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我認(rèn)識(shí)西湖了

2021-09-06 16:35孫昌建
文化交流 2021年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:湖畔郭沫若西湖

孫昌建

一部江南詩(shī),半部在西湖。這里的西湖既是指世界文化遺產(chǎn)的西湖,也是指西湖范圍內(nèi)的實(shí)地實(shí)景。近現(xiàn)代以來,滬杭、浙贛鐵路的開通,杭州市政建設(shè)的進(jìn)步,再加上1929年西湖博覽會(huì)的成功舉辦,這一切都大大提高了杭州和西湖的知名度。而所謂“江山也要文人捧”,詩(shī)人、作家更是創(chuàng)作了大量關(guān)于西湖風(fēng)景的著名詩(shī)文,這些詩(shī)文既是一地一景的人文故事,更是杭州和西湖的最佳讀本。

誕生于浙江第一師范學(xué)校的湖畔詩(shī)社,堪稱中國(guó)A的第一個(gè)白話詩(shī)社,他們以“湖畔”命名,歌笑在湖畔、歌哭在湖畔。

湖畔詩(shī)人在西湖邊創(chuàng)辦詩(shī)社,一起游山玩水,寫作了大量跟西湖有關(guān)的詩(shī)篇,這其中有一部分是愛情詩(shī),有一部分則是以景來抒懷詠志的。以馮雪峰為例,他在1922年的3月29日,寫下了《靈隱道上》一詩(shī)——

在到靈隱去的那條路上,

我們碰著許多轎子;

但我只留眼過一把。

轎夫底臉還沒有洗,

可見他們底早餐也不曾用過了;

但這時(shí)太陽(yáng)已經(jīng)很高了。

轎內(nèi)是個(gè)一個(gè)年青的婦人,

伊坐得很端正,

卻睨著眼兒看著我們;

伊雖打扮得很美麗,

卻遮不了滿心的悲苦。

——于是我們知道

苦痛的種子已散遍人間了。

這就是寫人間疾苦的。而在《棲霞嶺》這一短詩(shī)中馮雪峰又寫出了一種別樣的“寂寞”——

棲霞嶺上底大樹,

雖然沒有紅的白的花兒飛,

卻也蕭蕭地脫了幾張葉兒破破寂寞。

當(dāng)然,馮雪峰的詩(shī)也不全是這樣凄苦的,他的《楊柳》就很輕靈飄逸——

楊柳彎著身子側(cè)著耳,

聽湖里魚們底細(xì)語(yǔ);

風(fēng)來了,

他搖搖頭叫風(fēng)不要響。

應(yīng)修人寫西湖則完全是航拍和使用大搖臂的感覺——

從堤邊、水面,

遠(yuǎn)近的楊柳掩映里,

雨前的群魚蹦跳中,

我認(rèn)識(shí)西湖了!

應(yīng)修人還在六和塔下寫下了《江之波濤》一詩(shī),他的前六句是這樣的——

江樹一步步移到眼底了。

海邊一回回拉到天幕了。

一級(jí)級(jí)我登上六和塔底最高級(jí)了。

西湖給月輪山摟入了懷里嗎?

我移看伊底愛,

贈(zèng)給錢塘江吧!

潘漠華在“伴修人、雪峰、靜之游西湖”時(shí)寫下了《塔下》一詩(shī),其中第二節(jié)是這樣寫的——

保俶塔下留連著夕陽(yáng)的古道上,

我們晚靜的心里,

各自梳理著今天底游情:

把草花放在笛頭;

手兒交在背后,

懶懶地慢步歸來。

而在汪靜之的眼里,西湖之景處處是情,這體現(xiàn)在他的《西湖小詩(shī)》里——

保俶,雷峰遙遙相對(duì),

為什么不能握手?

十三

阮公墩和湖心亭熱烈地愛著,

不至于不能自由結(jié)婚罷?

十六

我找不到一個(gè)伴侶在三潭印月,

真是寂寞煞人也呵!

湖畔詩(shī)社的另一位成員謝旦如也在《苜蓿花》一詩(shī)中這樣寫道——

二十

夢(mèng)里的閑愁拋不去,

白天的希望又似青煙,——

兩手空空的,日又斜了!

二十一

旗在風(fēng)里碎了。

我底祖國(guó)呀,

我底中華!

