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炎癥性腸病相關性肝病的研究進展

2022-02-18 12:52尹月姍徐智媛黃桂芳楊晉輝
胃腸病學和肝病學雜志 2022年1期
關鍵詞:肝病肝臟臨床

炎癥性腸病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一種慢性自身免疫介導的炎癥性疾病,包括潰瘍性結腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和克羅恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD)。確切病因尚不清楚,認為是由環(huán)境、微生物和遺傳因素相互作用引發(fā)異常免疫反應導致腸道炎癥

。IBD已成為21世紀全球發(fā)病率不斷上升的全球性疾病

。

與很多免疫相關性疾病一樣,IBD并不局限于胃腸道,是一種可以累及任何器官的全身性疾病

。國外文獻報道超過30%的IBD患者伴有腸外表現

,雖然亞洲與歐洲的IBD患者有著相似的腸外表現危險因素,亞洲IBD患者腸外表現患病率卻低于西方國家患者

。腸外表現是IBD患者發(fā)病率和致殘率的重要來源,也是一個確定的危險因素

。研究發(fā)現,腸外表現可在IBD診斷數年前出現,臨床醫(yī)師應了解其各種表現,以期幫助早期發(fā)現、診斷、治療IBD患者,改善患者預后

。

因肝臟和胃腸道之間存在密切的解剖和生理關系,肝臟受累常發(fā)生在胃腸道疾病中

。常見的IBD相關性肝病分為:(1)與代謝相關:非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD);(2)與致病機制相關:原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis, PSC)、自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis, AIH)、原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化(autoimmune hepatitis, PBC)、重疊綜合征;(3)與治療相關:藥物性肝炎、病毒性肝炎;(4)與生理學變化相關:門靜脈血栓、肝膿腫。IgG4相關膽管炎(IgG4-associated cholangitis,IAC)、肉芽腫性肝炎和淀粉樣變性較少見

,接下來就常見的、嚴重的IBD相關性肝病的流行病學、發(fā)病機制、臨床特點、治療方面的最新研究進展作一概述。

1 IBD并發(fā)NAFLD

NAFLD是最常見的IBD相關性肝病,關于其患病率各研究報道不一(8.2%~44%)

,明顯高于一般人群

。年齡、BMI、糖尿病、IBD病程和既往腸切除史是目前公認的IBD患者發(fā)生NAFLD的危險因素

。一項關于IBD患者肌少癥和NAFLD的臨床相關性的研究發(fā)現,肌少癥比值比為2.99,是IBD患者并發(fā)NAFLD的一個重要、獨立的危險因素

。部分IBD患者接受硫唑嘌呤治療后出現肝脂肪變性,故認為高水平的甲基巰基嘌呤可能是肝脂肪變性另一個潛在危險因素

。IBD合并NAFLD具體的發(fā)病機制尚不明確,影像學檢查發(fā)現肝臟脂肪變性在IBD患者中較為常見,提示腸道炎癥和肝-腸軸紊亂可能在NAFLD的病理生理學中起著重要作用

。接受抗腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)治療的IBD患者中NAFLD的患病率很高??肆_恩疾病活動指數(the Crohn’s disease activity index,CDAI)與肝脂肪變性獨立相關,提示IBD治療藥物與自身腸道炎癥參與了NAFLD的發(fā)生發(fā)展

。利用NAFLD評分對有上述危險因素的IBD患者進行篩查,有助于疾病的早期診斷和治療

。近期一項研究發(fā)現,在采用地中海飲食(mediterranean diet,MD)的基礎上進行短期飲食干預后,CD和UC患者營養(yǎng)不良相關參數和肝臟脂肪變性顯著降低,對IBD并發(fā)NAFLD治療提供了參考

2 IBD并發(fā)PSC

PSC是一種以慢性、進行性肝內和/或肝外膽管炎癥、擴張、狹窄和閉塞為病理表現的肝病,診斷基于內窺鏡逆行胰膽管造影或磁共振胰膽管造影

。約80%的PSC患者同時患有IBD

,PSC是IBD患者最常見、最特異的肝膽表現

。伴有PSC的結腸炎具有特定的臨床和病理學特征,被認為是IBD的一種獨特表現型,常被稱為“PSC-IBD”,通常表現為輕度廣泛結腸炎,以右側為主

。IBD與PSC之間的病理生理相互作用尚不清楚,與單純的IBD相比,伴有PSC的IBD患者病變范圍更廣,發(fā)生結直腸癌的風險增加

,PSC-IBD患者如果在40歲以下就被診斷患有IBD,患結直腸癌的風險將增加4倍,對于這類患者,建議每年篩查結腸鏡

。一項關于有PSC的UC和無PSC的UC橫斷面研究發(fā)現,前者谷草轉氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、谷丙轉氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、γ-谷氨酰轉肽酶(gamma glutamyl transpeptidase,γ-GGT)、血清堿性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)和血清IgG4較后者顯著升高,推薦使用GGT和IgG4檢測方法評估UC合并PSC的風險

