周婭鵑
2020年6月19日,“2020絲綢之路周”盛大啟幕:聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)中心等六大國(guó)際組織為開(kāi)幕式發(fā)來(lái)賀信賀詞;近40家文博機(jī)構(gòu)通力合作為公眾奉獻(xiàn)了“眾望同歸:絲綢之路的前世今生”和“一花一世界:絲綢之路上的互學(xué)互鑒”兩大特展;來(lái)自10個(gè)國(guó)家31位專家點(diǎn)評(píng)推薦的《2019絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)年報(bào)》首次發(fā)布;得到聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織“絲綢之路項(xiàng)目”大力支持的13國(guó)合作項(xiàng)目《世界絲綢互動(dòng)地圖》正式啟動(dòng);全球14個(gè)國(guó)家的約200余家文化機(jī)構(gòu)踴躍參與“絲路百館百物”短視頻接力、“一花一世界” 絲路文物海報(bào)接力等活動(dòng);截至2020年6月24日,國(guó)內(nèi)社交媒體平臺(tái)閱讀量超3億次,觀看量近2億次,“絲綢之路周”話題在Facebook、Twitter等社媒上相關(guān)閱讀量超過(guò)1200萬(wàn)。
2021年6月18日,“2021絲綢之路周”再次拉開(kāi)帷幕:來(lái)自14個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)的23多位政界人士、博物館館長(zhǎng)、專家學(xué)者等發(fā)來(lái)祝賀視頻;“萬(wàn)物生靈:絲綢之路上的動(dòng)物與植物”、“方寸錦秀:絲巾上的絲綢之路”和“絲路攝影展”3大展覽同期開(kāi)幕;除杭州主會(huì)場(chǎng)外,在陜西西安、甘肅蘭州和福建福州三地設(shè)立分會(huì)場(chǎng),在法國(guó)、意大利、比利時(shí)等地舉辦絲路主題特別活動(dòng);全球18個(gè)國(guó)家的42個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)共同參與建設(shè)的“絲綢之路數(shù)字博物館(SROM)” 正式推出;由30多位各領(lǐng)域的國(guó)際專家推薦與評(píng)選的《2020年絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)年報(bào)》發(fā)布;截至6月24日,“絲綢之路周”話題閱讀總量超2.8億次。
兩屆“絲綢之路周”活動(dòng)均由國(guó)家文物局、浙江省人民政府主辦,中共浙江省委宣傳部、浙江省文化和旅游廳、浙江省文物局承辦,中國(guó)絲綢博物館、國(guó)際絲綢之路與跨文化交流中心執(zhí)行承辦,活動(dòng)精彩,成果豐碩,引發(fā)了國(guó)內(nèi)外文化遺產(chǎn)界的熱烈反響。
舉辦基礎(chǔ):國(guó)際合作與專業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)
中國(guó)絲綢博物館是一個(gè)以中國(guó)絲綢為核心的紡織服裝文化遺產(chǎn)收藏、保護(hù)、研究、展示、傳承和創(chuàng)新的國(guó)家一級(jí)博物館,也是世界上最為重要的紡織服飾類博物館之一。
經(jīng)過(guò)近30年的積累沉淀,中國(guó)絲綢博物館在絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域的調(diào)查、研究、保護(hù)、展示和弘揚(yáng)上取得了一定的成績(jī),在絲綢之路國(guó)際舞臺(tái)上逐漸形成具有一定影響力與知名度的專業(yè)力量:從1993年至今,赴境外舉辦絲綢主題展覽多達(dá)33次,與美國(guó)費(fèi)城藝術(shù)博物館、瑞典軍事博物館、丹麥國(guó)家博物館、美國(guó)自然歷史博物館、哈薩克斯坦國(guó)家藝術(shù)博物館、烏茲別克斯坦考古研究所均有具體合作項(xiàng)目。而本館與美國(guó)布萊恩特大學(xué)、韓國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化大學(xué)、法國(guó)里昂紡織博物館、俄羅斯國(guó)立歷史博物館、加拿大安大略皇家博物館等13家境外機(jī)構(gòu)達(dá)成了合作,初步構(gòu)建了一個(gè)國(guó)際合作的專業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
中國(guó)絲綢博物館先后發(fā)起國(guó)際絲路之綢研究聯(lián)盟(主席單位、聯(lián)盟秘書(shū)處所在地)、絲綢之路國(guó)際博物館聯(lián)盟(副理事長(zhǎng)單位)、絲綢之路文物科技創(chuàng)新聯(lián)盟(常任理事單位),并積極參與其他專業(yè)聯(lián)盟的各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。
