吳連爽 趙維納 尹昌浩 徐丹
[摘要] 目的 探討有無橫竇變異對前循環(huán)梗死患者的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸的影響。 方法 收集2019年2月至2020年12月發(fā)病且發(fā)病48 h內(nèi)就診于牡丹江醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬紅旗醫(yī)院、第二醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科的已行頭顱CT/DWI/MRI檢查前經(jīng)腦梗死牛津郡社區(qū)卒中項(xiàng)目(OCSP)臨床分型明確為完全前循環(huán)梗死(TACI)患者和部分前循環(huán)梗死(PACI)患者,最終對75例前循環(huán)梗死患者進(jìn)行磁共振靜脈血管成像(MRV)及頸靜脈彩超檢查,根據(jù)檢查結(jié)果分為橫竇無變異與橫竇變異兩組,記錄橫竇變異分級、頸內(nèi)靜脈管徑、梗死體積、基線NIHSS評分、90 d mRS評分。分析橫竇變異對完全/部分前循環(huán)梗死部位、梗死體積及臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸的影響。 結(jié)果 前循環(huán)梗死患者中,橫竇變異側(cè)與同側(cè)前循環(huán)梗死的形成有關(guān),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。橫竇變異同側(cè)的頸內(nèi)靜脈管徑顯著小,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。完全前循環(huán)梗死合并橫竇變異組患者的基線NIHSS和90 d mRS評分均高于部分前循環(huán)梗死合并橫竇變異組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。完全前循環(huán)梗死橫竇變異組90 d mRS評分高于無變異組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 橫竇變異更容易發(fā)生同側(cè)前循環(huán)梗死,且橫竇變異同側(cè)的頸內(nèi)靜脈管徑顯著小;合并橫竇變異的完全前循環(huán)梗死與部分前循環(huán)梗死比較,臨床癥狀重、預(yù)后差;完全前循環(huán)梗死合并橫竇變異組的預(yù)后更差。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腦梗死;前循環(huán);橫竇變異;轉(zhuǎn)歸預(yù)后
[中圖分類號] R743.3? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2022)09-0021-05
Study on the impacts of transverse sinus variation on the clinical outcome of total/partial anterior circulation infarcts
WU Lianshuang1? ZHAO Weina2,3? ?YIN? Changhao2,3? ?XU? Dan2,3
1.Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang? ?157000, China; 2.Department of Neurology IV, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang? ?157000, China; 3.Key Laboratory of Ischemic Stroke Prevention and Control in Heilongjiang Province,Mudanjiang? ?157000,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the impacts of the presence or absence of transverse sinus variation on the clinical outcome of patients with anterior circulation infarcts. Methods Patients who were admitted to the Department of Neurology of Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University from February 2019 to December 2020 with onset within 48 hours and who had undergone cranial computed tomography (CT)/diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)/ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and clinically diagnosed with clinical typing of total anterior circulation infarcts (TACI) and partial anterior circulation infarcts (PACI) by the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project (OCSP) for cerebral infarction were selected as the study subjects. 75 patients with anterior circulation infarcts who underwent magnetic resonance venography (MRV) and jugular vein ultrasound examination were divided into the non-transverse sinus variation group and the transverse sinus variation group according to the examination results. The grading of transverse sinus variation, internal jugular vein diameter, infarct volume, the score of National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at baseline, and 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score were recorded. The impacts of transverse sinus variation on the site, infarct volume, and clinical outcome of TACI/PACI were analyzed. Results In patients with anterior circulation infarcts, the transverse sinus variant was associated with the formation of ipsilateral anterior circulation infarcts,with statistically significant difference(P<0.05). The diameter of the internal jugular vein on the ipsilateral side of the transverse sinus variant was significantly smaller, with statistically significant difference(P<0.05).The baseline NIHSS and 90-day mRS scores were higher in the TACI combined with transverse sinus variant group than those in the PACI combined with transverse sinus variant group, with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).The 90-day mRS score was higher in the TACI combined with transverse sinus variant group than that in the non-transverse sinus variation group, with statistically significant difference(P<0.05). Conclusion Transverse sinus variation is more likely to result in ipsilateral anterior circulation infarcts, and the internal jugular vein diameter on the ipsilateral side of transverse sinus variation is significantly smaller. Compared with the PACI combined with transverse sinus variant group, there are severer clinical symptoms and worse prognosis in the TACI combined with transverse sinus variation group. In addition, the prognosis of TACI combined with transverse sinus variation group is worse than that of the PACI combined with transverse sinus variant group.
