anyone who has heard 4 in the past of the often shocking but always inspiring works on 5 at the Saatchi Gallery will not be 6 when visiting the gallerys new location. Along with the 7 of new British artists， the gallery still 8 the works of Damien Hirst， the Chapman brothers， and Tracy Emin in its permanent 9 .

Of the artworks one can see in the Saatchi Gallery， Hirsts works are probably the most 10 . Hirsts works first made headlines in the early 1990s， when he 11 art from dead animals.

Along with Hirst， the Chapman brothers， Dinos and Jake also believe the Saatchi Gallery 12 partly to their fame. It was through Saatchi that these two brothers came to public 13 . At the gallery， visitors can see the brothers vision of Hell， made from 30，000 plastic toy soldiers.

Another artist featured at the gallery who has grabbed 14 with her art is Tracy Emin. In 1998， Emin gave 15 to argument when she 16 her messy， unmade bed to Saatchi as a work of art titled My Bed at ?150，000.

Are any of these works really art？ This is a question you will have to answer for yourself when you 17 the Saatchi Gallery. Charles Saatchi himself says， “I dont have any ground rules for

18 art. Sometimes you look and dont feel very 19 with it， but that doesnt tell you very much. It doesnt 20 reveal much about the quality of the work.”

1. A. repaired? ? B. opened? ? C. built? ? D. rented

2. A. grateful B. suitable? ? C. eager? ? D. famous

3. A. location? ? B. history? ? C. city? ? D. society

4. A. concerts? ? B. reports? ? C. lectures D. topics

5. A. record B. board? ? C. display? ? D. sale

6. A. addicted? ? B. interested? ? C. disappointed? ? D. worried

7. A. business? ? B. stories C. exhibits? ? D. tradition

8. A. produces? ? B. publishes? ? C. improves D. includes

9. A. collection? ? B. station? ? C. memory? ? D. form

10. A. ready-made? ? B. well-known? ? C. important D. different

11. A. copied? ? B. created? ? C. learnt D. discovered

12. A. leads B. adds C. relates D. contributes

13. A. life B. opinion C. attention D. service

14. A. headlines? ? B. position? ? C. advantages? ? D. pleasure

15. A. way? ? B. rise? ? C. anxiety? ? D. hope

16. A. left B. introduced C. sent D. sold

17. A. visit B. choose C. believe D. enjoy

18. A. praising? ? B. studying C. appreciating? ? D. judging

19. A. surprised? ? B. confused? ? C. comfortable? ? D. acceptable

20. A. necessarily? ? B. exactly? ? C. completely? ? D. likely

語法填空

Have you ever tasted or perhaps heard of sugar painting？ As fewer people choose to make sugar paintings， the 1 （tradition） Chinese folk craft might have become a distant memory in some ways. However， a 38-year-old craftsman， Li Jiangzhong， is devoted to 2 （keep） the art of sugar painting alive.

Li worked as a miner for more than ten years. After the mine closed down， Li turned 3 housing decoration until he 4 （force） to give that up due to a finger injury. Earlier this year， he discovered sugar painting， something he really had 5 interest in.

Since there was no sugar painting craftsman in his village， he studied by himself through large quantities of videos and information on the Internet. Li loved painting when he was young， and he found it easy 6 （learn） the skill in sugar painting. He soon mastered the skill and could make 7 （vary） of sugar paintings. A sugar painting is made with 8 （melt） brown or white sugar. Craftsman 9 （basic） paint animals and flowers on a stone board with the syrup （糖漿）. When the sugar cools down，

10 appears is a piece of sugar art.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

短文改錯(cuò)

Our school encouraged us to experience some future career last vacation. Some students choose to work as either cashiers in a store and waiters at a restaurant. I was one of the 500 students to joining in the activity. I decided be an assistant in a photo studio because of I love taking photos. With the help of a advanced photographer in the studio， I opened my imagination in my daily work. I also developed practically skills which are necessary for them to face future challenges. The most important thing Ive learned are to improve myself before I get my dream job.