除了湖畔詩(shī)社的成員之外,新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)的先鋒人物胡適于1923年在煙霞洞住過一段時(shí)間,因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)他的小表妹曹珮聲正在杭州上學(xué),他寫有《南高峰上看日出》一詩(shī),胡適在小記中說:“七月二十九晨,與任百濤先生、曹珮聲女士在西湖南高峰上看日出;后二日,奇景壯觀,猶在心目,遂寫成此篇?!比?shī)如下——

我們等的不耐煩了!

東方還只是一線暗淡的紅云,

還只是一顆微茫的晨星,

還指不定那一點(diǎn)是日出的所在!

晨星漸漸淡下去了,

紅云上面似乎有一處特別光亮了。

山后的月光仍舊照耀著,

海上的日出仍舊沒有消息,

我們很疑心這回又要失望了!

忽然我們一齊站起來了:

“起來了!”“現(xiàn)在真起來了!”

先只像深夜遠(yuǎn)山上的一線野燒,

立刻就變成半個(gè)燦爛的月華了!

一個(gè)和平溫柔的初日冉冉地全出來了!

這一年,瞿秋白就在俞平伯的陪同下去看望過在杭州休養(yǎng)的胡適,之后瞿秋白寫下了《飛來峰和冷泉亭》一詩(shī),發(fā)表在一九二三年七月二十日的《民國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》覺悟副刊上,后來又刊發(fā)于《新青年》季刊第二期上。因?yàn)闆]有被選入《瞿秋白文集》,所以一般不易看到,此詩(shī)的全文是這樣的——

飛來峰下坐聽瀑泉,

我恨不能再乘風(fēng)飛去。

且來此冷泉石上,

做個(gè)中流的砥柱。

只聽你湍流奔瀉,

急節(jié)繁響怒號(hào)千古。

始終聽不出個(gè):

“你為什么飛來,

為什么又飛不去?”

難道虛名兒叫冷,

出山心卻熱!——

怪不得這樣咆哮奔放,

如泄積怒,

畢竟也枉稱飛來,

原來是力求飛去。

有的作家詩(shī)人在杭州的經(jīng)歷,也許談不上是美談,但因?yàn)槠鋵懴碌奈恼?,也就成為了“美談”,這方面的代表人物即是詩(shī)人郭沫若。

1925年的正月十四日晚,剛剛從日本回到上海的郭沫若收到了一封字跡娟秀的信,開頭就是這么說的:“梅花這幾天一定開得很好了,月也快圓了,你如果想到西湖去玩,最好這幾天去,我們也可以借此得以一敘……”這個(gè)寫信的人叫余猗筠,從名字看無(wú)疑是位女子。她知道郭沫若的地址,肯定也知道他的性格愛好,所以才會(huì)寫信相邀。要知道當(dāng)時(shí)郭沫若剛從日本回國(guó)不久,他的日本籍妻子安娜馬上就要生第四個(gè)孩子了。然而當(dāng)郭沫若把此信給妻子看時(shí),安娜竟然表示同意,而且還讓他借錢去杭州。

郭沫若到了杭州后就按照信中所寫的,到昭慶寺邊上的一家小旅店找余小姐,但是他卻實(shí)實(shí)在在被放了一回“鴿子”,回到上海之后他寫下了著名的《孤山的梅花》一文,他寫了被“放鴿子”的經(jīng)歷,倒也顯得坦誠(chéng),文中他是這樣寫的——

