黎茜琳

完形填空是英語高考試卷中最穩(wěn)定的題型之一，被認(rèn)為是測試語言綜合能力和閱讀理解能力的有效方式。經(jīng)過對近五年高考英語全國Ⅰ卷完形填空的分析，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)有些考點(diǎn)的考查頻率很高。在宏觀層面，全國Ⅰ卷的完形填空每年都會設(shè)置一到兩個主旨題，要求考生能夠從宏觀層面把握文章大意，提取主旨。微觀層面上，邏輯關(guān)系、動作先后和代詞指代是每年都會考查的內(nèi)容，這要求考生能夠分析句內(nèi)或句間所隱含的邏輯關(guān)系，提取動作鏈，并且關(guān)注代詞。

一、宏觀層面

近五年高考全國Ⅰ卷中，完形填空的篇章均為記敘文或夾敘夾議的文章。作者通過講述故事來激勵、教育或啟發(fā)考生，反映正確的價(jià)值導(dǎo)向。作者都在故事的結(jié)尾處抒發(fā)感悟或揭示道理，即為通常所說的主旨大意，命題者也在此處設(shè)空，如例1、例2和例3。

做主旨題時(shí)，考生需關(guān)注兩個方面：第一，文章首尾兩段，通常來說，這是文章主旨句的所在位置。第二，根據(jù)不同的文體，關(guān)注文章的重要信息，概括文章大意，推斷主旨。一般來說，記敘文需關(guān)注故事的六要素;說明文關(guān)注事物的定義、性質(zhì)、功能、原理;議論文關(guān)注作者的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論。

[例1]（2022年全國新高考Ⅰ卷）

My husband， our children and I have had wonderful camping experiences over the past ten years.

…

Now， every year when my husband pulls our camper out of the garage， we are filled with a sense of? ?54? ? ， wondering what camping fun and? ? 55? ?we will experience next.

54. A. relief? ? B. duty? ? ? C. pride? ?D. excitement

55. A. failure? B. adventure C. performance D. conflict

分析：本文為記敘文，講述了一家人的野營趣事與冒險(xiǎn)經(jīng)歷。故事大意及作者的情感態(tài)度已在文章第一段點(diǎn)明：My husband， our children and I have had wonderful camping experiences over the past ten years。文章最后一段為體現(xiàn)主旨的結(jié)論句，主旨題設(shè)在最后一段的第54和55題。通讀全文之后可知，作者對野營的情感態(tài)度應(yīng)該是欣喜，故“we are filled with a sense of excitement”。作者認(rèn)為野營給家人帶來趣味和冒險(xiǎn)，故“wondering what camping fun and adventure we will experience next”。

[例2]（2021年全國新高考Ⅰ卷）

...This was harder than it sounds. ...It was all a little more high-pressure than Id expected…

This was the sort of work that made you? ?55? ?the dollars you earned and respect those who did the work， he told me.

55. A. withdraw B. donate C. receive D. appreciate

分析：本文為記敘文，講述了作者一次暑假打工的經(jīng)歷。作者通過這段經(jīng)歷明白了珍惜金錢，尊重工作的道理。第55題為主旨題，由文章大意可知，This was the sort of work that made you appreciate the dollars you earned。

[例3]（2019年高考全國Ⅰ卷）

Does Kilimanjaro? ?60? ?its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace？ I found the opposite to be true.

60. A. enjoy? B. deserve? C. save? D. acquire

分析：該篇為夾敘夾議的文章，講述的是作者通過登乞力馬扎羅山，解開人們目前對它的誤解。由此可知，最后一段中的主旨題應(yīng)該填Does Kilimanjaro deserve its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace？

二、微觀層面

1. 邏輯關(guān)系

通過對近五年高考全國Ⅰ卷完形填空的研究，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)句內(nèi)或句間邏輯關(guān)系也是高頻考點(diǎn)之一?？疾榈男问接袃煞N：第一，選擇邏輯詞，如例4和例5都是考查表邏輯關(guān)系的詞instead of。第二，根據(jù)邏輯詞選擇相應(yīng)詞匯，如例6。表1總結(jié)了近五年高考全國Ⅰ卷完形填空中考查的邏輯關(guān)系詞，由表中所總結(jié)的詞可見，邏輯關(guān)系詞考查的難度并不大，考生只需要在做題時(shí)圈畫識別出，并予以關(guān)注即可。

[例4]（2022年全國新高考Ⅰ卷）

He（our 15-month-old boy）was uncomfortable， and his crying let the whole campground know it. So? ? ? 45? ? ? tying him up， I just kept a close eye on him.

45. A. due to? B. instead of? C. apart from? D. as for

分析：在“kept a close eye on my son”和“tying him up”中，作者選擇了前者，故填instead of，表示轉(zhuǎn)折，譯為：我只是盯著他，而不是將他束在我身邊。

[例5]（2020年高考全國Ⅰ卷）

What if later in life they come to a metaphorical door， like an opportunity of some sort， and? ? ? 55? ? ? opening the door and taking the opportunity， they just stare at it and wonder，“What if it isnt a door？”That is，“What if it isnt a real opportunity？”

55. A. by comparison with? ?B. in addition to

C. regardless of? ? ? ?D. instead of

分析：如果未來孩子們遇到的一扇門代表的是機(jī)遇，那么他們只會盯著這扇門，而不是打開它，抓住機(jī)遇。結(jié)合句意，該空格處應(yīng)該表示轉(zhuǎn)折，故選擇邏輯詞instead of。

注意：以上兩題中都有一個just與instead of連用，即“只是……而不是……”。

[例6]（2019年高考全國Ⅰ卷）

I find a clean mountain， with toilets at camps and along the paths. The environmental challenges are? ? 48? ? but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be? ? ?49? ? .