Section Ⅲ Developing ideas

基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練

用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 單詞填空

1.The between them is not so ， for they are twins. （distinct）

2.The company since the last century， and the has brought great economic benefits to the company. （innovate）

3.He is a famous of pop music and more than 50 pieces of music since 2021. （compose）

4.All matters are in ， but he remains quite behind his desk. （motion）

5.The moment I saw the scientist by everyone， words failed to express my

. （admire）

6.We cant always work with pleasure， and the is hard to get. （combine）

7.Although I have much in him， I dont this story. He is always telling us things. （believe）

8.The natural resources we have are . Therefore we have no reason to waste the? resources without . （limit）

9.Our future by many factors， such as opportunities and help from others， but our own attitude， and hard work play a more important role. （determine）

10.I always dream of having a house by trees and flowers， and its beautiful

will help us have a happy feeling. （surround）

根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)提示翻譯句子。 單句表達(dá)

1. 體驗(yàn)不同的文化令人感到興奮。（v.-ing形式作表語）

2. 我們沒有人去過那里，所以我們都不熟悉當(dāng)?shù)氐娘L(fēng)俗。（unfamiliar with）

3. 不管你做什么，都要盡力把它做到更好。（whatever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句）

4. 過度工作和很少休息都會(huì)引起疾病。（lead to）

5. 你不僅應(yīng)該多讀，而且應(yīng)該多聽。（部分倒裝）

提示寫作

選用所給詞匯或句型造句并組成一段連貫的短文（80詞左右）。

interact with lead to rather than explore express

This means that… They did this by… ? not only… but （also）

能力提升

閱讀理解

A

Throughout my educational years despite the kind teachers I had met， I never felt interested in writing until I met her， Mrs Kelley. At first， I believed writing would still be my worst class. Gradually， my fondness increased. She taught the lesson in such a lively way and her word choice impressed me. But that was not what made her my favorite. Unlike other teachers， after instructions， she gave an enormous amount of freedom in what we wrote， allowing us to create our own stories using our imagination.

There was one really revolutionary event： the historical fiction unit. We were to invent our own stories using the period we were given. World WarⅡwas mine. At that point， I was just looking for a good grade. Rather than creating a mundane story， I wanted to make a story that I felt was meaningful. As I progressed， I was pulled further into the reality I had made. Grammar no longer existed， as my hands gained acceleration （加速）. When I typed the final word， my hands trembled with excitement. Briefly， I read it over and then submitted the draft.

In the midst of anxiousness， Mrs Kelley responded. She pointed out some mistakes and gave some suggestions. Sadly， there were no comments of recognition. I fixed the errors and moved on. But when waiting for the final grade， I erased all the unrealistic thoughts.

In the next class， surprisingly， after handing back my paper， Mrs Kelley mentioned my story was very good. I looked at her in confusion. Soon excitement stirred inside me. I found a “＋5” attached to the score. She had given an extra point in “Plot”， adding an “Excellent”. No other teacher had done this. On that day， I felt what it means to be a writer. Mrs Kelley introduced me to the beauty of literature and made writing so enjoyable.

1. What made Kelley so special according to the author？

A. Her patience and kindness. B. Her confidence in students.

C. Her creative teaching style. D. Her professional knowledge.

2. What does the underlined word “mundane” in Paragraph 2 mean？

A. Uninteresting. B. Strange. C. Long. D. Unusual.

3. How did the author feel when Kelley responded at first？

A. Excited. B. Worried. C. Surprised. D. Disappointed.

4. What was the biggest benefit the author got from Kelleys class？

A. Recognizing his talent. B. Finding the joy of writing.

C. Determining his lifetime career. D. Acquiring practical writing skills.

B

Do you know sand has been used to draw pictures since ancient times？ Today， sandpainting， an interesting art， will be introduced to you.

Sandpainting is an art of using the sand to make a fixed or unfixed painting. Maybe we all played fixed sandpainting as we were young. We first painted a simple picture， then we brushed glue to the section， and at last we poured colored sand onto the glue in order to make it fixed.

Unfixed sandpainting has a long cultural history around the world. People poured sand on a surface to make paintings or use some tools to draw pictures in the sand directly. They are often temporary. Different people draw sand paintings to express different meanings： love of nature， admiration for God or love of beauty.

Nowadays， sandpainting becomes a performance art and its popularity has risen. On the stages， sandpainting performers make a series of images by drawing lines and figures in the sand with their fingers and hands. The series of images are used to tell a story.