在聯(lián)盟機(jī)構(gòu)之外,中國(guó)絲綢博物館還與聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織(UNESCO)、國(guó)際博物館協(xié)會(huì)(ICOM)、國(guó)際博物館文物修復(fù)協(xié)會(huì)(ICCROM)、國(guó)際古跡遺址理事會(huì)(ICOMOS)、國(guó)際古代紡織品研究中心(CIETA)、國(guó)際絲綢協(xié)會(huì)、國(guó)際絞纈組織(WSN)等國(guó)際組織建立工作關(guān)系并積極對(duì)接,加大國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)間的合作與交流。
2019年5月,中國(guó)絲綢博物館設(shè)立“國(guó)際絲綢之路與跨文化交流研究中心”,為國(guó)際同行特別是絲路沿線國(guó)家和地區(qū)提供共享、研究、交流、合作的平臺(tái)。該中心也成為了“絲綢之路周”活動(dòng)執(zhí)行承辦方之一。同年,浙江理工大學(xué)與中國(guó)絲綢博物館合作共建國(guó)際絲綢學(xué)院。2020年,中國(guó)絲綢博物館入選浙江省首批國(guó)際人文交流基地。
策劃思路:各界參與和互學(xué)互鑒
“絲綢之路周”是由中國(guó)文化遺產(chǎn)界創(chuàng)意和主導(dǎo)、社會(huì)各界參與和實(shí)施,與絲路沿線國(guó)家和地區(qū)形成互動(dòng),在國(guó)際社會(huì)中發(fā)出中國(guó)聲音并產(chǎn)生良好影響的長(zhǎng)久性年度國(guó)際人文交流活動(dòng)。
“絲綢之路周”的LOGO 是一匹生有雙翼的飛馬珀加索斯(Pegasus),象征著絲綢之路上的文化交流。它來(lái)自古希臘神話,傳說(shuō)是詩(shī)人靈感的來(lái)源。它的形象從古希臘的陶器出發(fā),漸漸東來(lái),飛過(guò)波斯,飛過(guò)粟特,飛到大唐,與從東向西傳播的絲綢一路相遇,成為絲綢之路沿途使用最為廣泛的織錦紋樣。
“2020絲綢之路周”的主題是“互學(xué)互鑒促進(jìn)未來(lái)合作”。數(shù)千年來(lái),絲綢之路促進(jìn)了不同地域、不同群體之間的物質(zhì)流通、技術(shù)傳播和文明交融,其中,互學(xué)互鑒成為絲綢之路精神的核心。首屆“絲綢之路周”的兩個(gè)特展,用一縱一橫的不同維度,以學(xué)術(shù)梳理和實(shí)際案例來(lái)講述絲綢之路的來(lái)歷和互學(xué)互鑒的具體體現(xiàn)。
“多元共存和包容發(fā)展”則成為了“2021絲綢之路周”的主題。本次絲綢之路主題展覽“萬(wàn)物生靈:絲綢之路上的動(dòng)物與植物”凸顯了生物多樣性,生物多樣性又關(guān)乎人類福祉,是人類賴以生存和發(fā)展的重要基礎(chǔ)。而絲綢之路的文明史也揭示出不同文明、宗教、種族相互尊重、求同存異、開(kāi)放包容的重要性,由此深切認(rèn)識(shí)到只有互鑒互通,才能攜手繪就共同發(fā)展的美好明天。
區(qū)別于傳統(tǒng)的一次性、短期性的國(guó)際交流活動(dòng),“絲綢之路周”更注重長(zhǎng)期性、有成效的國(guó)際交流,以學(xué)術(shù)為引領(lǐng),以研究為核心,以項(xiàng)目為主導(dǎo)。于是,“絲綢之路周”組建了國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì),以期對(duì)絲路文化遺產(chǎn)及絲路精神進(jìn)行國(guó)際表達(dá)。
“絲綢之路周”的舉辦,得到了國(guó)際組織、社會(huì)各界的高度認(rèn)同與支持。首屆“絲綢之路周”開(kāi)幕式上,聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)中心、國(guó)際古跡遺址理事會(huì)、國(guó)際文化財(cái)產(chǎn)保護(hù)與修復(fù)研究中心、國(guó)際博物館協(xié)會(huì)、聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織絲綢之路網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)等國(guó)際組織發(fā)來(lái)賀信賀詞,代表世界文化遺產(chǎn)界的頂級(jí)政府間合作組織為活動(dòng)點(diǎn)贊。聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)中心主任梅希蒂爾德 · 羅斯勒稱活動(dòng)高度契合1972年《世界遺產(chǎn)公約》精神,絲路精神值得發(fā)揚(yáng)光大。同時(shí)他強(qiáng)調(diào)“絲綢之路”還將作為世界文化遺產(chǎn)成為未來(lái)國(guó)際合作的共同基礎(chǔ)和起點(diǎn),為人類構(gòu)筑心靈的和平屏障;聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織駐華代表夏澤翰則在“2021絲綢之路周”開(kāi)幕式現(xiàn)場(chǎng)表示,重溫(絲綢之路)這一人類歷史上的偉大成就、學(xué)習(xí)絲綢之路精神,是應(yīng)對(duì)當(dāng)今跨文化對(duì)話面臨挑戰(zhàn)的必經(jīng)之路?!?021絲綢之路周”是增進(jìn)各國(guó)人民相互了解和理解的經(jīng)典案例。