[Key words] Cerebral infarction; Anterior circulation; Transverse sinus variation; Outcome and prognosis
前循環(huán)梗死(anterior circulation infarction,ACI)是導(dǎo)致患者具有更高的缺血性卒中發(fā)生率及預(yù)后差的梗死類型[1-2]。根據(jù)OCSP臨床分型前循環(huán)腦梗死分為完全前循環(huán)梗死(TACI)和部分前循環(huán)梗死(PACI)[3]。研究表明[4-5],急性腦梗死中,TACI患者的神經(jīng)功能損害最重,康復(fù)時(shí)間最長,預(yù)后最差。腦循環(huán)包括動(dòng)脈和靜脈系統(tǒng),既往研究過多的關(guān)注于動(dòng)脈血管變化,但靜脈、靜脈竇在腦血流及顱內(nèi)壓力改變中居主要地位[6]。顱內(nèi)靜脈變異較多,但大多數(shù)患者無臨床癥狀[7]。橫竇(transverse sinus,TS)是正常人靜脈竇變異的最常見類型[8],且越來越多的研究表明[5],TS變異在整個(gè)腦靜脈及靜脈血流動(dòng)力學(xué)中有重要作用。
筆者認(rèn)為TS變異在動(dòng)脈梗死事件中的作用可能涉及以下2個(gè)方面:①先天橫竇變異影響動(dòng)脈血液回流,長年累月使動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)程加重;②橫竇變異影響動(dòng)脈回流,導(dǎo)致大面積前循環(huán)梗死急性期的水腫加重,直接影響預(yù)后。本研究通過對前循環(huán)梗死患者的橫竇變異分析,評估其對前循環(huán)梗死的發(fā)生率、疾病嚴(yán)重程度的影響以及臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸等方面的臨床價(jià)值,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集2019年2月至2020年12月發(fā)病且發(fā)病48 h內(nèi)就診于牡丹江醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬紅旗醫(yī)院、第二醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科的已行頭顱DWI/MRI證實(shí)為前循環(huán)梗死的75例患者,并在48 h之內(nèi)完成頭MRV及頸內(nèi)靜脈彩超檢查,檢查結(jié)果由一名有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的影像、超聲科醫(yī)師和一名神經(jīng)科醫(yī)師經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)后進(jìn)行盲法評估。課題研究通過牡丹江醫(yī)學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)的審批,所有被試者均需簽署知情同意書。
1.2 磁共振成像方法
均采用荷蘭飛利浦公司3.0T TX磁共振儀進(jìn)行影像學(xué)系統(tǒng)掃描,常規(guī)行T1WI、T2WI、Flair、DWI、MRV檢查,MRV檢查參數(shù):采用三維相位對比(phase contrast,PC),流速編碼Venc=15 cm/s,TR/TE=25 ms/6 ms,翻轉(zhuǎn)角10°,矩陣256×256,層厚0.8 mm。
1.3 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
TS變異不對稱分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn):由于TS中段易于識別及測量,故選擇中段測量TS管徑(cm)。在MRV中,根據(jù)雙側(cè)TS是否不對稱,被分成4級[9]。TS變異是指2級及3級。MRV見圖1。
根據(jù)TS是否對稱MRV分為4級。A:0級(TS雙側(cè)不對稱≤10%,箭頭);B:1級(TS不對稱>10%,且≤50%,箭頭);C:2級(TS不對稱>50%,箭頭;D:3級(TS纖細(xì)或者缺失,箭頭)。
靜脈彩超評定標(biāo)準(zhǔn):雙源彩色超聲通過7-MHz線性傳感器(iU22;美國飛利浦醫(yī)藥系統(tǒng))傳導(dǎo),技術(shù)人員對患者臨床信息行盲法評定。在頸內(nèi)靜脈中段(J2)和上段(J3)記錄以下參數(shù):時(shí)間平均中位流速和管腔橫截面積。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件處理數(shù)據(jù),計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 橫竇變異率及橫竇變異的意義
在所有前循環(huán)梗死患者中,橫竇變異在同側(cè)前循環(huán)梗死的發(fā)生率高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。在完全、部分前循環(huán)梗死患者中橫竇變異率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1~2。