。IBD伴發(fā)PSC的發(fā)病機制不清,研究發(fā)現合并PSC的UC患者CD4

、CD25

T細胞升高,提示CD4

、CD25

調節(jié)性T細胞可能在UC相關PSC的發(fā)病機制中發(fā)揮關鍵作用,也為這一疾病的治療提供了新的思路

。但目前肝移植仍然是治療PSC唯一有效的方法

。

現實主義為了解國際社會提供了真實的一面,但其更側重于描述以國家間相互實力的對比為核心的層面,在這種無政府狀態(tài)下,國家之間并非完全處于一種無政府狀態(tài)下的混亂局勢,各個國際組織、國際法會對主權國家間的行為進行相應的約束和遏制。但現實主義并未對國際關系中各國之間的合作與發(fā)展作出必要的解釋和分析,建立在對現實主義批判基礎之上的自由主義將從理論層面對這些問題進行相應的彌補和梳理。

3 IBD并發(fā)AIH、PBC及重疊綜合征

免疫調節(jié)劑和生物制劑的使用使得IBD的治療發(fā)生了革命性的變化。在這種免疫抑制的情況下,機會性感染是IBD患者的一個重要安全問題

。IBD患者全身嚴重病毒感染的發(fā)生率是普通人群的3倍

。一項回顧性研究提示:中國IBD患者的乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染率高于歐洲、美國和中國普通人群,但HCV感染率與本研究中普通人群相似

。免疫抑制和生物療法相關的乙型肝炎再活化正在成為當前或先前接觸過HBV感染的患者發(fā)病和死亡的重要原因

。已報道的病毒性肝炎再活化病例具有廣泛的臨床表現,從無臨床表現的病毒血癥到危及生命的暴發(fā)性肝炎不等

。因此,在開始使用這些藥物之前,識別有重新激活風險的患者,并開始以預防HBV重新激活為目標的治療,是管理這些患者的最佳策略

。接種疫苗對IBD患者至關重要,并且對IBD患者應該常規(guī)進行乙型和丙型肝炎病毒感染的篩查

4 IBD并發(fā)藥物性肝損傷(drug-induced liver injury,DILI)

用于治療IBD的多種藥物如磺胺嘧啶、硫嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、TNF、抗整合素、5-氨基水楊酸、小分子JAK抑制劑等均可能引起肝損傷

。不同的藥物所致的DILI有著不同的特點,如:在TNF拮抗劑中,英夫利昔單抗和依那西普最常與肝損傷相關,包括無癥狀血清轉氨酶升高、臨床上明顯的AIH的誘導和乙型肝炎的再激活

;硫鳥嘌呤治療的IBD患者中,可以觀察到肝臟的血管異常,特別是結節(jié)性再生增生(nodular regenerative hyperplasia,NRH)

;硫唑嘌呤常常表現為肝細胞損傷和膽汁淤積二者混合

;甲氨蝶呤主要表現為轉氨酶升高

。早期診斷DILI是重要的,因為它影響到患者未來的臨床管理。當肝臟檢查異常時,臨床醫(yī)師應進行全面的診斷檢查,以確定肝臟異常是否與IBD有關

。研究發(fā)現,硫唑嘌呤和巰基嘌呤治療IBD患者1周6-甲基巰基嘌呤核糖核苷酸(6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotide,6-MMPR)濃度對肝毒性發(fā)展有著較好的預測價值

;利用RUCAM評分可以幫助臨床醫(yī)師辨別肝損傷是否由服用的藥物所致

。近年來關于DILI治療的研究層出不窮,部分取得了階段性的成果,低劑量硫嘌呤-別嘌呤醇聯(lián)合治療對IBD患者是一種安全、有益的優(yōu)化策略

;單激肽可減輕2%右旋糖酐硫酸鈉引起的肝臟病理損傷、肝臟參數、巨噬細胞浸潤和細胞因子水平

;半乳糖蛋白酶-1對肝損傷小鼠具有增殖、抗凋亡、抗炎和抗氧化作用,有望作為一種抗肝毒性的保護劑

。目前肝毒性仍然是治療IBD患者的一個重要臨床問題。臨床醫(yī)師需要對不同藥物類別下肝臟相關不良事件的特點,根據患者情況制定合理、個體化治療方案以及結合危險因素制定適當的預防和管理策略。

