我接到舊金山亞洲藝術(shù)博物館當代藝術(shù)策展負責人艾比的一條短信:“張慈:你好,我想把你介紹給我們的館長許杰,慶祝你女兒香奈兒 ·米勒的新館初展。您的電子郵件是什么,(能否告知)以便我們進行會議設(shè)置?”
我回復(fù)之后,很快就收到了亞博館的會議設(shè)置。
2020年9月24號星期四,紐約曼哈頓下午6點,我在Zoom 上與許杰館長見面了。紐約傍晚的落日余暉照進我的客廳,窗外的樹影在透明的光線中搖曳,此刻對世界最好的感悟應(yīng)該是無言而用心的。我從小就到處尋找著志同道合的朋友,想要與那些創(chuàng)造歷史第一的個人相遇,許杰就是這樣的人之一。與許杰在虛擬空間中相見的這個瞬間,就是我期待的生活中的那種快樂,因為他不僅是美國首位擔任大型藝術(shù)博物館館長的華裔,還與我有著相似的教育背景和成長背景。
他與我的交流,主要是他對我女兒的著作及繪畫藝術(shù)的贊美、欣賞,對我們家長如何培養(yǎng)孩子的一些好奇。他說:“我內(nèi)心是非常希望香奈兒的故事在中國大陸和華語人群中傳播。亞博支持她,也是希望她傳遞的信念和信息能走得更遠更廣闊?!闭劦剿I(lǐng)導下的亞博館,他說:“在我看來,未來需要做的還有很多,亞洲已經(jīng)在經(jīng)濟生活上成為美國文化、美國社會不可或缺的部分,但在文化藝術(shù)層面,亞洲藝術(shù)和文化并沒有進入美國文化的主流圈,這是我要迎接的挑戰(zhàn)?!?/p>
是的,占地球人口60%的亞洲,其文化和藝術(shù)為什么沒有進入美國主流文化呢?要顛覆這樣的社會現(xiàn)實又需要付出多長時間及多大的努力呢?
我對許杰從一個留學生到美國知名博物館館長的成長過程和經(jīng)歷非常了解,因為我曾經(jīng)多次參觀舊金山亞洲藝術(shù)博物館并聆聽許杰的講座。只不過,我們倆從未單獨進行交流,這次舊金山—紐約的會談,是一次突破性的跨越對話,一個跨文化寫作者與一個藝術(shù)界高層管理者之間的網(wǎng)上見面交談,是一次值得記錄的深刻交流體驗。
1983年,大學剛畢業(yè)的許杰到上海博物館當館長秘書。那一年,正好趕上上海博物館組織中國古代文明大展“六千年的中國藝術(shù)”,并前往舊金山亞洲藝術(shù)博物館進行展覽,這也是他接觸到的第一個國外博物館。
25年后,許杰出任舊金山亞洲藝術(shù)博物館館長,他也成為第一位擔任美國大型博物館館長的華人。許杰說,這是他與亞洲藝術(shù)博物館的緣分。
我與他的談話重點,就是了解他在美國推廣中華文化的根源及成就。
博物館作為西方啟蒙運動的產(chǎn)物,一般是把文物像神廟里的祭品一樣來崇敬,觀眾是帶著敬畏的心態(tài)、像走進神廟一樣來瞻仰欣賞古代的文物。許杰則力推文物文化入民間,使來自亞洲地區(qū)的文物能夠進入舊金山社區(qū)民眾的生活,乃至進入來自世界各地游客們的日常生活。
許杰的工作獲得外界高度評價。2015年,他當選美國人文與科學院院士,成為美國歷史上首位當選該院院士的亞裔博物館館長。美國人文與科學院是美國歷史最悠久的院士機構(gòu)和全美最具聲望的榮譽學會之一,1780年由美國第二任總統(tǒng)亞當斯創(chuàng)立,自成立以來其選中的院士囊括了每一時代美國各界的“思想家與行動家”。當選為該院院士一直是美國的最高榮譽之一。
不遺余力推廣中華文明
數(shù)年來,許杰多次往返中美之間,參與學術(shù)會議,組織各種展覽,不遺余力地在美國推廣中華文明。
在許杰館長的帶領(lǐng)下,亞博在這十年中迎來了三場令人印象尤其深刻的大型中國文物特展,受到非常多觀眾的喜愛,也收獲了業(yè)界認可。
2013年,正值遷址十周年,亞洲藝術(shù)博物館舉辦了特展《中國兵馬俑: 秦始皇時代的瑰寶》。被譽為世界第八大奇跡的“兵馬俑”漂洋過海來到美國西岸,這123件展品來自陜西13個博物館和考古研究單位,展覽的精粹是10件真人等大的巨型兵馬俑。
在推廣這個展覽的過程中,許杰和他的團隊別出心裁,導演了一部兵馬俑漫游記。許杰通過官網(wǎng)視頻平臺說,有個兵馬俑在赴舊金山亞洲藝術(shù)博物館的路上掉隊了,發(fā)動灣區(qū)民眾幫助尋找。他們請了一個演員,打扮成兵馬俑的樣子在灣區(qū)漫游,掀起了一股兵馬俑的熱潮。這個創(chuàng)意還獲得美國博物館協(xié)會的市場推廣獎。
