曲玉維
徐福東渡日本傳播了先進(jìn)的中華文明,不僅帶去了養(yǎng)蠶紡織術(shù),而且還有農(nóng)耕、冶煉、醫(yī)藥、建筑、貨幣、宗教、文字、武術(shù)等先進(jìn)技術(shù)以及秦朝高度發(fā)展的造船、航海技術(shù)和政治制度、文化藝術(shù)、生活方式,使日本列島徘徊了數(shù)千年之久的繩紋時(shí)代迅速進(jìn)化到彌生時(shí)代,所以世世代代的日本人民把徐福當(dāng)“神”來(lái)祭祀,奉為“農(nóng)耕神”“紡織神”“醫(yī)藥神”,稱之為“彌生文化的旗手”。徐福開創(chuàng)了中日友好之源,是中國(guó)有文字記載的最早的航海家、探險(xiǎn)家,也是中國(guó)早于陸上絲綢之路的海上絲綢之路的開啟者。
日本八丈島有一個(gè)黃八丈的徐福傳說,傳說好似中國(guó)牛郎織女鵲橋相會(huì)的故事,令人感動(dòng)。說的是一首民謠:“南風(fēng)吹、南風(fēng)吹,大家都到海邊來(lái),紅帶草鞋一字排?!闭f徐福一行在紀(jì)州熊野登陸后,派1000名童男童女乘船北上登上了八丈島,尋找長(zhǎng)生不老藥。若男女在一島同住,恐海神怪罪,不賜神藥,于是男女分開,童女住在八丈島上,童男住在八丈島南面約70公里的沖之島上安營(yíng)扎寨。每年春季,當(dāng)南風(fēng)吹起時(shí),住在沖之島的童男們才能渡到八丈島與童女相聚,而童女們?cè)缫丫幒昧思t帶草鞋一字排在海灘上,等待童男們上岸穿用。這段美麗動(dòng)人的傳說是1781年編寫的《伊豆海島風(fēng)土記》和1791年刊印的《南方海島志》介紹的。近藤富藏編著的《八丈寶記》中載:“中國(guó)秦始皇時(shí)代,方術(shù)士徐?!瓉?lái)到?jīng)_之島,開墾土地,發(fā)展事業(yè),男子從事漁業(yè),女子養(yǎng)蠶,子孫繁衍至三千余戶?!庇命S、樺、黑三色編成條紋或格子的黃八丈聞名于世,開始編織的年代不詳,而在《八丈寶記》中有關(guān)于八丈緋緞的詢問記錄:“綢織(絲綢)是第一次,也沒有上納這樣的事?!?/p>
日本九州的佐賀縣也是傳說中的徐福登陸地,遺跡比較集中,據(jù)傳徐福以浮杯為導(dǎo)航抵有明海在諸富町上陸,向金立山進(jìn)發(fā)途中,因道路異常險(xiǎn)惡,遂將帶來(lái)的千匹綢絹布鋪在道上,“千布村”的地名保留至今。金立山神社有50年一次的“徐福大祭”,新宮市、熊野市有“徐福萬(wàn)燈祭”“花火大會(huì)”。
Xu Fu’s eastward voyage to Japan helped spread the advanced Chinese civilization. He brought to Japan not only silkworm breeding and weaving skills but also advanced technologies including farming, smelting, medicine, architecture, currency, religion, writing, and martial arts, as well as the highly-developed shipbuilding and navigation technology, political system, culture and arts, and lifestyle of the Qin Dynasty. This led to the rapid development of the Japanese society from Jomon Period, which remained in Japan for thousands of years, to Yayaoi Period. Therefore, Xu Fu has been worshiped by the Japanese people as the “god” of farming, weaving, and medicine from generation to generation and was known as the“flagman of Yayoi culture”. Having started the source of Sino-Japanese friendship, Xu Fu was the earliest recorded navigator and explorer in Chinese history, and the initiator of the Maritime Silk Road, which was earlier than the Land Silk Road