作為一項(xiàng)國(guó)際人文交流活動(dòng),“絲綢之路周”在海外傳播方面也是煞費(fèi)苦心。首屆活動(dòng)中,“國(guó)絲之友”海外社交媒體賬號(hào)共發(fā)文(包括轉(zhuǎn)發(fā))500余篇,帖文瀏覽量超317萬(wàn),絲路周話題在海外社交媒體的總瀏覽量達(dá)1200萬(wàn)。
除了依靠官方主流媒體,中國(guó)絲綢博物館還積極聯(lián)動(dòng)權(quán)威領(lǐng)域機(jī)構(gòu),聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織(UNESCO)絲綢之路網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)在其官網(wǎng)發(fā)布了絲路周的介紹文章。大英博物館、大英圖書(shū)館敦煌項(xiàng)目等4家國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)在推特上與“絲綢之路周”賬號(hào)互動(dòng)。海外博物館界專業(yè)媒體Museum Views為活動(dòng)開(kāi)設(shè)專題頁(yè)面,并進(jìn)行更為廣泛的采訪和互動(dòng)。
“2021絲綢之路周”的海外宣傳特別聚焦了今年重磅推出的絲綢之路數(shù)字博物館項(xiàng)目,其上線的英文報(bào)道共被20個(gè)國(guó)家的媒體轉(zhuǎn)載192次,平均潛在受眾達(dá)204萬(wàn)人次。原文被翻譯成德語(yǔ)、日語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)、韓語(yǔ)5種語(yǔ)言,在歐洲和亞洲的主流媒體上大大增加曝光率,這些媒體包括韓聯(lián)社、韓國(guó)先驅(qū)報(bào)、日本共同社、京都新聞、澳大利亞通訊社、西班牙歐羅巴通訊社、意大利Adnkronos通訊社、德國(guó)財(cái)經(jīng)在線、新加坡Asia One等。
一點(diǎn)思考:國(guó)際視野與浙江特色
作為世界上最大的絲綢專題類博物館,中國(guó)絲綢博物館與絲綢、絲綢之路主題緊密相連。在各部門大力支持、合作機(jī)構(gòu)鼎力相助的大背景下,中國(guó)絲綢博物館積極對(duì)接國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu),不斷延伸本館的國(guó)際合作空間;從“絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)年報(bào)”項(xiàng)目、“世界絲綢之路互動(dòng)地圖”國(guó)際合作項(xiàng)目、“絲綢之路主題策展人”研修班項(xiàng)目、“絲綢之路數(shù)字檔案”項(xiàng)目,到今年新提出的“絲綢之路數(shù)字博物館”項(xiàng)目,所有的活動(dòng)和合作,無(wú)一不在充分發(fā)揮專業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì)的基礎(chǔ)上穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打融通中外。
這些項(xiàng)目的開(kāi)展與推進(jìn),成為策劃“絲綢之路周”的主要框架。通過(guò)多年耕耘,中國(guó)絲綢博物館擁有了一個(gè)國(guó)際化的“朋友圈”,與一批科學(xué)家、考古學(xué)家、策展人、藝術(shù)家、設(shè)計(jì)師等保持長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定的合作交流關(guān)系,他們的參與,為活動(dòng)提供了有力支撐。
國(guó)際交流活動(dòng)的開(kāi)展,往往受到諸多條件的影響與限制。如去年展覽活動(dòng)籌備期間,正是新冠肺炎疫情暴發(fā)之時(shí),面對(duì)面的交流受到限制,在線觀展成為新風(fēng)向。中國(guó)絲綢博物館一直在思考和探索如何利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng),為對(duì)絲綢之路感興趣的人們提供更為廣闊的學(xué)術(shù)助力。于是,聯(lián)合國(guó)內(nèi)外與絲綢之路相關(guān)的知名博物館,共享全球絲綢之路數(shù)據(jù)的“絲綢之路數(shù)字博物館”項(xiàng)目就這樣順勢(shì)而生,吸引了全球40余家知名博物館及文化機(jī)構(gòu)共同參與。數(shù)字博物館還特別開(kāi)辟“云上策展”的共享平臺(tái),讓普通觀眾能在線策劃設(shè)計(jì)自己的展覽作品,足不出戶共享全球資源。
