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髂腰肌A型肉毒毒素注射配合康復(fù)治療對(duì)兒童痙攣型腦癱步行能力的影響

2021-10-26 01:17吳英李脈
康頤 2021年12期
關(guān)鍵詞:痙攣腦癱

吳英 李脈

【摘要】目的:探討髂腰肌A型肉毒毒素注射配合康復(fù)治療對(duì)兒童痙攣型腦癱步行能力的影響。方法:選擇進(jìn)行了髂腰肌注射的痙攣型腦癱患兒40例作為治療組,未進(jìn)行髂腰肌注射的痙攣型腦癱患兒40例作為對(duì)照組。治療組進(jìn)行了包含髂腰肌在內(nèi)的痙攣肌群的A型肉毒毒素的注射治療,對(duì)照組進(jìn)行了除髂腰肌注射以外的抗痙攣治療。結(jié)果:(1)治療1個(gè)月、2個(gè)月、3個(gè)月,兩組腦癱兒童GMFM88中與爬、跪、站立及步行能力有關(guān)的分值治療前、后差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),治療組和對(duì)照組在治療后差異有顯著性(P<0.01)。(2)治療組的伸髖角度及髂腰肌改良Ashworth分級(jí)(MAS)在治療后3天、7天、1個(gè)月、2個(gè)月均有明顯改善,與治療前比差異有顯著性(P<0.01),3個(gè)月時(shí)伸髖角度有所下降、髂腰肌改良Ashworth分級(jí)有所增加,但均未回復(fù)到治療前水平(P<0.05);對(duì)照組的伸髖角度及髂腰肌改良Ashworth分級(jí)在治療后3天、7天治療前比差異無顯著性(P>0.05),治療后1個(gè)月、2個(gè)月、3個(gè)月較治療前有顯著改善(P<0.05);治療組與對(duì)照組在治療后3天、7天、1個(gè)月、2個(gè)月、3個(gè)月的差異有顯著性(P<0.01),治療組優(yōu)于對(duì)照組。(3)父母的報(bào)告:起效時(shí)間為注射后48-72小時(shí),到達(dá)高峰時(shí)間為1個(gè)月左右,療效維持>3個(gè)月,有大部分患兒3個(gè)月時(shí)療效開始減弱,但未回復(fù)到注射前。大部分患兒注射后的不良反應(yīng)表現(xiàn)為無力,大約持續(xù)一周左右消失。結(jié)論:髂腰肌A型肉毒毒素注射配合康復(fù)治療對(duì)改善痙攣型腦癱患兒爬、跪、站立及步行的能力有顯著療效。

【關(guān)鍵詞】腦癱;痙攣;髂腰肌;A型肉毒毒素

【中圖分類號(hào)】R742.3 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【DOI】10.12332/j.issn.2095-6525.2021.12.010

A botulinum toxin injection with rehabilitation treatment for children spasastic

cerebral palsy Impact of the walking capacity

Wu Ying , Li Mai *

the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000

【Abstract】Objective:To investigate injection of botulinum toxin type A on Iliopsoas matching rehabilitation to therapy children with spastic cerebral palsy . Methods: 40 patients with spastic cerebral palsy with iliolumbar muscle injection were selected as treatment groups, and 40 children with spastic cerebral palsy without iliolumbar muscle injection were selected as control groups. The treatment group performed the injection treatment of type A botulinum toxin in the spasmodic muscle group including the iliotenac muscle, and the control group underwent the antispasticity therapy in addition to the iliotenac muscle injection. Results: (1) One month, 2 month, 3 months, GMFM88 with climbing, kneeling, standing and walking ability (P <0.01) and significant differences in the treatment and control groups (P < 0.01). (2) Treatment group hip angle and iliolumbar muscle improvement Ashworth classification (MAS) improved significantly after treatment 3 days, 7 days, 1 month, 2 months, significant with pre-treatment ratio (P<0.01), decreased hip extension at 3 months, but not returned to pretreatment level (P <0.05); control group hip angle and iliolumbar muscle improvement Ashworth classification were not significant at 3 days and 7 days after treatment (P> 0.05), 1 month, 2 months, 3 after treatment There was significant improvement in months before treatment (P <0.05); there was significant differences between the control group at 3 days, 7 days, 1 month, 2 month, 3 months after treatment (P <0.01) and better than the control group. (3) Parents ' report: the starting time is 48-72 hours after injection, the peak time is about 1 month, the efficacy is maintained by> for 3 months, most children began to weaken at 3 months, but did not reply before injection. Most children ' adverse reactions after injection showed weakness and disappeared for about a week. Conclusion: A botulinum toxin injection with rehabilitation therapy to improve spasm The ability of children with type 4, cerebral palsy to climb, kneel, stand and walk on cerebral palsy has remarkable efficacy.