IBD發(fā)生血管并發(fā)癥的風險增加,最重要的是動脈和靜脈血栓栓塞,被認為是IBD的特殊腸外表現。PVT在IBD患者中并不常見,但其發(fā)病率仍高于普通人群

。PVT主要發(fā)生在結腸次全切除術后,最常見的初始癥狀為腹痛,可在出院數周后發(fā)生,術前C反應蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)與其相關,最佳預測CRP閾值為45 mg/L,CRP>45 mg/L的患者PVT發(fā)生率更高,需要進一步的研究來確定高危患者術后合適的門診血栓預防方案

。早期和積極地使用抗凝治療可對IBD相關性PVT起到良好的治療效果,特別是選擇直接口服抗凝藥物的研究對象未出現腸缺血、門脈高壓癥、大出血和死亡等不良反應,與較高的完全緩解率(96%)相關

。為IBD患者并發(fā)PVT的抗凝治療方案提供了參考。

5 IBD并發(fā)病毒性肝炎

相比PSC,IBD合并AIH、PBC及重疊綜合征較為少見。PSC是最常見的肝膽表現,其他AIH可能在后者的演變過程中發(fā)生發(fā)展,稱為重疊綜合征

。臨床診療發(fā)現伴有AIH的IBD患者比不伴有AIH的IBD患者治療失敗的頻率更高

。同時,最近一研究報道可溶性抑制性受體PD1(soluble programmed death 1,sPD1)水平與AIH和IBD的活動性相關,這一受體與PSC無關,而PSC合并AIH或IBD顯示較高的sPD1水平。說明可溶性sPD1水平可作為評估AIH患者活動性的臨床生物標志物,可前瞻性監(jiān)測、評估PSC患者發(fā)生IBD或AIH的可能性

。PBC是另一種自身免疫性膽汁淤積性肝病,二者并存的情況很少見,但在IBD患者肝功能異常篩查時也應考慮PBC

。

6 IBD并發(fā)門靜脈血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)

兩試驗均采用大區(qū)對比設計,每處理1 320 m2(22 m×60 m)不設重復。試驗田施種肥磷酸二銨525.0 kg/hm2+尿素 112.5 kg/hm2,追施尿素 750.0 kg/hm2。生育期間澆4水。

“中國特色社會主義”是何時提出的?目前,絕大多數學者一致認為這一命題是在黨的第十六次代表大會被正式提出和使用的,而鄧小平在黨的第十二次代表大會開幕詞中的講話則被普遍認為是中國特色社會主義內涵的首次鋪墊。此后,黨的歷次代表大會均圍繞“中國特色社會主義”的主題開展,并對其內涵進行不斷的豐富與發(fā)展。

7 IBD并發(fā)肝膿腫

肝膿腫雖然是IBD的罕見并發(fā)癥,但卻是潛在的嚴重威脅患者生命的嚴重疾病。由于癥狀往往不典型,可能會誤以為IBD病情加重,導致診斷和治療延遲,對患者的生命造成嚴重的威脅

。綜合目前研究結果,每年住院兩次或兩次以上、剖腹手術、糖尿病患者、行經皮膽囊和膽道穿刺、內鏡下膽道引流管置入、免疫抑制治療、瘺管形成和腹腔內膿腫是IBD發(fā)生肝膿腫的危險因素,UC患者比CD患者更容易發(fā)病,在IBD人群中,年齡和性別不影響肝膿腫發(fā)生

。最常見的致病微生物為中間鏈球菌。治療方案包括抗生素抗感染、針吸、導管引流、膽道引流、手術引流等,應根據患者病情、病灶范圍、位置等綜合判斷和選擇個體化治療方案

。

IBD伴有肝臟并發(fā)癥并不少見,其對IBD患者的病情發(fā)展和預后有著重要的影響。對于肝功能異常的IBD患者,臨床應常規(guī)篩查是否與原發(fā)病相關以及積極查找肝損傷的原因。肝病作為IBD的常見并發(fā)癥,多先于IBD發(fā)生,對IBD的早期發(fā)現、診斷、治療有著重要的意義,通過學習各型IBD相關性肝病的特點及研究進展,可為科學的治療和管理患者奠定基礎。

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