Kseniya Simonova， who is from Ukraine， is one of the greatest sandpainting performers in the world. People call her “The Lady of the Sand”．

Simonova said that she never dreamed shed become a sand artist， and when she began practicing， she nearly gave it up. But she persevered， caring for a household and her baby by day and training every night. You Are Always Nearby is one of the most famous performances of Simonova. It is a story about a young couple separated by a war in which the solider is tragically killed， but returns in spirit to watch over his wife and child. This performance makes all audience cry.

Art is everywhere and is not far away from common people. Art of painting is in our life， even in the sand.

5. What is necessary to make a fixed sandpainting？

A. Glue. B. Water. C. Colored paper. D. A printed picture.

6. What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about？

A. How sandpainting is becoming popular. B. Why sandpainting performers are great.

C. How an image is created in the sand. D. What sandpainting tries to express.

7. The underlined word “persevered” in Paragraph 6 can be replaced by “______”.

A. set off B. gave out C. held on D. ended up

8. What can we learn about Simonova？

A. She is the best painter in the world.? B. She once gave up performing for her family.

C. Her biggest dream is to be a sand artist. D. Her performances are popular with people.

完形填空

An old art lover collected many famous paintings. Under his influence， the son also 1 collections. One day news came that the son 2 his life to rescue another soldier in a battle. The old man felt 3 and he couldnt cheer himself up even on New Years Day. He was thinking of his dear son when someone knocked at the door. The old man 4 it and in came a young man who 5 himself， “Im a friend of your son. He sacrificed his life to 6 me， so I painted this portrait of your son in 7 of him.” The old man took hold of this painting with 8 . Then he carried the painting upstairs and gently 9 it on the wall. It took the place of a painting by Pablo Picasso， a very 10 Spanish artist.

Several years later， the old man passed away and all his 11 would be sold at an auction （拍賣會(huì)）. The auctioneer 12 at a portrait of a young man and announced， “Lets 13 with this painting. Who would like to pay $50 for it？”

Nobody thought it was a（n） 14 price. People were whispering， “Thats too much for a painting by nobody！”

“$40？”

There was a（n） 15 for a moment. No one responded.

Then a voice came up， “Im a 16 of the boy. We live in the same block. I saw him growing up， but Ive got only $10. Can I have this portrait with all my money？”

The auctioneer asked 17 ， “Ten dollars once？ Ten dollars twice？ Ten dollars three times？ Deal！”

The audience were excited that the real auction would begin. 18 ， the auctioneer concluded， ‘‘The auction is over. According to the 19 will， all the other paintings will 20 the person who buys the portrait.”

1. A. loved B. expected C. sold D. prepared

2. A. ruled B. changed C. lost D. examined

3. A. angry B. worried C. scared D. sad

4. A. answered B. showed C. locked D. approached

5. A. taught B. introduced C. enjoyed D. believed

6. A. visit B. call C. save D. follow

7. A. defense B. need C. favor D. memory

8. A. concern B. patience C. care D. pity

9. A. hung B. painted C. marked D. cleaned

10. A. friendly B. brave C. old D. famous

11. A. clothes B. collections C. letters D. books

12. A. aimed B. waved C. pointed D. laughed

13. A. compare B. play C. struggle D. start

14. A. local B. reasonable C. total D. average

15. A. silence B. argument C. emergency D. sound

16. A. neighbor B. classmate C. leader D. teacher

17. A. coldly B. loudly C. carefully D. jokingly

18. A. Obviously B. Hopefully C. Unexpectedly D. Fortunately

19. A. sons B. owners C. artists D. soldiers

20. A. refer to B. depend on C. focus on D. belong to

Writing

話題表達(dá)指導(dǎo)

話題介紹

話題：邀請(qǐng)信。要求學(xué)生會(huì)根據(jù)不同的場(chǎng)合或活動(dòng)，如宴會(huì)、晚餐、婚禮、展覽、演出等，寫邀請(qǐng)信。

建議體裁：應(yīng)用文。

注意事項(xiàng)：寫清活動(dòng)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和具體內(nèi)容，信件內(nèi)容要簡(jiǎn)短，給受邀者以真誠(chéng)、親切的感覺。

題例導(dǎo)學(xué)

題目

假定你是李華，你校將舉辦中學(xué)生藝術(shù)展。請(qǐng)用英文給你的英國(guó)朋友Peter寫封郵件，邀請(qǐng)他參加。內(nèi)容包括：

