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椎動脈夾層致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的危險因素分析

2022-06-12 14:27孫潔連亞軍陳媛
中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2022年15期
關(guān)鍵詞:蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血臨床特征危險因素

孫潔 連亞軍 陳媛

[摘要] 目的 探討椎動脈夾層致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(SAH)的危險因素。方法? 前瞻性收集2011年8月至2019年12月鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院診治的椎動脈夾層患者的臨床資料。根據(jù)是否發(fā)生SAH分為SAH組(n=28)和non-SAH組(n=77),對比分析兩組患者的人口學(xué)資料、既往史、入院后首次實驗室指標等差異。采用多因素logistic回歸分析椎動脈夾層患者SAH的相關(guān)危險因素。結(jié)果? 共納入105例椎動脈夾層患者,其中28例(26.7%)患者發(fā)生SAH[23例(82.1%)影像學(xué)上表現(xiàn)為夾層動脈瘤]。SAH組首發(fā)頭痛、總膽固醇水平、中性粒細胞計數(shù)、D-二聚體水平均高于non-SAH組,LDL<1.8 mmol/L、尿酸水平均低于non-SAH組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回歸分析顯示,中性粒細胞計數(shù)高和低尿酸水平是椎動脈夾層患者SAH的危險因素。結(jié)論? 椎動脈夾層患者影像學(xué)上常表現(xiàn)為夾層動脈瘤,多于頭痛后出現(xiàn)SAH,中性粒細胞計數(shù)高、低尿酸水平是椎動脈夾層SAH的相關(guān)危險因素。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 椎動脈夾層;臨床特征;蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血;危險因素

[中圖分類號] R743.35? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2022)15-0012-04

Analysis on risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with vertebral artery dissection

SUN Jie LIAN Yajun CHEN Yuan

Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in patients with vertebral artery dissection (VAD). Methods The clinical data of patients with VAD treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from August 2011 to December 2019 were prospectively collected. These patients were divided into the SAH group (n=28) and the non-SAH group (n=77) based on the presence or absence of SAH, and the differences in demographic data, previous medical history, and laboratory indexes at the first examination upon admission were analyzed and compared between the two groups. The risk factors associated with SAH in patients with VAD were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 105 patients with VAD were included, among whom 28 (26.7%) patients developed SAH and 23 (82.1%) patients showed dissection aneurysm on imaging. The degree of severity of the first symptom-headache, total cholesterol level, neutrophil count, and D-dimer level was higher in the SAH group than that in the non-SAH group, and the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (<1.8 mmol/L) and uric acid in the SAH group were lower than those in the non-SAH group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that high neutrophil count and low uric acid level were risk factors for SAH in patients with VAD. Conclusion Patients with VAD often show a dissection aneurysm on imaging and mostly develop SAH following headache, and high neutrophil count and low uric acid level are risk factors associated with SAH in patients with VAD.7CEC5C62-5815-494D-9E31-8D6FFC5082D0

[Key words] Vertebral artery dissection; Clinical features; Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Risk factors

頭頸動脈夾層(cervicocerebral artery dissection,CAD)是由于內(nèi)膜撕裂或血管破裂引起的動脈壁直接出血所致,其臨床癥狀表現(xiàn)為頭頸部疼痛、缺血性腦卒中、SAH、Horner綜合征[1-2]。自發(fā)性椎動脈夾層(vertebral artery dissection,VAD)發(fā)病率約為1/100 000人/年[3]。與頸內(nèi)動脈夾層相比,VAD更易出現(xiàn)SAH[4]。早期抗凝或抗血小板治療對CAD是重要的,可減少中風、死亡和心血管事件的發(fā)生率[5],但合并SAH的患者要慎重考慮。因此早期識別VAD致SAH的高危患者是至關(guān)重要的,可早期評估預(yù)后與指導(dǎo)治療。本研究探究VAD致SAH的相關(guān)危險因素,現(xiàn)報道如下。

1 對象與方法

1.1 研究對象

收集2011年8月至2019年12月鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院診治的VAD患者127例,所有患者均行數(shù)字減影血管造影(DSA)和(或)計算機斷層掃描血管造影(CTA)、磁共振血管造影(MRA)完成診斷。納入標準[6]:①影像學(xué)上符合CAD的典型征象,如雙腔征、內(nèi)膜瓣、壁內(nèi)血腫、線樣征、夾層動脈瘤等;②動脈夾層部位累及椎動脈;③入院時頭部CT或MRI證實SAH。排除標準:①合并腦梗死者;②同時累及前循環(huán)夾層者;③臨床資料不完整者。最終納入患者105例。本研究已通過鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會審批。

1.2 方法

根據(jù)首次入院時的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),將VAD患者分為蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(SAH)組和非蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(non-SAH)組。比較兩組患者的臨床資料,包括高血壓、糖尿病、吸煙/飲酒史、高膽固醇血癥、既往頭痛史、近期感染和輕度頭頸部創(chuàng)傷史等,低密度脂蛋白(LDL)以缺血性腦血管病患者二級預(yù)防標準1.8 mmol/L為界,分為LDL<1.80 mmol/L和LDL≥1.80 mmol/L。近期感染史:發(fā)病前1個月內(nèi)發(fā)生的感染。低尿酸水平和低肌酐水平定義為低于正常參考范圍下限值。

1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法

使用SPSS 26.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,偏態(tài)分布的計量資料以中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)[M(P25,P75)]表示,計數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示。計量資料組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U Test檢驗,計數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗或Fisher′s exact檢驗,將上述P<0.1的變量共同納入多因素logistic回歸分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 一般資料

