郁春苗
被動(dòng)語態(tài),強(qiáng)調(diào)主語是動(dòng)作的承受者,是英語動(dòng)詞的基本語態(tài)形式之一,也是初中英語學(xué)習(xí)的重難點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一。對(duì)此,筆者歸納了英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)的命題熱點(diǎn),以期同學(xué)們能夠了然于胸。
熱點(diǎn)之一:被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本用法
被動(dòng)語態(tài),通常由“be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成,其基本用法如下:
(1)當(dāng)句子主語是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),應(yīng)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:The window was broken by him (這個(gè)窗戶是他打破的);The newspaper was taken away by his father. (那份報(bào)紙被他父親拿走了);The table is made of stone(這張桌子由石頭做成。)
(2)當(dāng)句子的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者不知道是誰,或沒有必要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),則用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:His bike was stolen last night(他的自行車昨晚被盜了);The house was built in 1960(這座房子在1950年修建而成).
(3)漢語中的“據(jù)說”“據(jù)推測”“據(jù)報(bào)道”等在翻譯成英語時(shí),一般多用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:It is said that he is doing fine in school(據(jù)說,他在學(xué)校里表現(xiàn)很好);It's reported that thousands of people die from illegal driving each year(據(jù)報(bào)道,每年有數(shù)千人死于非法駕駛)
【例1】① Letters__________at nine every morning.
A. collected B. will be collected C. are collected D. collect
②The song reminds me of my old school days as soon as it__________.
A. plays B. played C. will play D. is played
解析:上述兩道題均考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本用法。①句意是:每天早上九點(diǎn)收取信件。此題主語為letter, 但不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰,letter與動(dòng)作collect之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài),這樣可以排除A項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng),由 “every morning”可知,應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),故正確答為C項(xiàng)。②句意是:這首歌一播放就讓我想起以前的學(xué)校時(shí)光。結(jié)合語境,主語it是動(dòng)作play的承受者,因而用被動(dòng)語態(tài),故正確答案為D項(xiàng)。
熱點(diǎn)之二:被動(dòng)語態(tài)的特殊用法
(1)當(dāng)句子主語為物,且sell, break, wash, ride, wear, read, write等不及物動(dòng)詞后有狀語修飾,表示事物的內(nèi)在屬性或品質(zhì)時(shí),常用其主動(dòng)形式來表示被動(dòng)意義。如:This kind of schoolbag sells well (這種書包賣得很好。); This pen writes smoothly. (這支筆寫起來很流暢。)
(2)當(dāng)句子主語為物,且用于need ,want, require等動(dòng)詞后,常用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。The room needs sweeping.(這房間需要打掃了);His hair requires cutting.(他的頭發(fā)需要剪了。)
(3)當(dāng)句子主語為物,連系動(dòng)詞look, sound, taste, smell,feel等后跟形容詞時(shí),常常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如:The wine tastes great.(葡萄酒嘗起來好極了);The dish smells good. (這盤菜聞起來真香。)
(4)感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, notice和使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get等動(dòng)詞在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中常跟省略to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中不定式符號(hào)to不可省略。如:A stranger was seen to walk into the office.(有人看見一個(gè)陌生人走進(jìn)辦公室。);He was made to work 12 hours a day.(他每天被迫工作12小時(shí)。)
【例2】①The new ?books are of great use. They__________well.
A. sell B. sold C. are sold D. are to be sold
②If you see the cartoon film, you will__________laugh.
A. make B. make to C. be made D. be made to
解析:①考查主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。句意是:這些新書非常有用,它們賣得很好。在英語中,不及動(dòng)詞sell與副詞well連用時(shí),應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,故正確答案為A項(xiàng)。②考查使役動(dòng)詞make的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。句意是:如果你看這部卡通電影,你會(huì)被逗笑的。結(jié)合語境和句意,此處應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由于動(dòng)詞make在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中,其后常跟省略to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,但變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后,to不能省略,因此應(yīng)填“be made to”,故正確答案為D項(xiàng)。
熱點(diǎn)之三:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)是中考英語的一大考查熱點(diǎn)。它的肯定形式由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞” 構(gòu)成,其否定形式由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+be+及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞”構(gòu)成,疑問形式則由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語+be+及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如:Many more trees should be planted on the mountains.(山上應(yīng)該種植更多的樹。);You should not be allowed to drive.(你不應(yīng)該被允許開車。)Must our exercise book be handed in right now? (我們的練習(xí)本必須立即上交嗎?)
【例3】① Should a teenager__________to get a driving license?
A. allowed B. be allowed C. be allow D. allow
②The publication __________to others without my allowance.
A. can not be lent B. can be lent C. not can be lent
解析:①考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般疑問句形式。句意是:青少年應(yīng)該被允許獲得駕駛執(zhí)照嗎?根據(jù)句意,此處應(yīng)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài),情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的疑問形式則由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語+be+及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞”構(gòu)成,此處應(yīng)填“be allowed”,故正確答案為B項(xiàng)。 ②考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的否定形式。句意是沒有我的允許,這本刊物不能借給別人。結(jié)合語境可知,刊物是被借,應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的否定形式由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+be+及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞”構(gòu)成,故空白處應(yīng)填“can not be lent”,所以此題正確答案為A項(xiàng)。
總之,被動(dòng)語態(tài)是初中英語中重要的語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)之一。在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中,同學(xué)們要總結(jié)歸納其用法,從而能夠靈活運(yùn)用。
語數(shù)外學(xué)習(xí)·初中版2021年1期