2.2 完全前循環(huán)梗死患者的橫竇變異情況
一例78歲老年男性患者,DWI示左側(cè)完全前循環(huán)梗死(圖2A,箭頭),入院第3天臨床癥狀加重,行頭CT示:梗死面積較前增大(圖2B,箭頭),MRV顯示同側(cè)橫竇變異(圖2C,箭頭)。一例67歲老年女性患者DWI示左側(cè)完全前循環(huán)梗死(圖2D,箭頭),入院第5天臨床癥狀加重,行頭CT示:梗死面積較前增大,出現(xiàn)腦水腫且同側(cè)側(cè)腦室受壓(圖2E,箭頭),MRV顯示對側(cè)橫竇變異(圖2F,箭頭)。
2.3 頸內(nèi)靜脈管徑不對稱的意義
橫竇變異同側(cè)的頸內(nèi)靜脈管徑顯著小,其與非變異橫竇側(cè)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=33.446,P<0.001)。見表3。
2.4 前循環(huán)梗死合并有無橫竇變異與責(zé)任病灶體積的關(guān)系
在前循環(huán)梗死患者中,合并TS變異的梗死體積明顯增大(表現(xiàn)為大、中、小梗死灶均較無橫竇變異組人數(shù)增多)。見圖3。橫竇無變異與橫竇變異組中各種梗死灶體積的大小比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表4。
2.5 前循環(huán)梗死患者與橫竇有無變異間臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸分析
與PACI組比較,合并橫竇變異的TACI組具有更差的NIHSS及90 d mRS評分,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),TACI合并橫竇變異組與無橫竇變異組比較,90 d的mRS評分更差,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表 5。
注 *TACI橫竇變異與PACI橫竇變異組相比,P<0.05,且NIHSS、mRS評分,分別為t=8.108,P=0.000;t=8.108,P=0.001;#TACI橫竇無變異與PACI橫竇無變異組相比,P<0.05,但NIHSS、mRS評分的統(tǒng)計(jì)值分別為t=3.799,P=0.055;t=2.267,P=0.053;^TACI橫竇變異與TS無變異組相比,P<0.05,而NIHSS、mRS評分的統(tǒng)計(jì)值分別為t=0.219,P=0.829;t=3.213,P=0.012;&PACI橫竇變異與無變異組相比,P<0.05,但NIHSS、mRS評分的統(tǒng)計(jì)值分別為t=0.781,P=0.438;t=0.612,P=0.543
3 討論
3.1 前循環(huán)梗死與TS變異相關(guān)性分析
3.1.1 前循環(huán)梗死與TS變異率? 本研究中右側(cè)TS變異33例,變異率為56.0%,但與完全/部分前循環(huán)梗死的發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。研究結(jié)果與既往文獻(xiàn)一致,認(rèn)為TS通常不對稱,TS發(fā)育不良或發(fā)育不全是一種常見的解剖學(xué)變異,約30%左右的病例會(huì)出現(xiàn)TS一側(cè)閉鎖或發(fā)育不良,且半數(shù)以上的病例以右側(cè)TS為主[10]。TS變異可能與先天解剖結(jié)構(gòu)、發(fā)育異常有關(guān)。如果TS在發(fā)育過程中迅速增大和減小,可能會(huì)發(fā)生TS的變異,如直徑和邊緣不規(guī)則、間隔形成和節(jié)段缺失[11]。
3.1.2 前循環(huán)梗死形成與TS變異? 本研究結(jié)果顯示,TS變異更容易發(fā)生同側(cè)前循環(huán)梗死,即TS變異與同側(cè)ACI的形成有關(guān),其與非變異橫竇側(cè)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。研究結(jié)果與Drozdov等[12]的結(jié)果符合,通過觀察5例MCA梗死后出現(xiàn)致死性腦水腫的患者中有4例出現(xiàn)TS橫竇變異,與出現(xiàn)同側(cè)顱內(nèi)靜脈引流異常的結(jié)果符合??赡茉蚴荰S變異引起腦靜脈血液回流障礙,導(dǎo)致顱內(nèi)靜脈的引流異常,在靜脈系統(tǒng)和毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)淤積的血液,引起局部的腦組織腫脹,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致顱內(nèi)壓增高[13]。顱內(nèi)壓增高損害腦血管自主調(diào)節(jié)功能,延長腦循環(huán)時(shí)間,影響動(dòng)脈血液回流,加速動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)程[14],從而易形成同側(cè)動(dòng)脈血栓且導(dǎo)致臨床癥狀加重。雖然本實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)橫竇變異與同側(cè)前循環(huán)梗死的發(fā)生率相關(guān),但樣本量較小,仍需大樣本實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)。