經(jīng)過多年的策劃和談判,2016年,正值亞洲藝術(shù)博物館成立50周年時,特展《皇帝品味:臺北故宮博物院精品展》成功爭取到臺北故宮的多件鎮(zhèn)館之寶赴美展出,包括玉文化經(jīng)典“肉形石”。
2017年,亞博與南京博物院合作,舉辦了特展《王陵瑰寶:中國漢代考古新發(fā)現(xiàn)》。160余件近年出土的漢代珍貴文物第一次來到美國,充分體現(xiàn)出漢代貴族對自己身后世界的關(guān)注:精制的金縷玉衣,玉壁棺材,“無煙”缸燈,鍍金銀的青銅器皿,以及依然可以演奏的鐘磬樂器。策展方面,亞博還將漢朝與當今中國這兩個時代聯(lián)系起來,通過講述展品背后的故事來創(chuàng)建古今對話,激發(fā)更多的思考。
許杰總能將古代文化和當代文化、亞洲文化和世界文化關(guān)聯(lián)起來,創(chuàng)新展覽形式,潛移默化影響每一個到訪亞博館的人。如今,許杰擔任館長已經(jīng)十年,在他的帶領(lǐng)下,亞博已成為向美國觀眾展示亞洲尤其是中國文化藝術(shù)的窗口。
從館長秘書到青銅器行家
許杰出生在上海一個工人家庭,自幼對歷史很感興趣,他祖父是江蘇一名私塾先生,家里一直有喜愛古代歷史的傳統(tǒng)。
年少時的許杰,從來沒想到過會與博物館行業(yè)有什么交集,而這一切的改變源于他1983年自上海大學畢業(yè)后到上海博物館工作并擔任館長秘書。這為許杰日后進入博物館界打開了一扇門。
上海博物館素有中國文物界“半壁江山”之譽,館藏文物近百萬件,尤其是以青銅器、陶瓷器、書法、繪畫為特色,是一座大型的中國古代藝術(shù)博物館。近水樓臺先得月,許杰在那里找到了樂趣,這些豐富的藏品讓許杰有了從事研究的機會。
俗話說,寒窗苦讀十年,不如名師一點。許杰服務(wù)的館長都是中國文博界的泰斗。其中,馬承源館長是中國當代文博界古代青銅器、古文字研究領(lǐng)域的專家,他編寫的《中國青銅器》一書,不僅系統(tǒng)地從青銅器的類別、紋飾、銘文、斷代、鑄造等多方面對中國青銅器的特性作出總結(jié),還獨辟“青銅器鑒定”一節(jié),對各類作偽手段詳加說明。此書被牛津大學翻譯出版后影響極廣。
許杰服務(wù)最久的就是馬承源館長,兩人關(guān)系很好,馬館長工作之余總是給許杰指點迷津,從他身上學到了做學問的風格和曲徑,這也是許杰選擇將青銅器研究作為專攻方向的原因。
許杰在上海博物館工作了七年,從一個對文物知之甚少的外行,成長為青銅器研究的行家里手,他經(jīng)常被安排陪同來此參觀的學者,這讓他有了更多學習提高的機會。
從世界的角度看中國的歷史
改革開放以來,中國的博物館與世界各地的文化交流越來越頻繁,中國文物大量走出國門,向世界各國人民傳播中華悠久文明。中國為世界提供了極為豐富的研究資料,自然有不少外國學者到中國學習取經(jīng)。
許杰得以到美國留學,就源于這樣一個機會。在上海博物館期間,普林斯頓大學著名教授、青銅器專家貝格立到上海博物館交流,館方安排許杰做他的助手,而這也促成兩人的師生緣分。
他主動給許杰寫信,邀請許杰前往美國留學,“你愿意到我們普林斯頓大學攻讀中國早期考古藝術(shù)專業(yè)的話,普林斯頓大學可以提供全額獎學金”。
這個邀請得到馬承源館長的支持。自20世紀50年代后的30年中,西方的中國藝術(shù)史研究已經(jīng)取得了重大進展,并在西方特別是美國大學中贏得了地位,成為一門受人尊重的學科。
許杰隨后進入普林斯頓大學,攻讀中國古代藝術(shù)考古專業(yè),師從貝格立教授。雖然他在語言和研究方法上有些障礙,但得益于在上海博物館的七年,他在普林斯頓大學的學習非常順利。
當時,世界考古學經(jīng)歷了幾次范式變換,但這些新的理念與方法還沒有中國得到更廣泛的應(yīng)用。在普林斯頓大學,許杰得到了系統(tǒng)的學術(shù)訓練,擴展了他的視野,在這之前他都是從中國的角度看中國古代的歷史,從這以后他開始從世界的角度看中國的歷史,而且把世界其他古代文明和中國的古代文明進行對比研究。許杰最大的轉(zhuǎn)折點就是在普林斯頓大學取得的。
