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絲路連世界 錦繡繪地圖

2021-09-06 16:35李晉芳
文化交流 2021年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:絲綢遺產(chǎn)博物館

李晉芳

精美絢爛的絲綢如何跟地圖聯(lián)系到了一起呢?“絲綢之路周”上,一個立足全球視野、聚焦世界絲綢遺產(chǎn)的項目——“世界絲綢互動地圖國際合作項目”對此進行了解讀。

這個項目是由中國學者和學術(shù)機構(gòu)牽頭,國際學術(shù)同行組織實施資源調(diào)查、技術(shù)研發(fā)和示范應用,探尋世界絲綢起源、傳播與交流的時空規(guī)律,建成世界絲綢互動地圖的應用平臺,旨在完善世界絲綢遺產(chǎn)框架,加強對絲綢遺產(chǎn)的認知,推動傳播和弘揚絲綢之路精神。

五大元素齊聚

世界:絲綢源于中國,絲路始于中國,早在公元前3世紀,絲綢就到達了歐洲,并漸漸傳播到歐亞大陸。因此,絲綢是屬于全世界的文化遺產(chǎn)。

絲綢:絲綢及其相關(guān)遺產(chǎn)具有多元異構(gòu)屬性,表現(xiàn)為絲綢生產(chǎn)涉及多環(huán)節(jié),如栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織造、印染、縫制等,因此產(chǎn)生了多元的研究對象,包括蠶絲纖維、天然染料、織造技術(shù)、圖案風格、產(chǎn)品樣式等;同時,絲綢遺產(chǎn)是長期存在的,涉及史前、歷史時期、近代、當下等,這便決定了絲綢遺產(chǎn)的異構(gòu)性,所以可以從考古文物、非物質(zhì)文化、文獻記載、圖像遺存、生產(chǎn)工具等多方面入手。

互動:本項目搭建的“錦秀”門戶網(wǎng)站可以提供數(shù)據(jù)資源、時空可視化、知識圖譜三大功能。它的互動性體現(xiàn)在三個方面:一是眾籌性。由中國學者在全球范圍內(nèi)牽頭和引領(lǐng)國際學術(shù)界收集整理絲綢遺產(chǎn)信息、研究絲綢發(fā)展規(guī)律的項目,信息籌集也可以包括一般愛好者;二是參與性。所有的信息、展示、服務(wù)和學習都是參與的,使用者可以通過互動達到學習與交流;三是增長性。項目完成后,平臺是開放的,平臺上的信息是增長的、知識是增長的、其服務(wù)功能也是增長的。

地圖:作為一幅地圖,從時間維度上,它可以顯示絲綢遺產(chǎn)從起源時期、新石器時代、商周、秦漢、晉唐、宋、元、明、清、近代到現(xiàn)代的信息,從空間維度上,它展示了亞洲、歐洲、非洲、美洲等以及重要國家和地圖的信息。更為重要的是,項目組會在采集所有信息的基礎(chǔ)上,探究世界絲綢遺產(chǎn)的時空規(guī)律,特別是關(guān)于絲綢產(chǎn)品、繅絲和絲織技術(shù)的傳播;絲織產(chǎn)品、織機及織造技術(shù)、染料和染色技術(shù)、以及藝術(shù)設(shè)計的交流。

國際合作:項目負責人即中國絲綢博物館館長趙豐,在世界范圍內(nèi)召集了絲綢相關(guān)領(lǐng)域各行各業(yè)的專家,共同進行資料的收集和采集工作,同時要求各專家在各自擅長領(lǐng)域進行深入研究,如染料在全世界的傳播規(guī)律、織機的傳播規(guī)律等。

經(jīng)過一年的籌備,在2020年6月19日的項目啟動儀式上,有英國、法國、意大利、西班牙、丹麥、俄羅斯、印度尼西亞、日本、韓國、荷蘭、泰國、埃及共12國約20余名國外學者明確表示參加并簽署了合作意向書,其中包括丹麥哥本哈根大學紡織品研究中心、以色列考古所、英國華威大學、韓國傳統(tǒng)文化大學、俄羅斯斯塔夫羅波爾考古所、美國紡織圖案研究基金會、埃及開羅伊斯蘭藝術(shù)博物館等。本項目的中國團隊則由中國絲綢博物館聯(lián)合東華大學、浙江大學、浙江理工大學、中國計量大學、浙江大學出版社有限責任公司、杭州宣源科技有限公司、杭州銀美科技有限公司組成。