在“2020絲綢之路周”開(kāi)幕式上,《2019絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)年報(bào)》首次發(fā)布,以其具有全面性、學(xué)術(shù)性、國(guó)際性的鮮明特色,在文化遺產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域引發(fā)極大反響和熱議?!?020絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)年報(bào)》項(xiàng)目在啟動(dòng)之初,保留了上一年的專家評(píng)審環(huán)節(jié),又作出了全新的嘗試,即攜手國(guó)際古跡遺址理事會(huì)西安國(guó)際保護(hù)中心、中國(guó)考古學(xué)會(huì)絲綢之路考古專業(yè)委員會(huì)、南京藝術(shù)學(xué)院國(guó)際博物館學(xué)院、浙江大學(xué)歷史學(xué)系、北京大學(xué)中國(guó)古代史研究中心等業(yè)內(nèi)專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu),對(duì)考古發(fā)現(xiàn)、陳列展覽、學(xué)術(shù)研究、文化事件4個(gè)板塊分別進(jìn)行了權(quán)威推薦。
作為具有國(guó)際主題、中國(guó)特色和浙江風(fēng)采的文化活動(dòng),第二屆“絲綢之路周”沒(méi)有把開(kāi)幕式、閉幕式都放在杭州,而是把閉幕式選在了“古代海上絲綢之路”重要始發(fā)港、“21世紀(jì)海上絲綢之路”重要節(jié)點(diǎn)城市的寧波,為本屆“絲綢之路周”畫(huà)上了圓滿的句號(hào)。
“一枝獨(dú)秀不是春,百花齊放春滿園”。接下來(lái),“絲綢之路周”還將在絲路沿線不同省份或不同國(guó)家和地區(qū)舉辦,形成一個(gè)社會(huì)各界全面參與互動(dòng)的年度文化盛典。作為活動(dòng)的發(fā)起者,中國(guó)絲綢博物館將不忘初心,繼續(xù)開(kāi)展絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)、研究與展示相關(guān)的國(guó)際人文交流活動(dòng),踐行絲綢之路精神,與各方高質(zhì)量地共建絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)共同體。
The Birth of? the “Silk Road Week”
By Zhou Yajuan
From its conception to its implementation, the success of the Silk Road Week in 2020 and 2021 is not a fluke and no mean feat.? In 2020, the inaugural edition of the Silk Road Week saw #silkroadweek viewed for 12 million times on Facebook, Twitter as well as other major social media platforms. Then in 2021, topics on the second edition of the event have been viewed for more than 280 million times on the Chinese social media alone.Starting from 2015, the China National Silk Museum has been holding major exhibitions every single year and engaging in worldwide cultural and people-to-people exchanges on the Silk Road, living up to the Silk Road Spirit and showcasing the unique charm of China and Zhejiang. How was the Silk Road Week born? And what are the foundation and underlying curatorial concepts?
One of the first state-level museums in China, the China National Silk Museum focuses on the collection, protection, studying, displaying, inheritance and innovation of the silk textile and clothing cultural heritage. It is one of the most important textile and clothing museums in the world.