梅花既然還沒有開,孤山是可以不必去的?!浯文兀俊铝脸龅煤苓t了,或者我們?cè)谝拱氲臅r(shí)候,再往孤山去賞月,那比看梅花是更有趣味的。

月沒有賞到,梅花大約也沒有賞到,要知道那個(gè)時(shí)候孤山、靈峰和西溪都是杭州的賞梅勝地。

32年之后的1957年,郭沫若又寫下《錢塘江大橋》一詩(shī),可以說在寫錢江大橋的詩(shī)中是頗有代表性的,全詩(shī)是這樣的——

第一次來到錢塘江大橋,

夕陽(yáng)照著嫩黃的江水滔滔。

六和塔在發(fā)出紅色的微笑,

好象在說:這兒比西湖還好。

忽然間全橋在隱隱地震躍,

原來還有下橋敷設(shè)著鐵道。

鐵道上正通過南下的火車,

這就增加了戲劇性的微妙。

如果只是江山的一片靜美,

不會(huì)深刻地鼓動(dòng)我的心扉。

是勞動(dòng)改造了自然和社會(huì),

使江山煥發(fā)出生命的光輝。

而就寫西湖、寫杭州者中量多質(zhì)優(yōu)、傳播甚廣者,當(dāng)屬文學(xué)大家郁達(dá)夫。且不說他日記中對(duì)杭州范圍內(nèi)物事的描述,僅單篇文章的題目就有《西溪的晴雨》《花塢》《龍門山路》等,由此可以看出在20世紀(jì)30年代,他筆下的杭州城西區(qū)域,是個(gè)野趣盎然之地。而如果從今天三江兩岸的概念來說,郁達(dá)夫無(wú)疑是這一塊勝地的最佳形象代言人,因?yàn)樗挠斡浳恼虏簧倬褪菍戇@個(gè)區(qū)域的,比如像龍塢、留下、花塢和西溪等地,都是因?yàn)橛辛擞暨_(dá)夫詩(shī)文的加持,其文化含量大大增加了,而且從今天來看,還沒有哪一個(gè)現(xiàn)代作家的游記能超過郁達(dá)夫的影響力。

在現(xiàn)代作家和名人中如果要舉出寫西湖、寫西溪、寫錢塘江的,那就不勝枚舉了,除了前面提到的幾位,單講散文作家還有林琴南、陳去病、徐自華、李叔同、天虛我生、王莼農(nóng)、姚石子、顧無(wú)咎、陳望道、劉大白、徐志摩、魯迅、俞平伯、許杰、陳學(xué)昭、廬隱、鐘敬文、張其昀、張恨水、朱自清、夏承燾、孫席珍、梁得所、豐子愷、林風(fēng)眠、黃懺華、林語(yǔ)堂、傅東華、宋春舫、夏丏尊、巴金等,其實(shí)這個(gè)名單可以長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)地續(xù)寫下去,包括一些外國(guó)的著名作家,像日本的芥川龍之介,就曾寫過長(zhǎng)篇游記。另有一些外國(guó)傳教士,百年前他們的文字和攝影,已成為杭州也成為西湖最珍貴的記憶。

有的作家的名篇就是直接寫杭州的某一個(gè)地方,如魏金枝發(fā)表于1926年的《留下鎮(zhèn)上的黃昏》,有的選家是將之當(dāng)作一篇小說來看的。魏金枝在浙江第一師范學(xué)校畢業(yè)之后,也確實(shí)在西湖區(qū)的留下工作過一段時(shí)間。1949年之后,生活在杭州的著名作家陳學(xué)昭就以西湖區(qū)的茶農(nóng)生活為素材,創(chuàng)作出了長(zhǎng)篇小說《春茶》,當(dāng)時(shí)還在《杭州日?qǐng)?bào)》上連載過。

小學(xué)在杭州就讀的著名作家袁鷹1982年到望江山療養(yǎng),后來寫出了《望江山隨筆》四篇發(fā)表在《人民文學(xué)》雜志上,將位于轉(zhuǎn)塘、如今的中國(guó)美術(shù)學(xué)院象山校區(qū)邊上的療養(yǎng)勝地望江山告知了全國(guó)的讀者。

認(rèn)識(shí)杭州西湖的方式有很多種,而從前輩作家的詩(shī)文中認(rèn)識(shí)西湖也是一種好的方式,閱讀他們的詩(shī)文,既是一種懷念,更能讓我們了解杭州和西湖。

The Other Side of the West Lake

By Sun Changjian

It is said that of the poems written on Jiangnan (south of the Yangtze River), half are about the West Lake. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty (1616-1911), the opening of the Shanghai-Hangzhou railway and the Zhejiang-Jiangxi railway, the improvement of Hangzhou municipal construction and the success of the 1929 West Lake Exposition all helped greatly raise the popularity of Hangzhou and the West Lake, in particular with writers and poets of the time, who in turn composed a great number of poems and essays about these two places.

One group that stood out was the “l(fā)akeside” poets. Established in 1922 at the Zhejiang First Normal College, Lakeside Poetry Society is considered to be Chinas first vernacular poetry society. Among its leading members are Ying Xiuren (1900-1933), Pan Mohua (1902-1934), Wang Jingzhi (1902-1996) and Feng Xuefeng (1903-1976). While they wrote love poems, many of their poetry focused on expressing their aspirations and enthusiasm via the West Lake sceneries.

“On the Road to Lingyin Temple”, penned by Feng on March 29, 1922, wrote of peoples sufferings at the time:

On that road to the Lingyin Temple,

we met many a sedan chair.

I set my eyes only on one of them.

The bearers didnt wash their faces,

which meant they hadnt had their breakfast.

But the sun was already high on the sky.

Inside the chair was a young lady,

sitting upright but looking sideways at us.

Although pretty, her makeup couldnt hide a heart

that is full of grief.