共納入VAD患者105例,28例(26.7%)患者發(fā)生SAH,其中3例(10.7%)涉及雙側(cè)椎動脈。SAH組(n=28)男19例,女9例,年齡40~79歲,平均(51.75±1.55)歲;non-SAH組(n=77)男57例,女20例,年齡10~73歲,平均(48.40±1.58)歲。SAH組首發(fā)頭痛比例高于non-SAH組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=12.727,P<0.001);兩組間其他指標比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。28例SAH患者影像學(xué)特征見表2,其中4例(14.3%)復(fù)發(fā),1例(3.6%)死亡。

2.2 兩組的實驗室指標及影像學(xué)比較

單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,SAH組的總膽固醇水平、D-二聚體水平、中性粒細胞計數(shù)均高于non-SAH組,LDL、尿酸水平均低于non-SAH組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),兩組間其他指標比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表3。

2.3 VAD致SAH的多因素分析

將表1、3中組間比較P<0.1的變量納入多因素logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示,中性粒細胞計數(shù)高和低尿酸水平是椎動脈夾層患者SAH的危險因素。見表4。

3 討論

一項日本的研究報道腦動脈夾層中SAH多發(fā)生于椎動脈夾層[7]。本研究105例VAD患者中,28例(26.7%)合并SAH,其中3例累及雙側(cè)椎動脈,均繼發(fā)SAH。Takahara等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)雙側(cè)椎動脈夾層患者易出現(xiàn)缺血性卒中,與本研究相反,可能是由于本研究3例患者影像學(xué)上均表現(xiàn)為顱內(nèi)夾層動脈瘤。

頭頸部疼痛是顱內(nèi)動脈夾層患者的預(yù)警癥狀,隨后出現(xiàn)SAH和缺血性卒中[9]。本研究中60例(57.1%)VAD患者以頭痛為首發(fā)癥狀,40%隨后發(fā)生SAH。頭頸部疼痛可能由血管壁直接撕裂引起,血管擴張刺激周圍感覺神經(jīng)纖維也可能是疼痛的直接原因[10]。

少數(shù)研究表明吸煙、優(yōu)勢側(cè)椎動脈夾層、累及小腦后下動脈、VUBA>45°、珠線征是顱內(nèi)夾層SAH的高危因素[11-12],但關(guān)于椎動脈夾層破裂的研究較少,相關(guān)風險因素尚不明確。本研究表明SAH組患者D-二聚體水平、LDL≥1.8 mmol/L、總膽固醇水平較non-SAH組高。D-二聚體水平升高往往表明人體內(nèi)纖溶活性增強,對SAH預(yù)后不良有預(yù)測價值[13]。另外,有文獻報道血漿D-二聚體水平高與未來腦出血風險增加相關(guān),在抽血距腦出血時間最短的人群中更明顯[14]。既往一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)膽固醇水平與頸動脈夾層呈負相關(guān)[15]。而一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清膽固醇可通過加劇炎癥反應(yīng)促進中膜退行性改變和顱內(nèi)動脈瘤的進展[16]。本研究提示高膽固醇血癥和高脂血癥可能促進顱內(nèi)夾層動脈瘤破裂。因此可推測膽固醇在夾層形成和破裂中的機制可能是不同的。

Forster等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)與創(chuàng)傷性頸動脈夾層患者相比,自發(fā)性頸動脈夾層患者白細胞計數(shù)和CRP升高,提示炎癥在自發(fā)性頸動脈夾層中發(fā)揮作用。另外,一項前瞻性大型隊列研究發(fā)現(xiàn)基線期白細胞計數(shù)高與SAH發(fā)生率增加有關(guān),表明炎癥反應(yīng)可能先于SAH[18]。一項大鼠的顱內(nèi)動脈瘤破裂模型中,發(fā)現(xiàn)中性粒細胞可通過血管滋養(yǎng)血管聚集并加劇動脈瘤破裂部位的炎癥反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生破壞組織的蛋白酶使動脈壁退行性改變導(dǎo)致顱內(nèi)動脈瘤破裂[19]。本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)中性粒細胞計數(shù)高可能與VAD患者SAH相關(guān)。因此推測炎癥反應(yīng)可能是椎動脈夾層動脈瘤破裂機制之一。研究表明,尿酸(UA)是一種重要的內(nèi)源性抗氧化劑,通過清除自由基、抑制炎癥級聯(lián)反應(yīng)、降低血腦屏障通透性等機制對神經(jīng)起保護作用[20-21]。Song等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)尿酸水平降低可增加缺血性卒中出血轉(zhuǎn)化的風險,間接反映尿酸的神經(jīng)保護作用。最近,Xiao等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)低尿酸水平可通過上調(diào)Erk1/2-MMP軸的活性,增強彈性蛋白、膠原降解,從而破壞平滑肌-彈性蛋白收縮單位的完整性導(dǎo)致血管破裂。而且上述血管破裂可以被生理濃度的尿酸水平和p-Erk1/2特異性抑制劑部分抑制。這或許可以解釋尿酸水平低的VAD患者SAH的風險較高的原因。本研究中19例患者尿酸水平降低,其中13例發(fā)生SAH,可證實既往研究結(jié)果。7CEC5C62-5815-494D-9E31-8D6FFC5082D0

綜上所述,VAD患者多以頭痛為首發(fā)癥狀,當中性粒細胞計數(shù)高及尿酸水平降低時要警惕SAH的風險,及時給予介入干預(yù)。

[參考文獻]

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[13]? Fukuda H,Lo B,Yamamoto Y,et al. Plasma D-dimer may predict poor functional outcomes through systemic complications after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage[J].J Neurosurg,2017,127(2):284-290.

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(收稿日期:2021-11-01)7CEC5C62-5815-494D-9E31-8D6FFC5082D0

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