絲綢地圖的初心和外延

絲綢地圖的項目不是憑空想出的,也并不是毫無基礎(chǔ)的,該項目經(jīng)過了長時間的構(gòu)思和嘗試。

2015年,在國際絲路之綢研究聯(lián)盟(IASSRT)成立會議上,中國絲綢博物館館長趙豐作為聯(lián)盟主席提出設(shè)想,希望能夠?qū)⒌貓D項目作為聯(lián)盟的一項具體的合作項目。2018年,配合“神機妙算:世界織機與織造藝術(shù)”展覽,中國絲綢博物館初步研發(fā)了一套“傳統(tǒng)織機學術(shù)地圖”,用于展示世界各地的傳統(tǒng)織機;同年在阿曼舉辦的“絲茶瓷:絲綢之路上的跨文化對話”展覽上,中國絲綢博物館又在織機地圖的基礎(chǔ)上增加了一些絲綢和茶葉的板塊;這個地圖可以看作互動地圖的雛形。2019年,中國絲綢博物館聯(lián)合相關(guān)團隊成功申報了科技部重點研發(fā)項目“世界絲綢互動地圖關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研發(fā)和示范應用”,這標志著項目正式立項。

此外,項目的成型和申報還得到了聯(lián)合國教科文組織“絲綢之路項目”部門的大力支持,2019年3月,該部門在西班牙瓦倫西亞組織召開了絲綢之路互動地圖項目絲綢紡織服裝卷的專家協(xié)調(diào)會。

互動地圖項目不僅僅是完成一個地圖網(wǎng)站,它還在采集絲綢相關(guān)遺產(chǎn)的數(shù)據(jù)、研究世界絲綢遺產(chǎn)時空規(guī)律、構(gòu)建絲綢遺產(chǎn)時空關(guān)聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù)中心、搭建數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)引擎等方面全方位地探索和展示絲綢內(nèi)涵。與此同時,這個項目成果也可以進行廣泛的應用,項目實施過程中所積累的資源也可以進行有效的轉(zhuǎn)化。

國際合作的標桿

顯然,這樣一個跨學科、跨國別、涉及多方的國際性合作項目在構(gòu)想和實施的過程中會遇到大量的問題,尤其是在面對2020年突如其來的新冠疫情時,原計劃前往意大利和法國進行的項目示范都被迫延期。但總體來說,這個項目也是中國絲綢博物館多年來深耕絲綢遺產(chǎn)研究和國際合作基礎(chǔ)上打造的一大標桿項目。

選擇絲綢作為項目題材,必然與本身的研究領(lǐng)域相關(guān)。但最重要的考慮是絲綢作為一個國際化的研究題材,它不限于一個國家或一個地區(qū),這樣才可能指向一個國際化的合作方向。近些年來,中國絲綢博物館除了努力拓展絲綢研究的深度和廣度外,也一直在開拓新的研究領(lǐng)域,如絲綢之路和絲綢時尚。趙豐館長經(jīng)常說,中國絲綢博物館要走一條絲綢之路,還要走一條時尚之路。

聯(lián)合一批國際專家學者是開展國際化的學術(shù)研究項目的核心。中國絲綢博物館在這方面已有一定基礎(chǔ),其中2015年以中國絲綢博物館牽頭成立的國際絲路之綢研究聯(lián)盟是最關(guān)鍵的力量。除了該聯(lián)盟之外,中國絲綢博物館在全球積極尋找合作專家,因為在地圖上必須要考慮到地區(qū)的均勻分布以及信息的完整性。截止到今天,合作參與的學者來自全球30個機構(gòu),其中歐洲14家、亞洲12家、美洲兩家、非洲兩家。

作為一個國際化的學術(shù)研究項目,如何擴大項目的影響力和傳播力,也是需要探索和思考的問題。

本項目在進行頂層設(shè)計時,便考慮到了這點,因此專門設(shè)計了“示范應用”環(huán)節(jié),即將項目研制的具有時空特性的錦秀平臺通過展覽和展示的形式,在古代陸上和海上絲綢之路的重要節(jié)點意大利、中國、泰國以及法國巴黎聯(lián)合國教科文組織總部進行示范應用。這無疑會擴大項目本身在國際范圍內(nèi)的傳播和應用。

此外,項目還積極尋求國際組織的支持。經(jīng)過多方溝通,此項目得到了聯(lián)合國教科文組織“絲綢之路項目”部門的大力支持:2019年3月在西班牙瓦倫西亞召開了絲綢之路互動地圖項目絲綢紡織服裝卷的專家協(xié)調(diào)會;2020年4月,聯(lián)合國教科文組織與中國絲綢博物館簽署了共同研究和出版《絲綢之路上的文化互動專題集:紡織服裝卷》的協(xié)議,該書預計于2021年年底正式出版。