Now we know,

the seeds of sufferings have been sown

all over the world.

In “Qixia Hill”, a short poem, Feng wrote:

The big tree on Qixia Hill,

though without red and white flowers,

has shed several leaves to break loneliness.

Of course, not all of Fengs poems are about misery and solitude, his “Willow” is bright and springy:

The willow is bending down and giving ear to

the murmurings of fish in the lake.

The wind has come.

He shakes his head, telling the wind to be quiet.

Under the pen of Ying Xiuren, it is as if a drone is taking an aerial photo of the West Lake:

From the banks, the water surface

and the reflections of willows far and near,

I know the West Lake now!

In another of Yings poem, “Rivers Waves”, written under the Liuhe Pagoda, the first six lines read:

Step by step, the river and the trees move closer to the eye.

Over and over, the seaside draws nearer to the sky.

Story by story, I ascend to the top of the Liuhe Pagoda.

Has the West Lake fallen into Yuelun Mountains embrace?

I will appropriate the love for you,

and gift it to the Qiantang River!

Pan Mohua wrote the poem “Under the Pagoda” after travelling around the West Lake with Ying Xiuren, Feng Xuefeng and Wang Jingzhi, the second stanza of which reads:

Under the Baochu Pagoda,

on the ancient trail reluctant to part with the setting sun,

in our hearts, each of us is organizing feelings of todays travels:

Put grass and flowers at the tip of the flutes,

hands behind the back,

and return home slow and lazy.

For Wang Jingzhi, love lies in every piece of the West Lake sceneries. In his “A Little Poem on the West Lake”, he wrote:

Two

Baochu Pagoda and Leifeng Pagoda eye each other from afar.

Why cant they hold hands?

Thirteen

Ruan Gong Islet is in fierce love with the Mid-Lake Pavilion.

They wont be denied a free marriage, will they?

Sixteen

I cant find a partner on Three Pools Mirroring the Moon.

What loneliness!

Other members of the Lakeside Poetry Society left memorable lines as well. For example, Xie Danru (1904-1962) once wrote in his poem “Clover Flower”:

Twenty

Sorrows in my dreams cant be cast aside.

Hopes in the day are like a wisp of smoke –

Empty-handed, and the sun is setting again!

Twenty-one

The flag is breaking in the wind.

My motherland,

My China!

Apart from the society, renowned literary figures of the period also wrote extensively on Hangzhou, especially the West Lake sceneries.

Hu Shi (1891-1962), a leader of the New Culture Movement, once wrote about sunrise in his poem “Watching the Sunrise on the Southern Peak” while recuperating in Hangzhou in 1923 when he lived near the Yanxia Cave. After visiting Hu Shi in the same year, Qu Qiubai (1899-1935), Hus close friend and one of the very first to have translated “The Internationale” and introduced it to China, authored “The Flying Peak and the Cold Spring Pavilion”, a poem later published in the New Youth, a magazine that had a strong influence on the New Culture Movement. Since the poem was not collected in the more popularly circulated An Anthology of Qu Qiubais Works, it is not commonly accessible. It reads:

Listening to the billowing spring under the Flying Peak,

I hate it that I cant fly away in the wind.

Come and stand on the stone of the Cold Spring,

and be a pillar rock in the midstream.

Now listen to the rushing and flowing water,

rapid and thunderous for thousands of years.

I still cant tell:

“why did you fly here,

and why dont you fly away?”

Is it that your name is Cold,

but your heart is Warm!

No wonder you are roaring with spirit,

as if venting the pent-up anger.

While claiming to be “flying here”,

you are in fact trying to flying away.

On the other hand, when it comes to travel writings on the West Lake and Hangzhou, no other modern travel writer can perhaps top Yu Dafa (1896-1945), in terms of both quality and quantity as well as transmission. Not only did his diaries contain numerous descriptions of Hangzhou, he wrote a host of prose essays on Xixi, Huawu, Liuxia, Longwu, among other places, which have made them more culturally attractive.

Indeed, so many famed writers have lauded the West Lake, the Qiantang River, Xixi and Hangzhou in general, including Lu Xun, Guo Moruo (1892-1978), Li Shutong (1880-1942), Xu Zhimo (1897-1937), Zhu Ziqing (1898-1947)…that the list can go on and on. The travelogues by foreign literary figures, such as Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, the father of Japanese short story, and various missionaries have also become precious memories of the citys past.

Of the ways to know the West Lake and Hangzhou, there are many. Reading the works of these authors is undoubtedly one of the best.

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