涉足美國博物館界? 一步一個腳印
求學期間,許杰已在美國的博物館界嶄露頭角,許杰申請到紐約大都會博物研究基金并到亞洲藝術(shù)部實習。因為這份工作歷練以在學校的優(yōu)異表現(xiàn),1996年底,許杰申請得到西雅圖藝術(shù)博物館中國藝術(shù)部主任一職,正式做了一名研究和策展人員。
此后,許杰在美國博物館界越走越遠,7年以后,他又被招募到芝加哥藝術(shù)博物館擔任亞洲藝術(shù)部主席。其間,他又兼管地中海地區(qū)的古代文明業(yè)務(wù)。許杰在博物館工作期間,仍致力于學術(shù)方面的研究,并贏得多個專業(yè)獎項:國際藝術(shù)獎“島田獎”(Shimada Prize for Outstanding Publication on Eastern Asian)(1997)、北美藝術(shù)圖書館協(xié)會喬治維頓紀念圖書獎(George Wittenborn Memorial Book Award)(2002)、《Choice雜志》“杰出學術(shù)著作”獎(2006)等。這也為他的進一步發(fā)展打下基礎(chǔ),2008年舊金山亞洲藝術(shù)博物館招館長時,獵頭就找到了許杰。
成立于1966年的舊金山亞洲藝術(shù)博物館,擁有豐富的亞洲文物收藏,尤其是中國青銅器、陶瓷和亞洲佛像雕塑。其豐富的館藏源自一位有著傳奇色彩的收藏家和運動員、曾任國際奧林匹克委員會主席達20年之久的芝加哥實業(yè)家艾維瑞·布倫戴奇,他當年慷慨捐贈了近8000件以中國藝術(shù)品為主的收藏給舊金山市,由此成立了亞洲藝術(shù)博物館。
現(xiàn)在,亞洲藝術(shù)博物館成為許杰在美國推廣中華文化的一個重要平臺。2019年,籌款1.3億美元轉(zhuǎn)型的舊金山亞洲藝術(shù)博物館重新對公眾開放的計劃被疫情阻礙一再推遲。10個月后終于啟動的一系列當代藝術(shù)展覽,讓公眾看到這家擁有全美最多亞洲藝術(shù)藏品的老牌博物館的顯著變化。作為亞博轉(zhuǎn)型項目的重要組成部分,由博物館當代藝術(shù)部門主管艾比 · 陳主導的系列當代藝術(shù)展覽和活動啟動后,得到了多家美國主流媒體的關(guān)注,其中被討論最多的,就是藝術(shù)家香奈兒 · 米勒(Chanel Miller)創(chuàng)作的三聯(lián)壁畫構(gòu)成的展覽《我曾、我是、我將》(I Was, I Am, I Will Be)。這個展出,讓舊金山亞洲藝術(shù)博物館成為舊金山市的新地標。
作為舊金山亞洲藝術(shù)博物館館長,許杰不僅是一位杰出的藝術(shù)界高層管理者,他更是在維護族裔平等上展現(xiàn)了卓越的領(lǐng)導力。3月16日亞特蘭大槍擊案發(fā)生次日,許杰館長就在他的藝術(shù)博物館官網(wǎng)上發(fā)表公開信:“立即停止對亞裔施暴?!被氐介_頭我的疑問:占地球人口60%的亞洲,其文化和藝術(shù)為什么沒有進入美國主流文化呢?要顛覆這樣的社會現(xiàn)實又需要付出多長時間及多大的努力呢?
正所謂,答案在風中飄。亞裔在美國的人口基數(shù)較小,政治與文化影響力較低。不論許杰還是我們,都有漫長的路要走。我知道,許杰已經(jīng)在這條路上邁出了堅定而扎實的步伐,而他的愿景相信在不久的將來就會在中國5000多年文明文化,璀璨藝術(shù)歷史的映照中得以實現(xiàn)。
Xu Jie: Promoting Chinese Culture in the United States
By Zhang Ci
I met with Xu Jie, also known as Jay Xu, director of the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, on Zoom on Thursday afternoon, September 24, 2020, when the afterglow of the sunset shone into my living room in Manhattan, and the shadow of the trees outside the window