【Key words】Cerebral Palsy; spasm; iliolumbar muscle; botulinum toxin type A

痙攣型腦癱是腦癱的常見類型,約占60%—70%[1],抗痙攣治療是腦癱康復(fù)過程中的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題。近年來,A 型肉毒毒素已經(jīng)被用來治療痙攣型腦癱患兒[1]。由于髂腰肌痙攣會(huì)造成腦癱兒童髖關(guān)節(jié)屈曲的異常姿勢(shì),對(duì)患兒站立、行走功能均有一定的影響,阻礙運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的正常發(fā)育 。對(duì)于降低髂腰肌肌張力,傳統(tǒng)的方法是進(jìn)行被動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,但效果往往欠佳,因此本研究的目的在于對(duì)髂腰肌進(jìn)行A型肉毒素注射配合康復(fù)治療是否能有效改善患兒的步行能力。

1 ?資料與方法

1.1 病例資料

選擇2007年5月后我科開展髂腰肌A型肉毒毒素注射的兒童痙攣性腦癱40例作為治療組,2007年5月前尚未開展髂腰肌A型肉毒毒素注射的兒童痙攣性腦癱40例作為對(duì)照組,兩組患兒均為痙攣性截癱,兩組具有較好的均衡性、可比性,除了髂腰肌注射外,兩組的其他治療方法均相同。本文對(duì)患兒步行能力的評(píng)價(jià)采用粗大運(yùn)動(dòng)功能88 項(xiàng)(GMFM88)中與爬、跪、站立及步行能力有關(guān)的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),痙攣肌分級(jí)采用改良Ashworth分級(jí)(MAS)。

1.2 方法

單側(cè)髂腰肌劑量確定:根據(jù)肌腹的大小,痙攣的程度來確定。治療組的平均注射劑量為48u,最大注射劑量為100u,分2日(連續(xù)2天)注射。使用蘭州生物制品所生產(chǎn)的A型肉毒毒素粉針劑,每安培含100U-110U,以0.9%生理鹽水2ml嚴(yán)格按A型肉毒毒素的溶解方法進(jìn)行溶解稀釋,濃度為50-55u/ml,每點(diǎn)10u/0.2ml。

2 ?結(jié)果

2.1關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)范圍及痙攣肌改良Ashworth評(píng)分的變化

治療組的伸髖角度及髂腰肌改良Ashworth分級(jí)在治療后3天、7天、1個(gè)月、2個(gè)月、3個(gè)月均有明顯改善,與治療前比差異有顯著性(P<0.01),治療1個(gè)月時(shí)效果最顯著(P<0.001);對(duì)照組的伸髖角度及髂腰肌改良Ashworth分級(jí)在治療后3天、7天無明顯改善,與治療前比差異無顯著性(P>0.05),治療后1個(gè)月、2個(gè)月、3個(gè)月較治療前有顯著改善(P<0.05);治療組與對(duì)照組的伸髖角度及髂腰肌改良Ashworth分級(jí)在治療后3天、7天、1個(gè)月、2個(gè)月、3個(gè)月的差異有顯著性(P<0.01),治療組優(yōu)于對(duì)照組;治療組與對(duì)照組的腘窩角、直腿抬高角、踝背伸角及內(nèi)收肌角治療前、后差異有顯著性(P<0.05),治療組與對(duì)照組治療后的腘窩角、直腿抬高角、踝背伸角及內(nèi)收肌角差異無顯著性(P>0.05)。(見下表)。

2.2粗大運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分(GMFM-88)的變化

治療1個(gè)月、2個(gè)月、3個(gè)月,兩組腦癱兒童粗大運(yùn)動(dòng)功能88 項(xiàng)中與爬、跪、站立及步行能力有關(guān)的分值治療前、后差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),治療組和對(duì)照組在治療后差異有顯著性(P<0.01),治療組爬、跪、站立及步行能力明顯提高。