1. 說明緣由；

2. 藝術(shù)展的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)；

3. 展出內(nèi)容；

4. 希望對(duì)方回復(fù)。

注意：

1. 詞數(shù)100左右；

2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。

思路引導(dǎo)1·要點(diǎn)分析

1. 禮貌地發(fā)出邀請(qǐng)；

2. 寫清藝術(shù)展的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和內(nèi)容，內(nèi)容可涉及傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)作品和創(chuàng)新藝術(shù)作品（剪紙、國(guó)畫、抽象畫、動(dòng)畫作品等）；

3. 期待對(duì)方接受邀請(qǐng)：希望對(duì)方及時(shí)回復(fù)邀請(qǐng)信或希望對(duì)方按時(shí)到達(dá)活動(dòng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。

思路引導(dǎo)2·本單元語言知識(shí)運(yùn)用

根據(jù)漢語意思及提示翻譯句子。

1. 我寫郵件是邀請(qǐng)你參加中學(xué)生藝術(shù)展。（invite sb to do）

2. 這次展覽旨在提高學(xué)生對(duì)藝術(shù)的興趣和激發(fā)他們的創(chuàng)新精神。（aim at）

3. 這次展覽以藝術(shù)和技術(shù)的結(jié)合為特色。（the combination of）

4. （這次展覽）將展出各種各樣的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)作品，比如剪紙和國(guó)畫。（on display）

5. 還將有抽象畫和電腦制作的 3D動(dòng)畫。（abstract， animation）

思路引導(dǎo)3·連句成篇

范例展示

Dear Peter，

I am writing to invite you to attend the Art Exhibition for Middle School students. It will be held at the Art Center in our school this Friday afternoon， from 2 pm to 5 pm.

This exhibition is aimed at developing students interest in art and inspiring their innovative spirit. It features the combination of art and technology. Not only will a variety of traditional artworks， such as paper cutting and Chinese paintings， be on display but also there will be abstract paintings and 3D animations made by computers.

I do hope you are able to join us. Please reply to confirm your attendance at your earliest convenience.

Yours，

Li Hua

話題表達(dá)

假定你是李華，你校將舉辦藝術(shù)節(jié)。請(qǐng)寫封郵件邀請(qǐng)你的英國(guó)朋友Ben參加，內(nèi)容包括：

1. 時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)；

2. 活動(dòng)安排；

3. 歡迎他表演節(jié)目。

注意：

1. 詞數(shù)100左右；

2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。

Section Ⅳ Presenting ideas

核心短語與句型回顧

短語

1. 展出，陳列

2. 求助于，求教于

3. 傳下去

4. come to 變得活躍

5. set… 使……開始

6. so 為了

7. go into 深入

8. to do sth 旨在做某事

9. 使顯現(xiàn)；生產(chǎn)，出版

10. have sth 有共同之處

11. from 除……之外

12. be to do sth 決心做某事

13. up 照亮

14. 與……互動(dòng)

15. a of 各種各樣的

16. be as 被稱為

17. 導(dǎo)致；通向

18. ... for example 以……為例

19. （be） sth 對(duì)某物不熟悉

20. 期待意想不到的事情

句型

1. 不定式短語作后置定語

（他獲取靈感的一種方式） is turning to his childrens toys.

2. 不定式短語作主語

（聽譚盾的音樂） is to experience a mix of Chinese musical traditions and Western influences.

3. 不定式短語作目的狀語

…Chinese music should carry “universal expression” of the human spirit （才能被認(rèn)可） by the whole world.

4. not until強(qiáng)調(diào)句型

（直到我們?nèi)ァ糜危?The Hague last year that this dream came true！

5. 現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語

The artworks by American artist Janet Echelman look like （色彩斑斕的浮云） when they are lit up at night.

6. not only… but （also）… （部分倒裝）

（我們不僅可以） interact with art， （而且可以參與） its creation.

7. where引導(dǎo)主語從句

（技術(shù)將把藝術(shù)帶向何處） next is anyones guess.

8. with + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語

But one thing is for sure— （有這么多藝術(shù)家們?cè)谔剿鳎?new possibilities， we can definitely expect the unexpected.

請(qǐng)根據(jù)提示，運(yùn)用本單元核心知識(shí)，以“一件藝術(shù)作品”為話題，進(jìn)行表達(dá)。

提示：需用以下句型。

1. The piece of artwork I am going to tell you is…

2. It is a painting thought to be…

3. It combines… with…