3.1.3 前循環(huán)梗死TS變異與頸內(nèi)靜脈管徑? 因本研究行頸內(nèi)靜脈彩超時(shí)受技術(shù)所限未獲得患者血流量相關(guān)數(shù)值,故只評估了管徑,通過評估頸內(nèi)靜脈管徑后發(fā)現(xiàn),管徑不對稱比例約48%,且與橫竇變異側(cè)做分析后,結(jié)果提示TS變異同側(cè)的頸內(nèi)靜脈管徑顯著小,這也與先前研究一致[15-17]。從血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的角度來看,毛細(xì)血管和靜脈是腦血管阻力的重要貢獻(xiàn)者,但在生理?xiàng)l件下,它們在血流調(diào)節(jié)中的作用微乎其微,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)缺血時(shí),阻力小動(dòng)脈和動(dòng)脈最大限度地?cái)U(kuò)張并變得反應(yīng)遲鈍[18]。那么,橫竇變異與頸內(nèi)靜脈管徑不對稱導(dǎo)致血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常也可以解釋。但由于本研究中受限彩超技術(shù),導(dǎo)致未獲得頸內(nèi)靜脈血流量相關(guān)數(shù)值。
3.2 TS變異與前循環(huán)梗死患者梗死體積的關(guān)系
本研究中,梗死體積在TS無變異與TS變異組間比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),與Tumanova等[19]研究的梗死體積的增大在靜脈竇變異后導(dǎo)致缺血性卒中水腫加重有關(guān)的結(jié)果不一致??赡芘c入組患者人數(shù)較少、臨床嚴(yán)重程度中等程度偏上有關(guān)。靜脈系統(tǒng)形態(tài)的異常是否類似于不完整的Willis環(huán)的后果仍需要縱向研究。
3.3 前循環(huán)梗死合并橫竇變異的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸影響分析
王本孝等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)OCSP的這四種臨床類型中,TACI患者入院時(shí)病情、神經(jīng)功能缺損重,梗死面積大,預(yù)后差,致殘率高。NIHSS、90 d mRS是評價(jià)患者神經(jīng)功能缺損嚴(yán)重程度、恢復(fù)情況的評估指標(biāo),評分越低意味著癱瘓程度越輕、預(yù)后越好。本研究中,完全/部分前循環(huán)梗死橫竇不同變異類型之間,TACI橫竇變異與PACI橫竇變異組比較,TACI橫竇變異組的NIHSS及90 dmRS評分更高,提示與嚴(yán)重的臨床癥狀、預(yù)后差有關(guān)。TACI橫竇變異與無變異組比較,TACI變異組的90 d mRS評分更高,提示預(yù)后差。本研究結(jié)果與早前的研究結(jié)果具有較好的一致性,如Kaartinen[21]等研究表明,在9例MCA梗死患者中有3例出現(xiàn)致死性水腫,腦血管造影顯示同側(cè)TS閉鎖和頸內(nèi)靜脈發(fā)育不良,發(fā)現(xiàn)除梗死體積外,同側(cè)顱內(nèi)引流靜脈發(fā)育不良或閉塞與MCA梗死早期致死性水腫有關(guān),導(dǎo)致更嚴(yán)重的臨床表現(xiàn)。另外,Munuera等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)梗死同側(cè)橫竇閉塞或發(fā)育不良的患者預(yù)后差,同側(cè)頸內(nèi)靜脈閉塞或發(fā)育不良的發(fā)生率與預(yù)后良好的患者相當(dāng)。對側(cè)橫竇閉塞、發(fā)育不良或?qū)?cè)頸內(nèi)靜脈閉塞、發(fā)育不良在預(yù)后較差的患者與功能良好的患者中比例相似。隨著人們對腦靜脈循環(huán)的興趣的發(fā)展,應(yīng)該更好地了解靜脈及靜脈竇及其在動(dòng)脈缺血性腦水腫中的作用。本研究入組患者多數(shù)為中等程度的梗死,完全前循環(huán)梗死的患者數(shù)量相對較少,可能影響一些統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果。
綜上所述,TS變異更容易發(fā)生同側(cè)前循環(huán)腦梗死,且TS變異同側(cè)的頸內(nèi)靜脈管徑顯著小。合并TS的TACI組與PACI組比較,臨床癥狀重、預(yù)后差。與TACI無變異組比較,合并TS變異組的預(yù)后更差。
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(收稿日期:2021-05-12)