Indeed, since the museum opened on February 26, 1992, it has made quite some accomplishments in these areas and gradually established itself as a major international research institution on the Silk Road cultural heritage. So far, the museum has held a total of silk-themed exhibitions in Hong Kong and Macao, two of Chinas international hubs, and overseas. It has conducted collaborative projects with the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Swedish Army Museum and the National Museum of Denmark, among others. And it has built an international research network with 13 foreign organizations, including the Bryant University in the US, the Korea National University of Cultural Heritage, Musée des Tissus et des Arts Décoratifs, the State Historical Museum in Russia and Royal Ontario Museum in Canada.
Moreover, the China National Silk Museum initiated the International Association for the Study of Silk Road Textiles, the International Alliance of Museums of the Silk Road, the Alliance of Silk Road Cultural Heritage Science and Technology, and has been an active participant in a host of other major international alliances, associations and organizations.
To facilitate the sharing, research, exchange and cooperation on the Silk Road cultural heritage for international researchers, especially those along the Silk Road, the museum set up Institute for Intercultural Dialogue on the Silk Roads in May 2019, which became the de facto “enforcer” of the Silk Road Week.
The “Silk Road Week” was first introduced at the China National Silk Museum and organized by the International Association for the Study of Silk Road Textiles and the Chinese Museums Associations Committee of Museums along the Silk Road. It is an annual event that aims to educate the public about the histories of the Silk Road, and to strengthen the protection of the sites and relics along the road.
Pegasus, the winged horse, was chosen as the logo of the Silk Road Week, a symbol of cultural exchanges along the Silk Road. Coming from the Greek mythology, Pegasus is said to be the source of inspiration for poets. Its image, first found on Greek pottery, slowly traveled to the east, flowing over Persia and Sogdiana before reaching Tang China. It is one of the patterns used most extensively on brocades along the Silk Road.
The “2020 Silk Road Week”, the first edition, was themed “Mutual Learning for Future Collaboration”. For thousands of years, the Silk Road has promoted the material flow, technology transmission and cultural integration between different regions, with mutual learning and mutual benefit at its heart. Two exhibitions, one from the geographical perspective and one from the chronological perspective, were held to tell the history of the Silk Road through real cases.
“Cultural Diversity and Sustainable Development“ is the theme of the “2021 Silk Road Week”, not only because the theme exhibition Creation from Creature: Plants and Animals on the Silk Road highlighted biodiversity, but because biodiversity has a significant bearing on the wellbeing of mankind, whose very existence and development depend on it. The history of the Silk Road also shows the necessity for different civilizations, religions and races to respect each other, seek common ground while reserving differences, and be open and inclusive. Only in this way can the world work together for a better future of common development.
Unlike the traditional one-off and short-term international exchanges, the Silk Road Week focuses more on the long-term effects, centering on academic research and concrete projects. An international academic team was organized accordingly, winning widespread support from global academic community. Indeed, the success of the Silk Road Week is not possible without the backing and recognition from international organizations such as the UNESCO World Heritage Center, the International Council on Monuments and Sites, International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property and many others.
Mechtild R?ssler, director of the UNESCO World Heritage Center, said in a video message to the “2020 Silk Road Week” that it echoes the spirit of the World Heritage Convention announced in 1972, and the Silk Road Spirit would lay a solid foundation for future collaboration. Shahbaz Khan, representative of the UNESCO Beijing Office, praised during the opening ceremony of the “2021 Silk Road Week” that it is a classic case of enhancing mutual understanding among people of all countries.
Media coverage has also been remarkable. Major news organizations and networks in 20 countries reported on the event. Over 500 posts were published by Friends of China National Silk Museum, official accounts of the China National Silk Museum, on major social media platforms, with over 3.17 million views, and #silkroadweek garnered more than 12 million views.
However, it is not all plain sailing. The outbreak of the COVID-19 greatly hampered the preparations for the first edition. Notably, face-to-face exchanges were greatly limited. To facilitate effective communication, the China National Silk Museum turned to online technologies, partnering with more than 40 museums worldwide to create the Silk Road Online Digital Museum. As well as displaying collections of these museums, it also allows the public to curate their own unique visiting routes and collections, enjoying global cultural heritage with just one click.
Looking to the future, the Silk Road Week will be held in different provinces or different countries along the Silk Road, making itself into an interactive annual cultural gala with more diverse participants.