曾經(jīng),古老的絲綢之路連接了相距遙遠的國度;現(xiàn)在,絲綢之路仍然煥發(fā)著無窮活力,繼續(xù)連接著豐富多彩的世界。中國絲綢博物館立足于自身,希望通過這幅“錦秀”繪成的絲綢地圖,通過數(shù)字資源的形式將世界范圍內(nèi)與絲綢相關(guān)的重要信息都呈現(xiàn)給大眾和國際社會。

Connecting the World and Weaving the Map of Silk

By ?Li Jinfang

Resplendent silk and a world map? What do they have in common? How and why do you put these together? During the 2021 Silk Road Week, a project named “World Silk Interactive Map” was introduced and made a detailed demonstration.

Initiated by the cultural heritage community in China, this international project is joined by international academic institutions to jointly conduct investigations, carry out research and development, and demonstrate its applications. It intends to explore the temporal and spatial patterns of silks origins, transmissions and exchanges around the world, and build an interactive application platform of world silk. Ultimately, the project aims to improve the framework of the world Silk Heritage, enhance the recognition of the Silk heritage, and promote the dissemination and promotion of the Silk Road Spirit.

Both silk and the Silk Road originated from China. In as early as the third century BC, silk had already reached Europe and gradually spread across the Eurasian continent. In this sense, silk is also a cultural heritage that belongs to the whole world.

Silk and its related heritage have diversified and heterogeneous properties, which are reflected in the fact that silk production contains multiple links, such as mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling, weaving, printing and dyeing, sewing, etc. As a result, multiple research objects are involved, including silk fiber, natural dye, weaving technologies, patterns, among others. At the same time, silk heritage spans a long time period: from prehistoric times to the present, which determines its heterogeneity. Therefore, cultural relics, intangible culture, documentary records, images, tools of production and various other angles can all be approached to study silk heritage.

The Jinshow web portal, part of the World Silk Interactive Map project, helps exactly achieve that end. With three functional modules, namely data resources management, spatiotemporal visualization and knowledge graph, the portal shows silk heritage through its birth right to the present times, providing detailed geographical information on Asia, Europe, Africa, the Americas and major countries and regions connected to silk. Perhaps more significantly, the temporal and spatial patterns of silks origins, transmissions and exchanges, especially on silk products, the transmission of weaving technologies, and the exchanges on looms, loom technologies, dyeing technologies and artistic designs, are expected to be studied as more information is gathered.

The portal is interactive in three major aspects. For one thing, it is inclusive, in that information gathering can be done not only by professional researchers, but also by silk lovers. For another, it is participatory. From information gathering to research and study on silk, users can interact and communicate freely with other users. Finally, it is ever-growing: the portal will continue to be open to the participants, with growing information, growing knowledge and growing functions, even after the project finishes its course.

Contrary to what some might believe, such a project is never born out of fanciful thinking. Instead, it went through much rigorous review and testing.

In 2015, Zhao Feng, director of the China National Silk Museum, floated the idea of creating a world silk interactive map at the founding conference of the International Association for the Study of Silk Road Textiles (IASSRT). In 2018, the China National Silk Museum developed an “academic map of traditional looms” in conjunction with the exhibition A World of Looms: Weaving Technology and Textile Arts in China and Beyond. Segments of silk and tea were added to the map during the Silk, Tea and Celadon: Intercultural Dialogue on the Silk Road exhibition held in Oman in the same year. In 2019, the research team in the China National Silk Museum applied for and successfully won the support and funding from the Ministry of Science for the World Silk Interactive Map project.

A year later, during the 2020 Silk Road Week, when the project was formally launched, over 20 researchers from 12 countries, including the UK, France and Italy, agreed to join the project. Since then, more scholars and institutions have shown their interest in the project. As of now, 30 organizations (14 in Europe, 12 in Asia, 2 in the Americas and 2 in Africa).

From the very beginning, it is clear to every participant that such an interdisciplinary, multinational and multi-party international cooperation project would encounter numerous problems in the process of implementation, which have been further compounded by the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020. In fact, the planned demonstration sessions, a crucial component in the maps transmission and application, in Italy, France and major countries along the ancient Silk Road, both land-based and the maritime, had to be postponed.

Nevertheless, the project is making steady progress and is expected to attract more international participants.

While the ancient Silk Road connected distant countries in the past, it is still full of vitality and continues to bring the world together. In the near future, the China National Silk Museum hopes to present more silk-related information to the world audiences in the form of digital resources through the World Silk Interactive Map.

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