48. A. new? B. special? C. significant? D. necessary

49. A. paying off? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. spreading out

C. blowing up ? ? ? ? D. fading away

分析：句中有轉(zhuǎn)折詞but，所以前后兩句構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故應(yīng)為“環(huán)境挑戰(zhàn)是巨大的（significant），但是坦桑尼亞國家公園管理局的努力卻似乎正在得到回報(bào)（pay off）”。

2. 動作先后

近五年高考全國Ⅰ卷中的完形填空，有些空格需要根據(jù)動作先后，選擇設(shè)空位置的相應(yīng)動詞，這也是完形填空的一個高頻考點(diǎn)。從近五年的考題看，這些動作要么是用句子串聯(lián)，如例7，要么是用and連接，如例8和例9。

[例7]（2021年全國新高考Ⅰ卷）

Our roles in the factory were simple： Place cakes on a moving belt. Attach icing（糖霜）ears. Apply icing eyes and nose.? ? 49? ? bunny from the belt.

49. A. Save? ?B. Keep? ?C. Stop? ?D. Remove

分析：該處在描述我們在工廠的角色和任務(wù)，包括：將蛋糕放在傳送帶上，用霜糖鑲嵌耳朵，再鑲嵌眼睛和鼻子，最后“? ? 49? ? bunny from the belt”。place， attach， apply 及空格處的動作應(yīng)該是連續(xù)的，構(gòu)成動作鏈，故最后一個動作是把兔子蛋糕從傳送帶上拿下來。

[例8]（2019年高考全國Ⅰ卷）

I hate lying to the kids. One day theyll? ? 47? ? and discover that everything theyve always known about windows is a lie.

47. A. win out? B. give up? C. wake up? D. stand out

分析：由and可知，空格處的動作和discover構(gòu)成動作的先后，故孩子們是先醒悟（wake up），再發(fā)現(xiàn)他們所了解的一切都是謊言。

[例9]（2018年高考全國Ⅰ卷）

“The absolute most important skill that you learn when you play chess is how to make good decisions. On every single move you have to? ? 58? ? a situation， process what your opponent is doing and? ? 59? ? the best move from among all your options.”

58. A. analyze ? B. describe? C. rebuild? ?D. control

59. A. announce? B. signal? ?C. block? ?D. evaluate

分析：由第59空前的and可知，第58空，process和第59空這三個動作構(gòu)成動作鏈，根據(jù)常識推斷，應(yīng)是在下每一步棋時(shí)，先要“分析（analyze）情形”，再“推斷你的對手要做什么”，最后“從你所有的選擇中評估（evaluate）最好的一步”。

3. 代詞指代

代詞是篇章銜接的重要手段，是近五年高考全國Ⅰ卷中完形填空的高頻考點(diǎn)之一。目前已考查到的代詞包括指示代詞、人稱代詞、物主代詞、關(guān)系代詞?？忌枰陂喿x過程中弄清楚代詞的指代，才能選擇出正確的詞語，與之匹配。

[例10]（2022年全國新高考Ⅰ卷）

Another time， we rented a boat in Vallecito Lake. The sky was clear when we headed off， but storms move in fast in the mountains， and this one quickly? ? 48? ? our peaceful morning trip.

48. A. arranged B. interrupted C. completed D. recorded

分析：空格所在句中的this one指代的是storm，意為“這次風(fēng)暴打斷（interrupt）了我們平靜的清晨旅行”。

[例11]（2021年全國新高考Ⅰ卷）

My best friend Betsys father was a manager at Hough Bakeries... It happened that the plant downtown needed eight kids for temporary help during our spring break， for which I had no? ? 44? ? beyond listening to my favorite records. Id earn minimum wage. Id see how a factory worked. My parents thought all of this was a grand idea and called Betsys dad with their? ? 47? ? .

44. A. plans? B. problems? C. excuses? D. hobbies

47. A. ambition? ? ? ? ?B. permission

C. experience? ? ? ? D. invitation

分析：第44題所在的句子中，關(guān)系代詞which指代的是our spring break，即and I had no _______ for our spring break beyond...（除了聽喜歡的唱片外，對春節(jié)假期我沒有計(jì)劃（plan）”。第47題所在句子中，their指代的是前文提到的my parents，能和my parents搭配的應(yīng)是permission，意為“我的父母同意了我的計(jì)劃，給Betsy的父親打了電話”。

[例12] （2019年高考全國Ⅰ卷）

The best of a Kilimanjaro experience， in my opinion， isnt reaching the top. Mountains are regarded as spiritual places by many cultures. This? ? ?52? ? is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as climbers go through five ecosystems（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）in the space of a few kilometers.

52. A. view? B. quality? C. reason? D. purpose

分析：空格所在句中的this指代前文的“Mountains are regarded as spiritual places by many cultures”，這是一個觀點(diǎn)，故選擇view。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青