swayed gently. Since I was a child, I have been looking for like-minded friends everywhere, hoping to associate with those individuals who can make history. Xu Jie is one of them. He is the first ethnic Chinese to serve as the director in a major art museum in America, and also a handsome Chinese who has the same educational background as me.
Our conversation mainly involved my daughter Chanel Millers writings and paintings and her first exhibition I was, I am, I will be. “The Asian Art Museum supports Chanel in the hope of her story having growing influence in China as well as among overseas Chinese-speaking communities,” Xu Jie said. Speaking of the Asian Art Museum under his leadership, he said, “There is still a lot to do in the future. Asia has become an indispensable part of American society in economy, but not in culture and art.” That is the challenge he is taking on. Why hasnt the culture and art of Asia, with 60% of the earths population, became the mainstream in the United States? How long and how much effort will it take to radically change such a reality?
Xu Jies connection with the Asian Art Museum started from 1983, when the Shanghai Museum held an exhibition named Six Thousand Years of Chinese Art in the United States. Xu Jie served as the secretary of Shanghai Museum then and some 25 years later he became the director of the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco. To Xu, it was just meant to be.
Compared with the traditional museum culture in which audiences are guided to admire ancient cultural relics as if they walk into a temple with awe, Xu Jie, however, strives to integrate these cultural relics into peoples daily life in San Francisco, and even to the everyday life of tourists from all over the world. This is something that is truly remarkable.
