曾曼麗
動(dòng)詞不定式,由“to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成,為非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu),可以用作主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語、定語等成分,是初中英語中的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)知識(shí),深受中考英語命題者的青睞。對(duì)此,筆者就初中英語動(dòng)詞不定式的用法進(jìn)行了梳理,以期能夠幫助同學(xué)們?cè)鷮?shí)掌握,運(yùn)用自如。
一、動(dòng)詞不定式作主語
(1)動(dòng)詞不定式用作主語時(shí)一般置于句首,其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如:To see is to believe(百聞不如一見);To lean out of the window is dangerous(身子探出窗外很危險(xiǎn));To learn English well is very important for students(學(xué)好英語對(duì)于學(xué)生來說至關(guān)重要。)
(2)以it置于句首為形式主語,其后所接的動(dòng)詞不定式為真正的邏輯主語。如:It's our duty to take good care of the old(照顧老人是我們的責(zé)任);It's very interesting to swim in summer(夏天游泳很有趣);It is ?a ?bit
difficult to finish the task in three days(三天內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)有點(diǎn)難度的);It is very convenient to use mobile phones for self-study(用手機(jī)自學(xué)很方便);It’s kind of you to think so much of us(你如此為我們著想,你真是太好了);It takes me twenty minutes to walk from my home to the school. (從我家走到學(xué)校得20分鐘.)
(3)when, what, how, where等疑問詞后接不定式置于句首時(shí),常用作主語。如: Where to go is still being discussed (去哪里還在討論中);How to solve it is still a problem(怎么解決它仍是個(gè)問題);When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided. (什么時(shí)候開會(huì)還沒有定下來。)
二、動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語
(1)在英語中,hope, learn, agree, refuse, start, afford, promise, afford, hate, decide等及物動(dòng)詞后可以跟不定式作賓語。如:I hope to
become an excellent doctor.(我希望成為一名出色的醫(yī)生); She promised to guard this secret.(她答應(yīng)保守這個(gè)秘密);We can't afford to go abroad ?this year.(今年我們負(fù)擔(dān)不起出國的費(fèi)用);She offered to give us a lift.(她主動(dòng)邀請(qǐng)我們搭車);They decided to go to the countryside on vacation. (他們決定去農(nóng)村度假。)
(2)tell, learn, know, show, decide, forget, ,wonder, explain, consider, remember ,find out等動(dòng)詞或詞組,其后可以用“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語。如:Please tell us where to mail these letters.(請(qǐng)告訴我們?cè)谀膬杭倪@些信);He will show us how to play the game.(他將給我們演示怎樣玩這個(gè)游戲);We must find out what to do next.(我們一定得弄清楚下一步做什么 );There are so many kinds of mobile phones on sale that I don’t know which to buy.(有這么多的手機(jī)在折價(jià)銷售,我拿不定主意買哪一種。)
(3)在“feel/think/find/believe/make+it+形容詞/名詞+to do something”句型中,常用it 表示形式賓語,而動(dòng)詞不定式是真正的邏輯賓語。如: feel it important to study hard.(我覺得努力學(xué)習(xí)很重要);I think it our duty ?to protect the environment.(我認(rèn)為保護(hù)環(huán)境是我們的責(zé)任);She found it difficult to get along with that old woman(她發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)老婦人很難相處);Some people believe it impolite to ask someone's age. ?(有些人認(rèn)為詢問他人年齡是不禮貌的);The Internet makes it easy to communicate with each other.(互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使彼此之間的交流變得很容易。)
三、動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語
(1)動(dòng)詞不定式用作目的狀語,可以位于句首、句中,意思是“為了……”,具有突出和強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用,常用固定結(jié)構(gòu)則有in order to do, so as to do等。如: To catch the early bus, we got up at 5:00.(為了趕上早班車,我們5點(diǎn)鐘就起床了);In order to earn enough money, he often works late into
the night. (為了賺到足夠的錢, 他經(jīng)常工作到深夜。)We went early so as to get good seats.(為了占到好座位,我們?cè)缭缇腿チ?。?/p>
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式用作結(jié)果狀語,常見結(jié)構(gòu)有“too…to do(太……而不)”、“enough…to do(有足夠…做……)” 、“only to do(結(jié)果卻)” 、“so/such …as to do”(如此……以至于)等。如:The box is too heavy for me to carry.(這個(gè)箱子太重了,我搬不動(dòng));He is old enough to finish it for himself.(他已經(jīng)長大了,足以獨(dú)立完成這件事了);We went to see her only to find her out.(我們?nèi)タ此?,結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)她出去了);She is so proud as to look down upon others. (她如此驕傲以至于看不起別人);
(3)動(dòng)詞不定式用作原因狀語,常用結(jié)構(gòu)是“sb.+be+形容詞+to do ”。如:I’m ?glad to see you(我很高興見到你);She was surprised to see the man(看到這個(gè)男子,她很吃驚);They were excited to hear the news.(聽到這個(gè)消息他們很激動(dòng)。)
總之,動(dòng)詞不定式用法看似簡單,但易于出錯(cuò)。在平時(shí)的英語學(xué)習(xí)中,同學(xué)們要認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí),熟練掌握其用法,并適當(dāng)加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練。