2.3相關(guān)性分析

治療前伸髖角度與髂腰肌注射劑量呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.793 ,P<0.01);髂腰肌改良Ashworth分級(jí)與髂腰肌注射劑量呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.698 ,P<0.01)。

3 ?討論

痙攣型腦癱是腦癱類型中發(fā)病率最高的,記載中有80%的患有腦癱的兒童會(huì)出現(xiàn)痙攣[1]。本研究的研究對(duì)象均為痙攣型截癱。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)髂腰肌痙攣所采取的治療方法主要是物理治療,但一般需要治療兩周以后才會(huì)逐漸改善,且治療效果有限,因而影響了患兒的治療進(jìn)程及康復(fù)效果。肉毒毒素能作用于運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)肌肉接點(diǎn),抑制突觸前膜乙酰膽堿的釋放,引起肌肉松弛性麻痹。已有大量研究表明,A型肉毒素作為治療肌肉局部痙攣或者是節(jié)段痙攣的有效性[2-4],最近,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)相比于單獨(dú)使用肉毒素A,將肉毒素A和力量訓(xùn)練同時(shí)使用,更有助于提高功能恢復(fù)的成功率及肌肉的力量[5]。

本研究的結(jié)果表明,髂腰肌A型肉毒毒素注射配合康復(fù)治療可以更有效地增加伸髖角度、降低髂腰肌肌張力及改善步行能力,這與我們的預(yù)期結(jié)果一致。本研究中兩組腦癱兒童粗大運(yùn)動(dòng)功能88 項(xiàng)中與爬、跪、站立及步行能力有關(guān)的分值治療前、后差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),治療組和對(duì)照組在治療后差異有顯著性(P<0.01),治療組爬、跪、站立及步行能力明顯提高。治療組的伸髖角度及髂腰肌改良Ashworth分級(jí)在治療后3天、7天已有明顯改善,證實(shí)了A型肉毒毒素可在治療早期有效地降低髂腰肌肌張力,從而為康復(fù)治療贏得寶貴時(shí)間,取得更佳的長(zhǎng)期治療效果。

據(jù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),為了達(dá)到一個(gè)最佳的療效,A型肉毒素的注射應(yīng)該每年重復(fù)一次或兩次,因?yàn)樵谶_(dá)到最大效果之前,這樣一系列的注射對(duì)于肌肉痙攣來說,可以保證一個(gè)更加長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的療效[6-8]。目前我們沒有觀測(cè)到A型肉毒素有明顯的副作用,并且即使有副作用也是局部,輕度,自限的[9],這表示注射肉毒素A對(duì)于患有腦癱的兒童來說是可承受的。今后的研究中可考慮采用超聲引導(dǎo)結(jié)合肌電誘發(fā)電位檢查儀進(jìn)行髂腰肌的注射,以便進(jìn)一步提高注射的準(zhǔn)確性。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1] Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Damiano D,et al. A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl 2007;109:8-14.

[2]Odding E, Roebroeck ME, Stam HJ. The epidemiology of cerebral palsy: incidence, impairments and risk factors. Disabil Rehabil 2006;28:183-91.

[3]Beckung E, Hagberg G. Neuroimpairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44:309-16.

[4]Bischof FM, Chirwa TF. Daily care activities and hip pain in nonambulatory children and young adults with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2011;4:219-23.

[5]Ramstad K, Jahnsen R, Skjeldal OH, Diseth TH. Characteristics of recurrent musculoskeletal pain in children with cerebral palsy aged 8 to 18 years. Dev Med Child Neurol 2011;53:1013-8.

[6]Penner M, Xie WY, Binepal N, Switzer L, Fehlings D. Characteristics of pain in children and youth with cerebral palsy. Pediatrics 2013;132: e407-13.

[7]Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society, Delgado MR, Hirtz D, Aisen M, Ashwal S, et al. Practice parameter: pharmacologic treatment of spasticity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2010;74:336-43.

[8]Ade-Hall RA, Moore AP. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;CD001408.

[9]Hoare BJ, Wallen MA, Imms C, Villanueva E, Rawicki HB, Carey L. Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral palsy (UPDATE). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD003469.

通訊作者:李脈,昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院。

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