Over the years, Xu Jie has traveled frequently between China and the United States, participated in academic conferences, organized various exhibitions, and spared no effort to promote Chinese culture in the United States. Under his leadership, the Asian Art Museum has held three impressive large-scale exhibitions of Chinese cultural relics in the past ten years, which have been loved by many audiences and also won recognition from peers.
One of them was Chinas Terracotta Warriors: The First Emperors Legacy, held in 2013. The main exhibits were ten life-size Chinese Terracotta Warriors from the Shaanxi Museum. Xu Jie and his teams creative program which asked people in the Bay Area to looking for the lost terracotta warrior attracted a lot of attention and won the Marketing Award of the American Association of Museums. Another one is Tomb Treasures: New Discoveries from Chinas Han Dynasty in 2017, in cooperation with the Nanjing Museum, displaying over 160 precious cultural relics of Han Dynasty in the US for the first time.
Xu Jie can always connect diffe rent cultures with creative exhibitions to exert a continuous influence on people who visit the Asian Art Museum. Under his leadership in the past decade, the museum has gradually become a window to show Asian, especially Chinese culture in the US.
Xu Jie has been very interested in history since he was a child. After graduation from Shanghai University in 1983, he joined Shanghai Museum, which was known with a collection of nearly one million cultural relics, as the secretary to its director. Shanghai Museums rich collection piqued Xu Jies interest and provided him with an excellent opportunity to engage in research. More important was that he had the chance to work and learn from quite a number of museum experts, one of whom was Ma Chengyuan. Director Ma was an expert in ancient Chinese bronzes and characters. His book Ancient Chinese Bronzes, after translated and published by the Oxford University Press, caused a big stir in the world. It was also because of his influence that Xu Jie chose to conduct in-depth research on bronzes.
After seven years work in the Shanghai Museum, Xu Jie grew into an expert in bronzes. He got an invitation to study in the United States from Robert Bagley, a famous professor and bronze expert at Princeton University, whom he assisted during a museum exchange activity in Shanghai. With the support of Ma Chengyuan, he entered Princeton University and majored in ancient Chinese art and archaeology. At Princeton University, Xu Jie received systematic academic training and broadened his horizons. He was able to view Chinese history from a global perspective and compare other ancient civilizations in the world with that of China. It must be admitted that studying at Princeton University was the biggest turning point in Xu Jies life.
During his studies, Xu Jie obtained an internship at the Department of Asian Art of the New York Metropolitan Museum. After graduation, he got more and more opportunities in the museum world, taking important positions in different museums. While working in different museums, he was still committed to academic research and won many professional awards, including the Shimada Prize for Outstanding Publication on Eastern Asian (1997), the Art Libraries Society of North Americas George Wittenborn Memorial Book Award (2002), the Choice magazines Outstanding Academic Book Award (2006), among others, which also laid the foundation for his further development. In 2008, when the headhunters recruited the director for the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, Xu Jie attracted their attention.
The Asian Art Museum of San Francisco has a rich collection of Asian cultural relics, especially Chinese bronzes, ceramics and Asian Buddha sculptures. It has been an important platform for Xu Jie to promote Chinese culture. A series of Asia contemporary art exhibitions have been organized and attracted many American mainstream media to report on them. One of the most popular ones was Chanel Millers I Was, I Am, I Will Be.
Xu Jie is not only an outstanding leader at the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, but also has demonstrated outstanding leadership in safeguarding ethnic equality. The day after the shooting in Atlanta on March 16, 2021, Xu Jie posted an open letter on the museums website: “Stop Anti-Asian Violence Now.”
Indeed, as Asian Americans are still a relatively small group of community in the United States, they do not have much influence in politics and culture. Both Xu Jie and all of us will have a long way to go as far as the promotion of Asian art and culture us concerned. Fortunately, Xu Jie has already started his work.